Heritage Exam #2: Readings (ch. 13, 14, 16)
the essence of Benedict's Rule can be summed up by the Latin motto "Ora et labora", meaning...
"pray and work"
"servus servo rum Dei" means...
"servant of the servants of God"
"liberates ecclesiae" -political slogan for Greg VII
"the freedom of the church" -meaning the liberation of the priestly structure of the church from control by powerful lay people, in order to make the church the effective spiritual conscience and controller of a Xtn society
General Admonition of 780
(in conformity w/ Charlamagne's unification policy) mandated the use of Roman music at worship services thru out the empire
Anselm's "Proslogion" (ontological argument for the existence of God)
-argued that God (a being than which nothing greater can be thought) must necessarily exist, since if that being existed only in thought, one could conceive of that being also existing in reality, which would be greater.
"Dictatus Papae" means" "statements of the pope" -short set of 27 theses that famously express Gregory VII's program
-proclaim that the pope, a supreme judge under god alone, holds supreme power over all christian souls; bishops/abbots are subject to him and he alone hold power of absolution (forgiving sins) and excommunication (power to exclude someone from membership in church)
2 reasons clerical celibacy was important to Greg VII:
1) an unmarried priesthood was bound more tightly to the clerical structure of the church: clerical dynasties were (in theory) now impossible, so it was harder for powerful local families to control the church's property and keep it in the fam. 2) widespread belief that sex was intrinsically impure and therefore inappropriate for someone who offered the Mass.
3 things about the theological developments of the early medieval period:
1) theologians worked hard to preserve the heritage of patristic thought (that of early church fathers) by means of compilations of early Xtn lit. 2) monasteries were primarily responsible for developing a theology aimed at helping Christians attain sanctification 3) theologians evinced an ever-more confident trust in human reason and developed new forms of systematic inquiry that would bear fruit in the high medieval scholastic period
What 3 developments in the history of the papacy came about in the early medieval period? 1. the ________ of the peoples of Northern Europe (supported by popes) 2. 8th cent. _______ w/ kings of the Franks and creation of.... 3. the papal ________ promoted by the 11th cent. as seen in "_______ Reform"
1. conversion 2. alliance; the pope's own state 3. supremacy; Gregorian
Celtic monasticism focused on the rebirth of civilization in the early Middle Ages through 2 things:
1. scholarship (literacy, knowledge, manuscripts) 2. self-imposed exile from the monastery in which monks-missionaries would travel and preach the gospel
from the time of his papal election, Greg VII attacked what 3 issues?
1. simony 2. clerical concubinage 3. lay investiture
The High Middle Ages
12th and 13th centuries -mark numerous peak developments and events of lasting importance in the Christian tradition
the early medieval period refers to the __th thru the __th centuries
6th-11th
who was known as the Father of Eastern Monasticism?
Basil of Caesarea
The standardized form of Western monasticism desired by Cassian appeared in the "Rule for Monasteries" of ______ of ______.
Benedict of Nursia
Europe was born from the Dark Ages during the great but short-lived cultural revival known as the ________ ________.
Carolingian Renaissance
the _______ monastery committed itself to a reform of monasticism by demanding the strictest observance of Benedict's Rule; - was determined to maintain spiritual character of the church; abbots spoke out against secular leaders who wanted control. -this reform movement sponsored new monastic communities w/o letting them have their own abbots (instead the new groups were affiliates in a type of federation); gained political leverage
Cluniac
compromise resulting from the investiture conflict btwn Greg VII & Henry IV; -emperor renounced claim to appt bishops, who would now be elected freely by clergy -retained right to be present at such elections and to receive feudal homage for w/e lands the new bishop received as a vassal of the emperor
Concordat (Treaty) of Worms
The early medieval period is often called the _____ ____ because of the steep decline in the standard of living amidst waves of invasions and population movement following the fall of the Roman empire in the West.
Dark Ages
The Evolution of the Papacy: in the _____ the emperor had authority over the patriarchs even to the point of calling councils and prescribing solutions to doctrine issues in the church.
East
Symeon the New Theologian
Eastern theologian of the medieval period -born into Byzantine Empire -monk/abbot/theologian/poet
the reign of pope Greg VII demonstrates how the institution of the papacy developed into a..... in addition to its role as a religious center; he hoped to gain independence and reform spirituality.
European political power
T/F: Before the Carolinian period, Christian worship in the west was conducted in Greek
FALSE; Latin***
T/F: The Gregorian reform united church and state
FALSE; it distinguished them
T/F: lay investiture appointees were highly trained in spiritual matters
FALSE; they were not necessarily trained in spiritual matters but were rather appointed due to family connections or simony
The Investiture Conflict -not just an institutional struggle but a battle for public opinion, not settled til long after Greg&Henry's deaths.
Greg VII excommunicated Roman Emperor Henry IV for lay investiture and Henry did public penance standing in the snow for 3 days outside Greg's castle; things were reconciled but then reopened and Henry was excommunicated again. following his 2nd excommunication by pope Greg VII, Henry IV appointed his own anti-pope Clement III; Greg claimed that an excomm. ruler was also removed from his office and his subjects absolved their oath of obedience to him. (trump card)
During the ____ _____ _____, Christianity became identified with European culture and society
High Middle Ages
who was known as the Father of Western Monasticism?
John Cassian
whose purpose was it to establish a standardized form of monasticism for Christianity in the West?
John Cassian
The _______ _____ refer to the roughly 1000 years between the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (476) and the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation of the 16th Century.
Middle Ages
who was the first to style the pope as "servus servorum Dei"?
Pope Gregory I
Who was the first representative of Western early medieval theology?
Pope Gregory I -homilies filled w/ exegetical insights applied to the life situation of his hearers -dialogues: collection of anecdotes ab the saintly ascetics and wonder-workers of Italy -Pastoral Rule and moral teachings from Job: Gregory I created the earliest manuals of moral and ascetic theology
___________ was so closely associated w/the Reform movement that it has been renamed the "______ Reform"
Pope Gregory VII; Gregorian
modernity is divided into 2 phases (beginning w/ Renaissance & Reformation) with the most crucial changes taking place after the ________.
Reformation
Charlamagne wanted to use a Gregorian sacramentary for uniformity in his empire, however it was incomplete and thus supp. with Frankish texts/ceremonies; this fusion of sober, classical Roman prayer with the dramatic, exuberant Frankish prayer forms the core of the ______ ______
Roman Rite
Pope Gregory I (540-604) "Gregory the Great"
Roman retired from public life and sold his sh!t to care for the poor; established several monasteries and lived the monastic life -eventually called from monastery to serve as church leader (first deacon, then ambassador to Constantinople) -his years as pope were notable for his missionary outreach; he directed Augustine to go to British Isles to preach Christianity
who was the last resident Western emperor?
Romulus Augustulus
One of the most Spirit-centered of all Christian writers; claimed it was possible for every baptized Christian to attain direct, conscious experience of the Holy Spirit even in this life (mysticism)
Symeon the new theologian
T/F: Basil of Caesarea created monasticism in which monks would care for the sick, raise orphans, provide food/clothing to the poor, etc. instead of being a hermit
True
T/F: The decline in standard of living associated with the Dark Ages was long lasting and affected all areas of life: culture, law, population, economy, etc.
True
In the ______ the pope and other bishops maintained their independence a little more successfully, though strong rulers (like Emperor Justinian I) were able to bend even popes to their will
West
Anselm of Canterbury
Western theologian considered a figure transitional to the high middle ages -Benedictine monk, rose to position of Archbishop of Canterbury -made contributions to Christian understanding of God
The decline of monasticism began to change when ______ the ______ founded a new Benedictine monastery at _______.
William the Pious; Cluny
Who is identified with the Merovingian Kingdom, later Carolingian Dynasty?
a Frankish warrior named Clovis (Charles Martel took over)
sacramentary
a book of prayers needed by a priest to celebrate the Eucharist
Crusade
a new type of religious warfare in which Christianity began to see more conversions by conquest rather than by will.
The medieval model of the "______" does not include the people and instead is comprised of the clergy (pope, bishops, priest)
church
Cluniac monks also spoke against _________, or the relationship between man and woman thru marriage, arguing that the secular clergy ought to be celibate so that the church might be their souse and the Eucharist might be offered by pure hands unsullied by sexual contact;
concubinage
Anselm's "Cur deus Homo": why did God become a man? -debt-satisfaction theory
constructed a debt-satisfaction theory of the atonement, arguing that the sin of Adam could only be forgiven if sufficient satisfaction for that sin were offered to the father; but only a divine person could resolve the debt incurred by human sin. thus, God had to become human if humanity was to be restored to God's friendship
Gregorian Chant
created for Roman Rite worship; a fusion of chants used in the city of Rome together with the native chants of the Frankish churches -sung in unison
"The Institutes" by John Cassian
described the pattern of living that was characteristic of a genuine monastic community and prescribed practical methods of overcoming spiritual failings
Basil of Caesarea (330-379)
developed a kind of monasticism that might be described as urban; Basil saw hospitality for society's marginalized as a special mark of the monastic vocation, and so his monks lived in buildings close to cities where the monastic community could provide various forms of social service
Gregory VII (Hildebrand) (1020-1085)
elected Pope nearly 500 yrs after Greg I's reign as pope; -given name: Hildebrand -committed at early age to being a monk -served as secretary to 5 popes; wanted spiritual reform for the church thru independence from lay political control -person of passionate moral uprightness -diff. church from lay
Pseudo-Dionysius' "via negativa" (negative approach) found in The Mystical Theology
famous theological method claiming all affirmations concerning God must be denied since the divine reality supersedes any earthly quality that might be used to describe it
What marked the end of the ancient Roman Empire in the West?
great movements of people (migrations & invasions)
Monks under Benedict's "Rule" gathered 8 times a day for prayer; they also ate meals together in silence ______ (morning prayer at dawn) _______ (evening prayer at sunset _______ (lengthy vigin prayed in dead of night)
lauds; vespers; matins
Early forms of monasticism were primarily ____ movements
lay
according to the practice of "___ ________" the emperor and secular leaders took upon themselves the right to appoint bishops and abbots and other church officials.
lay investiture
_______ communities developed churches w/ multiple chapels for the practices of individuals or groups -"1 people gathered around 1 altar in 1 church building"
monastic
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (real identity: unknown)
most important early medieval Eastern theologian -unknown identity, but claims to be a young man who heard Paul the Apostle preach in Athens and was thus converted to Christianity -many consider writings to have considerable authority, second to scripture
westworks
multistoried facade usually flanked by bell towers before entrance of church; created by Carolingian architects
Benedict of Nursia (480-547)
of Roman ancestry, lived life as a hermit in a cave and established a monastic community in Monte Cassino
John Cassian (360-435)
organized monasteries for monks/nuns near Marselles and in Provence (Southeast France) -wrote 2 famous works (took Eastern monasticism ideals and applied them to Western situations)
"The Conferences" by John Cassian
outlined progressive stages of the spiritual life as he had come to understand them from personal experience/Eastern monasticism teachings.
Monks who followed Benedict of Nursia's "Rule" took vows of...
poverty, chastity, obedience & stability (permanent commitment to particular community of monks)
Christendom
refers to the unprecedented merging of Christianity & culture (medieval churches ran schools, owned land, fought for peace and economic stability, rebuked emperors, engaged in politics, helped the poor, had legal control over marriage/inheritance, etc.)
churches built in Romanesque style (stone-vaulted fortresslike buildings) probably symbolized ....
safety and security in the turbulent 10th/11th centuries
Sometimes, people were appointed as spiritual leaders through ________, or the buying and selling of spiritual things (including church leadership positions)
simony
the outstanding achievement of Romanesque architects was the development of ...
stone vaulted buildings -would replace flammable wooden roofs of pre-romanesque buildings -vaulting allowed heavy walls/piers -these thick-walled buildings had small openings for light, so it was fortresslike;
Romanesque Architecture
style of buildings constructed in Western Europe btwn the end of the 11th century & the rise of Gothic style in mid-12th century -adaptation of ancient Roman architecture -Charlemagne's palace
A significant feature of the Carolingian dynasty was its relationship with...
the Catholic church
Feudal Homage
the ceremony in which a casual pledged himself to his lord
What key aspect of Greg VII's reform made it downright revolutionary?
the elimination of lay investiture, so-called bc of the practice in which a nobleman/king would "invest" a prospective abbot/bishop with the spiritual symbols of his office, as part of the ceremony in which the candidate, in return, made *feudal homage* to his secular/worldly/temporal lord as his vassal
what was the long-term significance on the Gregorian Reform?
the long-term significance of Gregory's reform -detached clerical order from lay&local control and -incorporated it in an international hierarchy w/ papacy @ the top
By ridding the church of simony...
the monks and clergy regained control of the church (so they could freely elect abbots/bishops) and rid the church of the worldly taint of money
Roman Rite
the primary form of liturgy for the Roman Catholic Church
Mysticism
the spiritual experience in which a person achieves direct communication w/ the divine
The pope's prestige in the early church had been connected with Rome's importance as the site of... and also as the....
the tombs of St Peter and Paul; capital of the empire
Romanesque architecture refers to the buildings developed during the Carolingian and Ottonian dynasties
true
T/F Benedictine monasticism eventually became the primary style of monastic life in the west; 6th-11th centuries sometimes called Benedictine Centuries
true
T/F for Greg VII, the ultimate goal of the reform movement was "freedom of the church"
true
T/F: "Christianitas" refers to Christendom in the sense of a closed, totally Christian society/territory became widespread around the time of the First Crusade -from this time, Euro-Christians began to think of their society as defined by its religious identity, in conscious opposition to groups that did not share that identity: Pagans, Jews, Muslims.
true
T/F: As urban life disappeared after the fall of the Empire in the west, monasteries became significant economic institutions; by 9th & 10th centuries Benedictine monasteries were essential pillars of the early medieval world (no longer withdrawn).
true
T/F: Bc of the Greg.Reform, another Constantine, Justinian, and Charlemagne [who regarded the pope as a court chaplain] was unlikely--the ruler would not longer be considered sacred in the same way.
true
T/F: Cluniacs taught that the poplin Rome was the only one who ought to have authority over the clergy, and they put the whole Cluniac federation under the pope's special protection.
true
T/F: Greg VII differentiated lay from clerical more radically than anyone else; from this time on, the church without qualification meant essentially the ordained clergy (bishops, priests, deacons) and NOT the people. the clergy had to be celibate and could not fight/shed blood
true
T/F: Greg the Great accomplished missionary outreach while maintaining good ties w/ Byzantine emperors, keeping up communication w/Christian communities in surviving urban areas in the west, and overseeing overall functioning of the city of Rome.
true
T/F: Gregory I was elected Pope in 590; his years as pope were notable for his missionary outreach; sponsoring such missions helped to promote a strong sense of loyalty between newly converted ppl and the papacy in Rome
true
T/F: Pope Gregory followed Benedict's Rule so fiercely that he damaged his physical health
true
T/F: both concessions involved in the Treaty of Worms gave the emperor way to influence the choice of candidates
true
T/F: in an attempt to unify his empire, Charlemagne sent for a "pure-Gregorian" sacramentary (believed to be composed by Greg I); served as exemplar for all sacramentaries to be used in Charlemagne's empire; attempt to standardize worship throughout Carolingian empire encouraged artistic activity
true
T/F: most monks and nuns were lay people passionately concerned with their own salvation and convinced that they needed to separate themselves from mainstream society in order to achieve salvation.
true
T/F: simony, lay investitures and financial dependence following the fall of the Empire contributed to the gradual decline of the spiritual focus of the monastery.
true
T/F: the decline of civil authorities in the West worked to the advantage of the popes, who began to take on purely secular duties as the de facto rulers of the city.
true
T/F: the term monasticism comes from the greek word "monos" meaning 'one,' 'solitary' or 'alone'.
true
T/F: under the dictatus papae, the pope is able to depose princes
true
T/F: when wealthy landlords deeded the monks land to build their monasteries, the monastery became part of the *feudal system*; the monastery ended serfs/peasants to tend the land, and in return the monastery provided serfs with basic necessities of life.
true
monasteries lost independence thru the financial support of secular rulers and wealthy landlords
true
T/F: the position of Cluniac reformers eventually won the day and Roman Catholicism continues to require the celibacy of bishops and priests in the present day.
true!
"Opus Dei" means...
work of God
