Language of Medicine - Ch. 19: Cancer Medicine

Implantation of radioactive seeds directly into the tumor is called:

Brachytherapy

________, or the freezing and destruction of malignant tissue, was used to treat Mr. Seiger's prostate cancer.

Cryosurgery

Malignant transformation of genetic material results from damage to:

DNA

Ulcerated

Exposed surface due to death of overlying tissue

________genesis is the identification of the type of tissue from which tumor cells arise.

Histo

Connective tissue tumors usually require large doses of radiation to destroy the tumor cells; this type of tumor is called:

Radioresistant

This diagnostic test localizes antigens, or proteins, in tissues using marked antibodies to assess presence and amount of specific molecules in both normal and tumor cells.

immunohistochemistry

One of the most common staging systems is referred to as TNM, which stands for:

tumor, nodes, metastases

Lacking structures typical of mature cells is:

undifferentiated

Mr. Skarda was started on interferon to stimulate his immune system. Interferon, which is produced by normal cells, uses the body's own defense mechanism to fight tumor cells. Therefore, it is called:

A biologic response modifier

Necrotic

A tumor containing dead tissue

The results of Mrs. Lei's Pap smear showed dysplastic cells, meaning the cells were:

Abnormal but not clearly cancerous

________plasia means reversion to a more primitive cell type.

Ana

Tony, age 28, reentered the hospital for high-dose chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant for his leukemia. Bone marrow had been harvested from Tony after his first hospitalization in which he achieved complete remission. This type of bone marrow transplant is called:

Autologous

This detects human chorionic gonadotropin in serum of patients with testicular cancer.

Beta-hCG test

This procedure may be used if a tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed

Debulking

This procedure may be used if a tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed:

Debulking

The term that means spreading evenly through the affected tissues is:

Diffuse

What is the test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells?

Estrogen receptor assay

Mrs. Lei had a repeat Pap smear. A Pap smear is an example of a clinical procedure called:

Exfoliative cytology

Staging of tumors is a system of evaluating the:

Extent of spread of tumors

Small, repeated doses of radiation are termed:

Fractionation

Pedunculated polypoid

Growth that extends from a stalk or stem

Cancerous tumors are divided into broad groups on the basis of the particular type of tissue from which the tumor cells arise. This is called:

Histogenesis

Dr. Gorman removed Mrs. Jakob's malignant tumor and told her that it was filled with thick, sticky fluid. The term for the gross description of this tumor is

Mucinous

Pieces of DNA that can cause normal cells to become malignant if activated by mutations are called:

Oncogenes

Forming small finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells is called

Papillary

The term that means composed of a variety of cell types is:

Pleomorphic

______________, which is abbreviated ___, is a serum protein produced by prostate cancer cells

Prostate-specific antigen, PSA

Mr. Gerald was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. His oncologist recommended combination chemotherapy as the modality, or method, of treatment, which would be given according to a written plan, or a:

Protocol

Another term for a retrovirus is:

RNA virus

Drugs, such as cisplatin and 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) that sensitize tumors and normal tissue to radiation to improve the outcome of treatment are called:

Radiosensitizers

The combining form cyst/o means

Sac of fluid

This means densely packed; overgrown with fibrous tissue.

Scirrhous

The combining form follicul/o means:

Small glandular sacs

Verrucous

Wartlike growth

The pathologist's report described the malignant tumor as fungating. According to this gross description, the tumor had:

a mushrooming pattern of growth

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and ________ are protein marker tests for prostate cancer.

acid phosphatase

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and _______________ are protein markers for prostate cancer.

acid phosphatase

Mr. Rucic was diagnosed with gastric ________, a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach.

adenocarcinoma

Adding drugs early in the course of treatment to hasten or assist primary treatment in attacking cancer cells would be considered:

adjuvant therapy

The medical term for programmed cell death is:

apoptosis

The prefix ana- means:

backward

The prefix ana- means

backword

Characteristically, a _______ tumor grows slowly, is well-differentiated and noninvasive, and does not spread to a distant location; that is, it does not_______.

benign, metastasize

Characteristically, a ________ tumor grows slowly, is well-differentiated and noninvasive, and does not spread to a distant location; that is, it does not _______

benign, metastasize

This detects human chorionic gonadotropin in serum of patients with testicular cancer

bet-hCG protein marker test

A cancer-treating substance that stimulates the body's immune system or other body defenses is called a(n):

biologic response modifier

Retino_______, a tumor of the retina of the eye, is an example of a known inherited cancer caused by transmission of defective DNA, which is the abbreviation for _______

blastoma, deoxyribonucleic acid

Retino________, a tumor of the retina of the eye, is an example of a known inherited cancer caused by transmission of defective DNA, which is the abbreviation for ________.

blastoma, deoxyribonucleic acid

The aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow tissue for microscopic evidence of cancerous cells is called a(n) ________ biopsy.

bone marrow

The combining form carcin/o means:

cancer

A ________oma is a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue.

carcin

Radiation is a ___________ when it produces leukemia in radiologists and survivors of atomic bomb explosions.

carcinogen

Radiation is a(n) _________ when it produces leukemia in radiologists and survivors of atomic bomb explosions.

carcinogen

An adeno______ is a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells.

carcinoma

This refers to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures.

carcinoma in situ

When malignant tissue is destroyed by burning, it is called:

cauterization

Treatment with drugs to damage the DNA of cancer cells is called _______ therapy.

chemo

Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, hormones, and antimiotics all are types of:

chemotherapeutic agents

Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors is called:

combination chemotherapy

The ovaries are the most common site of this kind of tumor:

cystic

Reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type is called ______ and is characteristic of malignant tumors.

dedifferentiation

Reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type is called ____________ and is characteristic of malignant tumors.

dedifferentiation

Pamela's vaginal carcinoma was caused by DES, which is the abbreviation for _____________, a hormone or chemical ________ taken by her mother when she was pregnant with Pamela.

diethylstilbestrol, carcinogen

A mole, or nevus, that displays a highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous appearance is described as:

dysplastic

Ms. Golightly was diagnosed with breast cancer. The tumor was removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. This type of surgical procedure is called ________ resection.

en bloc

When a tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes, it is called:

en bloc resection

Benign tumors are often _________, meaning they are contained within a fibrous capsule or cover.

encapsulated

Benign tumors are often_________, meaning they are contained within a fibrous capsule or cover.

encapsulated

This term means resembling squamous epithelial cells:

epidermoid

The removal of a tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible small tumor cure is called a(n) ________ biopsy.

excisional

Wide resection involving the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space is called:

exenteration

Scraping and microscopic examination of cells from the region of suspected disease is called:

exfoliative cytology

Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source using a linear accelerator is:

external beam radiation

The combining form fibr/o means:

fibers

The combining form sarc/o means:

flesh, connective tissue

The combining forms sarc/o means:

flesh, connective tissue

The suffix -plasia means

formation

The suffix -plasia means:

formation

This is destruction of tissue by high-frequency electric sparks.

fulguration

Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation is called _______ of tumors.

grading

_______genesis is the identification of the type of tissue from which tumor cells arise.

histo

Redness, swelling, and heat are characteristic of _____ tumors.

inflammatory

This is used to inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors

laparoscopy

This is used to inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors.

laparoscopy

Core needle biopsy uses a ___________ needle

large-bore

Characteristically, a tumor that multiplies rapidly, is undifferentiated and invasive, and can metastasize is a ________ tumor.

malignant

X-ray examination of the breast is

mammography

X-ray examination of the breast is:

mammography

Thyroid and breast tumors may be ______, meaning they are large, soft, and fleshy.

medullary

Dr. Gorman removed Mrs.Jakob's malignant tumor and told her that it was filled with thick, sticky fluid. The term for the gross description of the tumor is:

mucinous

Once environmentally caused changes in DNA are established in a cell, they are passed on to daughter cells. These inheritable changes, or _____ , can lead to malignant growth.

mutations

Once environmentally caused changes in DNA are established in a cell, they are passed on to daughter cells. These inheritable changes, or ________, can lead to malignant growth.

mutations

A ________ biopsy is the aspiration of a core of tissue for microscopic examination.

needle

A _______ oma is a cancerous tumor derived from embryonic (immature) nerve tissue

neuroblast

A(n) _______oma is a cancerous tumor derived from embryonic nerve tissue.

neuroblast

A piece of DNA whose activation is associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell is a(n):

oncogene

Gross examination of the benign polyp in Mr. Devine's colon revealed it extended from a stem; the term for this description is:

pedunculated

Neo_____ means new growth and refers to either benign or malignant tumors.

plasm

Neo______ means new growth and refers to either benign or malignant tumors

plasm

Mr. Jeeters, 38, had stage I Hodgkin disease. Treatment with extensive external radiation eradicated the disease; therefore, this type of tumor is called:

radiocurable

A ________ scan consists of pictures taken of organs after injection of radioactive substances.

radionuclide

This diagnostic procedure involves the intravenous injection of radioactive substances to reveal abnormalities.

radionuclide scan

The combining form radi/o means:

rays or x-rays

Paul is receiving chemotherapy for his leukemia. Most likely, he will continue to receive chemotherapy until signs of the disease are absent; that is, until he achieves a

remission

Osteo ________ is a malignant tumor of bone

sarcoma

Osteo_____ is a malignant tumor of bone.

sarcoma

The extent of spread of a tumor within the body is called its

stage