Language of Medicine - Ch. 19: Cancer Medicine
Implantation of radioactive seeds directly into the tumor is called:
Brachytherapy
________, or the freezing and destruction of malignant tissue, was used to treat Mr. Seiger's prostate cancer.
Cryosurgery
Malignant transformation of genetic material results from damage to:
DNA
Ulcerated
Exposed surface due to death of overlying tissue
________genesis is the identification of the type of tissue from which tumor cells arise.
Histo
Connective tissue tumors usually require large doses of radiation to destroy the tumor cells; this type of tumor is called:
Radioresistant
This diagnostic test localizes antigens, or proteins, in tissues using marked antibodies to assess presence and amount of specific molecules in both normal and tumor cells.
immunohistochemistry
One of the most common staging systems is referred to as TNM, which stands for:
tumor, nodes, metastases
Lacking structures typical of mature cells is:
undifferentiated
Mr. Skarda was started on interferon to stimulate his immune system. Interferon, which is produced by normal cells, uses the body's own defense mechanism to fight tumor cells. Therefore, it is called:
A biologic response modifier
Necrotic
A tumor containing dead tissue
The results of Mrs. Lei's Pap smear showed dysplastic cells, meaning the cells were:
Abnormal but not clearly cancerous
________plasia means reversion to a more primitive cell type.
Ana
Tony, age 28, reentered the hospital for high-dose chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant for his leukemia. Bone marrow had been harvested from Tony after his first hospitalization in which he achieved complete remission. This type of bone marrow transplant is called:
Autologous
This detects human chorionic gonadotropin in serum of patients with testicular cancer.
Beta-hCG test
This procedure may be used if a tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed
Debulking
This procedure may be used if a tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed:
Debulking
The term that means spreading evenly through the affected tissues is:
Diffuse
What is the test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells?
Estrogen receptor assay
Mrs. Lei had a repeat Pap smear. A Pap smear is an example of a clinical procedure called:
Exfoliative cytology
Staging of tumors is a system of evaluating the:
Extent of spread of tumors
Small, repeated doses of radiation are termed:
Fractionation
Pedunculated polypoid
Growth that extends from a stalk or stem
Cancerous tumors are divided into broad groups on the basis of the particular type of tissue from which the tumor cells arise. This is called:
Histogenesis
Dr. Gorman removed Mrs. Jakob's malignant tumor and told her that it was filled with thick, sticky fluid. The term for the gross description of this tumor is
Mucinous
Pieces of DNA that can cause normal cells to become malignant if activated by mutations are called:
Oncogenes
Forming small finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells is called
Papillary
The term that means composed of a variety of cell types is:
Pleomorphic
______________, which is abbreviated ___, is a serum protein produced by prostate cancer cells
Prostate-specific antigen, PSA
Mr. Gerald was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. His oncologist recommended combination chemotherapy as the modality, or method, of treatment, which would be given according to a written plan, or a:
Protocol
Another term for a retrovirus is:
RNA virus
Drugs, such as cisplatin and 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) that sensitize tumors and normal tissue to radiation to improve the outcome of treatment are called:
Radiosensitizers
The combining form cyst/o means
Sac of fluid
This means densely packed; overgrown with fibrous tissue.
Scirrhous
The combining form follicul/o means:
Small glandular sacs
Verrucous
Wartlike growth
The pathologist's report described the malignant tumor as fungating. According to this gross description, the tumor had:
a mushrooming pattern of growth
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and ________ are protein marker tests for prostate cancer.
acid phosphatase
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and _______________ are protein markers for prostate cancer.
acid phosphatase
Mr. Rucic was diagnosed with gastric ________, a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach.
adenocarcinoma
Adding drugs early in the course of treatment to hasten or assist primary treatment in attacking cancer cells would be considered:
adjuvant therapy
The medical term for programmed cell death is:
apoptosis
The prefix ana- means:
backward
The prefix ana- means
backword
Characteristically, a _______ tumor grows slowly, is well-differentiated and noninvasive, and does not spread to a distant location; that is, it does not_______.
benign, metastasize
Characteristically, a ________ tumor grows slowly, is well-differentiated and noninvasive, and does not spread to a distant location; that is, it does not _______
benign, metastasize
This detects human chorionic gonadotropin in serum of patients with testicular cancer
bet-hCG protein marker test
A cancer-treating substance that stimulates the body's immune system or other body defenses is called a(n):
biologic response modifier
Retino_______, a tumor of the retina of the eye, is an example of a known inherited cancer caused by transmission of defective DNA, which is the abbreviation for _______
blastoma, deoxyribonucleic acid
Retino________, a tumor of the retina of the eye, is an example of a known inherited cancer caused by transmission of defective DNA, which is the abbreviation for ________.
blastoma, deoxyribonucleic acid
The aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow tissue for microscopic evidence of cancerous cells is called a(n) ________ biopsy.
bone marrow
The combining form carcin/o means:
cancer
A ________oma is a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue.
carcin
Radiation is a ___________ when it produces leukemia in radiologists and survivors of atomic bomb explosions.
carcinogen
Radiation is a(n) _________ when it produces leukemia in radiologists and survivors of atomic bomb explosions.
carcinogen
An adeno______ is a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells.
carcinoma
This refers to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures.
carcinoma in situ
When malignant tissue is destroyed by burning, it is called:
cauterization
Treatment with drugs to damage the DNA of cancer cells is called _______ therapy.
chemo
Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, hormones, and antimiotics all are types of:
chemotherapeutic agents
Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors is called:
combination chemotherapy
The ovaries are the most common site of this kind of tumor:
cystic
Reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type is called ______ and is characteristic of malignant tumors.
dedifferentiation
Reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type is called ____________ and is characteristic of malignant tumors.
dedifferentiation
Pamela's vaginal carcinoma was caused by DES, which is the abbreviation for _____________, a hormone or chemical ________ taken by her mother when she was pregnant with Pamela.
diethylstilbestrol, carcinogen
A mole, or nevus, that displays a highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous appearance is described as:
dysplastic
Ms. Golightly was diagnosed with breast cancer. The tumor was removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. This type of surgical procedure is called ________ resection.
en bloc
When a tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes, it is called:
en bloc resection
Benign tumors are often _________, meaning they are contained within a fibrous capsule or cover.
encapsulated
Benign tumors are often_________, meaning they are contained within a fibrous capsule or cover.
encapsulated
This term means resembling squamous epithelial cells:
epidermoid
The removal of a tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible small tumor cure is called a(n) ________ biopsy.
excisional
Wide resection involving the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space is called:
exenteration
Scraping and microscopic examination of cells from the region of suspected disease is called:
exfoliative cytology
Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source using a linear accelerator is:
external beam radiation
The combining form fibr/o means:
fibers
The combining form sarc/o means:
flesh, connective tissue
The combining forms sarc/o means:
flesh, connective tissue
The suffix -plasia means
formation
The suffix -plasia means:
formation
This is destruction of tissue by high-frequency electric sparks.
fulguration
Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation is called _______ of tumors.
grading
_______genesis is the identification of the type of tissue from which tumor cells arise.
histo
Redness, swelling, and heat are characteristic of _____ tumors.
inflammatory
This is used to inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors
laparoscopy
This is used to inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors.
laparoscopy
Core needle biopsy uses a ___________ needle
large-bore
Characteristically, a tumor that multiplies rapidly, is undifferentiated and invasive, and can metastasize is a ________ tumor.
malignant
X-ray examination of the breast is
mammography
X-ray examination of the breast is:
mammography
Thyroid and breast tumors may be ______, meaning they are large, soft, and fleshy.
medullary
Dr. Gorman removed Mrs.Jakob's malignant tumor and told her that it was filled with thick, sticky fluid. The term for the gross description of the tumor is:
mucinous
Once environmentally caused changes in DNA are established in a cell, they are passed on to daughter cells. These inheritable changes, or _____ , can lead to malignant growth.
mutations
Once environmentally caused changes in DNA are established in a cell, they are passed on to daughter cells. These inheritable changes, or ________, can lead to malignant growth.
mutations
A ________ biopsy is the aspiration of a core of tissue for microscopic examination.
needle
A _______ oma is a cancerous tumor derived from embryonic (immature) nerve tissue
neuroblast
A(n) _______oma is a cancerous tumor derived from embryonic nerve tissue.
neuroblast
A piece of DNA whose activation is associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell is a(n):
oncogene
Gross examination of the benign polyp in Mr. Devine's colon revealed it extended from a stem; the term for this description is:
pedunculated
Neo_____ means new growth and refers to either benign or malignant tumors.
plasm
Neo______ means new growth and refers to either benign or malignant tumors
plasm
Mr. Jeeters, 38, had stage I Hodgkin disease. Treatment with extensive external radiation eradicated the disease; therefore, this type of tumor is called:
radiocurable
A ________ scan consists of pictures taken of organs after injection of radioactive substances.
radionuclide
This diagnostic procedure involves the intravenous injection of radioactive substances to reveal abnormalities.
radionuclide scan
The combining form radi/o means:
rays or x-rays
Paul is receiving chemotherapy for his leukemia. Most likely, he will continue to receive chemotherapy until signs of the disease are absent; that is, until he achieves a
remission
Osteo ________ is a malignant tumor of bone
sarcoma
Osteo_____ is a malignant tumor of bone.
sarcoma
The extent of spread of a tumor within the body is called its
stage