HESI - Grammar

a lot/alot

"A lot" is always two words. Remember, "would you like a little or a lot?" You would never spell "a little" as one word so do not spell "a lot" as one word.

percent/percentage

# involved ie five percent age used when no number ie that is a low percentage

dash mark

-- longer hyphen used to set apart a relevant thought; not to be used in place of commas; helps statement stand out ex. the landmarks -- Lake Clarke, dkfj, jfd, and the bridge -- she couldn't help

verbs five basic forms

1. base 2. -s 3. -ing 4. past 5. past participle

correcting fragment sentences

1. dogs are my fav animals bc cats are too lazy 2. dogs are my favorite animals. cats are too lazy. (simple sentence)

correcting run ons

1. making wedding cakes can take many hours. I am very impatient. I want to see....(use of periods) 2. making weddings cakes can take many hours; i am very impatient -- I want to see...(semicolon/colon/dash) 3. making wedding cakes can take many hours, and I am very impatient and want to see...(coordination conjunctions) 4. I am very impatient bc i would rather see completed wedding cakes right away than wait for it to take many hours (revising)

sentence components

1. subject - noun/phrase; whom the sentence is addressing & what it is about 2. action - verb; explain what the noun is doing 3. must convey a complete thought

dependent clause

A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb. ex. if the keys are on the counter becomes independent w/: if the keys are one the counter, please give them to me.

prepositional phrase

A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (aka the object of the preposition) ex. A pristine lake is NEAR THE STORE and BEHIND THE BANK.

sentence

A group of words that expresses a complete thought; be spoken or written in a specific order to constitute a complete sentence

phrase

A group of words with a meaning; an expression; go together but do not include a subj and verb; add info, explain; not complete thoughts ex. I know ALL THE SHORTEST ROUTES ex. The jumpers have hot cocoa TO DRINK RIGHT AWAY.

misplaced modifier

A modifier that is not placed near the word it modifies ex. we gave hot cocoa to the children THAT WAS FILLED W/MARSHMALLOWS correct - we gave the hot cocoa THAT WAS..to th children

Predicate Adjective (PA)

A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and *describes* the subject. ex. John is HANDSOME.

simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause ex. i am going to win

interrogative sentence

A sentence that asks a question ex. will you buy the milk?

imperative sentence

A sentence that requests or commands; ends with a period ex. buy the milk when you stop to fill up for gas. can be missing the subject (usually implied); in the example above *you* is the subj. aka the *understood you*

complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause ex. i am going to win, even though I don't deserve it.

Adjective? The connoisseur slowly enjoyed the delectable meal. a. delectable b. connoisseur c. slowly d. enjoyed

A. "what kind of meal?" describes the noun (meal) b. noun; subj of sentence c. adverb d. past-tense verb

correct punctuation a. Recommended supplies for the hunting trip include the following: rain gear, large backpack, hiking boots, flashlight, and non-perishable foods. b. I left the store, because I forgot my wallet. c. As soon as the team checked into the hotel; they met in the lobby for a group photo. d. None of the furniture came in on time: so they weren't able to move in to the new apartment.

A. : for series of items in a list b. unnecessary comma before b/c c. semi-colon instead of a comma d. colon instead of a comma

run-on sentence a. I love to go water-skiing, I love alpine skiing, I also love Nordic skiing. b. The best way to learn to ski is to take lessons. c. All three types of skiing require different skills and different equipment. d. It takes a long time to learn how to ski; water-skiing takes the longest time.

A. all ind clauses. b. simple single ind clause c. ind clause w/ subj and verb d. two ind clasues w/ semicolon ie complete compound sentence

correct comma usage for dates a. Monday, May 16, 2016 b. Monday, May 16 2016 c. Monday, May, 16, 2016 d. Monday May 16, 2016

A. comma b/w date and year; also b/w day of the week and month

what kind of error? This summer, I'm planning to travel to Italy, take a Mediterranean cruise, going to Pompeii, and eat a lot of Italian food. a. Parallelism b. sentence fragment c. misplaced modifier d. subject-verb agreement

A. does not use consistent sentence structure or word form; uses travel, take and eat then going. "go to" would be correct parallelism it is a complete sentence

incorrect use of subject-verb agreement a. Neither of the cars are parked on the street b. both of my kids are going to camp c. any of your friends are welcome to join us on the trip d. each of the clothing options is appropriate for the interview

A. neither is singular - neither is parked both is plural any can be sing or plural each is singular

Teacher notices that students are using their own unique vocab when they talk about their daily lives. These non-standard words specific to one age or cultural group is what type of language? a. slang b. jargon c. dialect d. vernacular

A. non-standard expressions not used in elevated speech/writing jargon- language used in specialized field dialect- one form of lang in a certain region vernacular- native language of local area

part of speech of caps word We need to come up with a fresh APPROACH to this problem. a. noun b. verb c. adverb d. adjective

A. noun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. b. verb- need c. adverb- not there d. adjective- fresh ; describes noun

sentence structure The last thing she wanted to do was see the Eiffel Tower before the flight. a. simple sentence b. compound sentence c. complex sentence d. compound-complex sentence

A. one ind and no dep clauses

correct punctuation a. Carole is not currently working; her focus is on her children at the moment. b. Carole is not currently working and her focus is on her children at the moment c. Carole is not currently working, her focus is on her children at the moment. d. Carole is not currently working her focus is on her children at the moment.

A. two independent clauses that are related are joined by a semicolon b is not correct bc no comma before conjunction ie , and c incorrect bc comma only used to join independent sentences with a conjunction d incorrect bc run-on sentence/fused w/o punctuation or conjunction

textspeak

Abbreviations and slang commonly used to shorten a text or instant message, like using "?s" for "questions"

antecedent example

Adeline bit her lip. Adeline=antecedent to clarify 'her' the personal pronoun

verb

An action word, state of being or occurrence; explains what the noun is doing ex. time FLIES (main verb)

correct word usage a. Your going to have to put you're jacket over their. b. You're going to have to put your jacket over there. c. Your going to have to put you're jacket over they're. d. you're going to have to put your jacket over their.

B.

incorrect subj/verb agreement a. All of the kittens in the litter show their courage. b. the black kitten pounce on the ball of yarn. c. the calico kitten eats voraciously. d. my favorite kitten snuggles with its mother.

B.

Philadelphia is home to some excellent walking tours where visitors can learn more about the culture and rich history of the city of brotherly love. adjectives? a. Philadelphia, tours, visitors, culture, history, city, love b. Excellent, walking, rich, brotherly c. is, can, learn d. to, about, of

B. a. all nouns c. verbs d. prepositions

dangling modifier? a. Eating a large meal, I had to chew my food slowly. b. Eating a large meal, my food had to be chewed slowly. c. Eating a large meal, I was too full afterward. d. Eating a large meal, I was more full than I have ever been.

B. 'eating a large meal' cannot modify the word 'food'; food is not eating the meal a. eating a large meal modifies 'I' c. incorrect prep; should say 'after eating..' d. modifies 'I'

interjection? a. The cookie was full of chocolaty goodness. b. well, Carrie didn't like the cookie. c. Can't you see that cookie is broken? d. That's too bad, but i'll still eat it!

B. 'well' set apart from the rest of the sentence and is a mild interjections goodness is a noun c. interrogative statement d. exclamation

correct punctuation a. The moderator asked the candidates, "is each of you prepared to discuss your position on global warming?". b. The moderator asked the candidates, "is each of you prepared...?" c. The...candidates, 'is each....warming?' d. The...candidates, "is each of you...warming"?

B. End of the quotation (?) should always be contained w/in the quotation marks. A. period at end is unnecessary c. not the proper quotation marks d. (?) needs to be w/in the quotes

Capitalization error a. The East Coast has... b. My Uncle owns a home in Florida. c. I am taking English Composition this fall. d. ...on our trip to Jersey Shore

B. Uncle is not fxing as a proper noun.

which sentence component in caps New students should report TO THE STUDENT CENTER. a. dependent clause b. adverbial phrase c. adjective clause d. noun phrase

B. adverb modifying the verb report no subj/verb combo so not a clause. is a phrase but doesn't modify noun

sentence structure? The weight of the world was on his shoulders, so he took a long walk. a. simple sentence b. compound sentence c. complex sentence d. compound-complex sentence

B. both independent clauses connected with a comma and a coordinating conjunction a. has only one ind clause c. no dep clauses d. two ind but no dep clauses

all of the prepositions We went down by the water, near the lake, before dawn, to see the pretty sunrise. a. went, to see, pretty b. by, near, before c. water, lake, dawn, sunries d. we, down, the, pretty

B. by/near positional preposition; before time preposition a. verb and adj c. nouns d. we is pronoun; down adverb; the article; pretty adj

what kind of error? Some workers use all their sick leave, other workers cash out their leave. a. parallelism b. comma splice c. sentence fragment d. subject-verb agreement

B. comma splice used when joining two independent clauses without the use of a conjunction. correct with semicolon or add conjunction. (; or but)

when it gets warm in the spring, _____ and _____ like to go fishing. a. me, him b. he, I c. him, I d. he, me

B. he and I are the subjects of the verb LIKE in the independent clause a, c, d have at least one objective pronoun (me and him); they should come as an object of the verb and not the subject

imperative sentence a. Pennsylvania's state flag includes two draft horses and an eagle. b. go down to the basement and check the hot water for signs of a leak. c. you must be so excited! d. how many countries speak Spanish?

B. issues a command; ends with a period a. declarative c. exclamatory d. interrogative

what is the word "several" called? SEVERAL are laughing loudly on the bus. a. singular indefinite pronoun b. plural indefinite pronoun c. singular objective pronoun d. indefinite adjective

B. plural noun; like 'ppl'; indefinite bc the number is undefined

proper noun? People think the Statue of Liberty is an awesome sight. a. People b. Statue of Liberty c. Awesome d. sight

B. specifies statue; also capitalized a. common noun c. adjective describing sight d. common noun

correct a. They're on their way to New Jersey but there not there yet. b. Their on their way to New Jersey but they're not there yet. c. They're on their way to New Jersey but they're not there yet. d. They're on their way to New Jersey but there not their yet.

C.

complete subject? The heaviest green bike is mine. a. bike b. green bike c. the heaviest green bike d. is mine

C. 'the heaviest' 'green' a. bike- simple subject b. green bike- only one modifier; incomplete d. predicate of sentence not the subj

Julia Robinson, an avid photographer in her spare time, was able to capture stunning shots of the local wildlife on her last business trip to Australia. Which is an Adjective? a. Time b. Capture c. avid d. photographer

C. Avid modifies 'photographer'; it describes the photographer Julia's style. Time and photographer are nouns; capture is a verb other adjectives: spare, local, business

correct plural form a. Tomatos b. Analysis c. Cacti d. Criterion

C. cactus - cacti a. tomatoes - spelling error b. analyses d. criteria

misplaced modifier? a. The children love their cute and cuddly teddy bears. b. Teddy bears are cute and cuddly; the children love them. c. Cute and cuddly, the children love their teddy bears. d. Cute and cuddly, the teddy bears are loved by many children.

C. cute and cuddly does not modify the children; modifies the teddy bears

fragment sentence? a. We went to the zoo to see the tigers and lions. b. Instead we saw elephants, zebras and giraffes. c. Because the lion and tiger habitat was closed. d. What sound does a giraffe make anyway?

C. dependent clause and needs a subj a. ind clause w/ subj and verb- complete sentence b. complete ind clause d. complete ind clause forming an interrogative sentence

All of Shannon's family and friends helped her to celebrate her 50th bday at Cafe Sorrento. complete subject? a. Family and friends b. All c. All of Shannon's family and friends d. Shannon's family and friends

C. includes who or what is doing the action in the sentence as well as the modifiers that go with it. a. simple subject b/d are part of the complete subject

structure of the sentence The restaurant is unconventional because it serves both Chicago style pizza and New York style pizza. a. simple b. compound c. complex d. compound-complex

C. joins an independent/main clause with a dependendt/subordinate clause. "The restaurant is unconventional" is the independent clause;; 'b/c' makes the clause dependent

compound sentence a. Shawn and Jerome played soccer in the backyard for two hours. b. Marissa last saw Elena and talked to her this morning. c. The baby was sick, so I decided to stay home from work. d. Denise, Kurt, and Eric went for a run after dinner.

C. joins two ind clauses; with comma and coordinating conjunction 'so' others all simple sentences a. compound subject w/ one ind clause b. compound verb d. compound subj w/ one ind clause

compound sentence a. alex and shane spent the morning coloring and later took a walk down to the park b. after coloring all morning, alex and shane spent the afternoon at the park. c. alex and shane spent the morning coloring, and then they took a walk down to the park. d. after coloring all morning and spending part of the day at the park, alex and shane took a nap.

C. joins two independent clauses with a ',' and a conjunction 'and' b,d have one independent and one dep. clause; making them complex sentences a. one independent clause with a compound subj (alex and shane) and a compound verb (spent and took)

Correct subject-verb agreement a. There is two constellations that can be seen... b. At least four of the sheep needs to be sheared... c. lots of people were auditioning for the competition... d. everyone in the group have completed...

C. lots is plural and agrees with ere a. constellations plural; there singular b. four plural; needs singular d. everyone singular; have singular

what kind of error? Forgetting that he was supposed to meet his girlfriend for dinner, Anita was mad when Fred showed up late. a. Parallelism b. run-on sentence c. misplaced modifier d. subject-verb agreement

C. modifier is the phrase "forgetting...for dinner". Offers info about fred's actions but the noun that immediately follows is Anita creating confusion about the "do-er" of the phrase. correction: forgetting...dinner, Fred made Anita mad...

correctly uses quotation marks a. "Where the Red Fern Grows" was one of my fav novels b. Though he is famous for "The Great Gatsby" and "Titanic"... c. Sylvia Plath's poem, "Daddy" will be the subject of this week's discussion. d. "The New York Times" reported that many fans are disappointed...

C. quotations used for short works such as a poem films, novels and newspapers should be in italics

____ ordered the flowers? a. whose b. whom c. who d. who've

C. subjective pronoun whose-possessive whom- objective pronoun who've- contraction 'who have'

A hundred years ago, automobiles were rare, but now cars are ubiquitous. context clue for meaning of ubiquitous a. ago b. cars c. now d. rare

D.

The giraffe nudged _____ baby. a. it's b. hers c. their d. its

D.

a teacher wants to counsel a student about using the word "ain't" in a research paper; what advice should she give? a. "ain't" is not in the dictionary, so it isn't a word. b. because the student isn't in college yet, ain't is appropriate c. "ain't" is incorrect English and should not be part of a serious student's vocab d. "Ain't" is a colloquial expression, it may be appropriate in conversational setting but not in academic writing

D.

correct word choice Increasing the price of bus fares has had a greater [affect/effect] on ridership [then/than] expected. a. affect; then b. affect; than c. effect; then d. effect; than

D. 'impact/influence'; so effect affect is a noun and we need a verb

what type of sentence? Although I wished it were summer, I accepted the change of seasons, and I started to appreciate the fall. a. compound b. simple c. complex d. compound-complex

D. Two ind clauses and a dep clause; 'i accepted; I started' ; 'although' (dep)

At last night's company function, in honor of Mr. Robertson's retirement, several employees spoke kindly about his career achievements. what part of speech is the word "function"? a. adjective b. adverb c. verb d. noun

D. as a noun as the object of the preposition AT function can also be used as a verb but it is a noun in this case

the realtor showed ____ and ____ a house on Wednesday afternoon. pronoun pairs? a. She, I b. She, me c. Me, her d. Her, Me

D. indirect objects; me comes last not "me-and"

prepositional phrase For the longest time, I have wanted to learn to roller skate. a. i have wanted b. wanted to learn c. learn to roller skate d. for the longest time

D. introductory prepositional phrase 'FOR' and all the modifiers for the word time a. past-tense verb 'have wanted' b. verb wanted and infinitive 'to learn' c. verb learn and infinitive 'to skate'

correct parallelism? a. The puppies enjoy chewing and to play tug-o-war. b. the puppies enjoy to chew and playing c. the puppies enjoy to chew and to play d. the puppies enjoy chewing and playing

D. make both verbal gerunds a. chewing is gerund/ to play is infinitive b. chew inf; playing gerund c. chew/play are both infinitives but do not match the word 'enjoy'

PART functions as an adjective a. The part Brian was asked to play b. She parts ways with the c. The entire team played a part in the success d. Ronaldo is part Irish on his mother's side

D. modifies Irish a/c. nouns b. verb

part of speech caps word Investigators conducted an EXHAUSTIVE inquiry into the accusations of corruption. a. noun b. verb c. adverb d. adjective

D. modifies noun, answers "which one/what kind" modifies inquiry; also ends w/ '-ive' nouns- investigators, inquiry, accusations, corruption verb- conducted adverb- none

plural noun? The black kitten was the girl's choice from the litter of kittens. a. kitten b. girl's c. choice d. kittens

D. more than one

Protesters filled the streets of the city. Because they were dissatisfied with the government's leadership. appropriately-punctuated correction? a. Protesters filled the streets of the city, because....leadership. b. Protesters, filled the streets of the city, bc... c. Because they were dis...leadership protesters filled the streets of the city. d. protesters filled the streets of the city bc they were dissatisfied with the govts leadership.

D. second sentence is a dependent clause so cannot stand alone; main clause comes first so does not need to be separated by a comma. c. incorrect b/c the dependent clause is first so a comma would be necessary b/w

complete predicate My house is the yellow one at the end of the street. a. my house b. is the yellow one c. at the end of the street d. is the yellow one at the end of the street

D. subj is 'my house' therefore the rest is the predicate

disinterested/uninterested

Disinterested - having no opinion; neutral "jury is disinterested during the trial" Uninterested - not interested; bored "I was uninterested during the lecture"

abstract noun examples

Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery

interjections

Expresses strong emotions. Followed by an exclamation point or a comma depending on the strength of emotion. Examples: Wow!, Yuck!, Yes, Holy cow!

coordinating conjunction

FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ex. I need to go shopping, BUT I must be careful..

farther/further

Farther refers to physical distance: He walked farther into the woods. Further refers to an extension of time or degree (more): She will look further into the mystery.

adverb examples

He ran *quickly* to what degree *hardly* She left *yesterday*. We went *there*. It was *too* hot. emphasize (really, simply, so), amplify (completely, positively), tone down (almost, somewhat, mildly)

subjective pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they; subjects of the sentence; THEY have a new house

ellipses

Indicated by a series of three periods; shows that words have been omitted (...); saves space or allow focus on other material; can show pause in sentence flow ex. exercise has many benefits such as...reducing cancer risk ex. "i'm wondering...how this could happen"

lend/loan

Lend-verb-to give temporarily, "lend me your car" Loan-noun-something that is borrowed "student loan"

proper noun examples

Mr.Rexford, Wakeman field, Bedford Middle School; Kelsey

to/too/two

Preposition: Indicates movement or intent Adverb: Also Adjective: Something that has two units/number

possessive pronouns

Pronouns that attribute ownership. i.e. mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs it's THEIR chocolate cake

pronouns

Replaces a noun. Examples: I, he, she, they, it, his

common noun examples

Teacher, field, school

adverbs

Tells more about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Tells how, how many, when, where; describe actions (verbs) and often end in -ly

oxford comma

The comma used to set off the item in a list that precedes the 'and' before the last item in the list. (e.g., the comma that follows 'oranges' in the following list: apples, oranges, and grapes.

apostrophes

The superscript sign ( ' ) used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, 2nd quote, or the plurals of numbers, letters, and abbreviations.

Who vs. Whom

The word "who" is used as a subject in a sentence. The word "whom" is used as an object.

who vs whom

The word "who" is used as a subject in a sentence. The word "whom" is used as an object. WHO hit the baseball? (HE, subj) the umpire called WHOM out? (HIM, obj)

participles

Verbs that end with -ing or -ed and serves as an adjective; often used to modify a noun/phrase or verb/phrase ex. the RUNNING TEENAGER; he is SPEAKING

Conjunctions

Vital words that connect words, phrases, ideas and clauses. show relationship bw components

your/you're

Your is a possessive form of you. You're is the contraction of you are.

complex preposition

a group of two or three words that act as a single prepositional unit; some examples of complex prepositions in English are: in spite of, with respect to, except for, according to, in regards to, because of

euphemisms

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. can also be impolite. ex he is very short euphemism: he is vertically challenged

abstract noun

a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object; cannot be touched

Direct Objects (DO)

a noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb; receiving the action of the verb ex. the clown brought the acrobat the HULA-HOOP (what is being brought? hula-hoop) ex. then he gave the trick pony a SOAPY BATH. (what was given)

cliche

a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought. ex head over heels in love

adjective phrase

a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun; ex very ugly or way too fat or faster than a speeding bullet

pronoun reference

a pronoun that refers back to a noun

comma (,)

a punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence. It is also used to separate items in a list and to denote break of flow.

hyphen

a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text ex. honey-covered (compound adj.) merry-go-round semi-engineer (vowels together) re-collect (collect again not remember)

colons

a punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an expansion or explanation; after a formal greeting in a letter 'Dear Sir:'

semicolon

a punctuation mark (;) indicating a pause, typically between two main, independent clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicated by a comma. ex. i will pay for the ice cream; i will not pay for the steak vs i will pay for the ice cream, but i will not pay for the steak also, ex. the family lived in phoenix, AZ; OK city, OK; and Raleigh, NC

exclamatory sentence

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark ex. buy the milk now! can be declarative and imperative with the addition of '!' makes it exclamatory ex. buy the milk when you stop to fill up for gas!

declarative sentence

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration ex. the price of milk is the same as gas. most common; statements of varying seriousness, importance, or info

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions ex. i am going to win, but the odds are against me.

slang

a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people (in/out group) ex groovy or far out associated with the 70s

prepositions

a word that shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns and some other words in a sentence; connecting words ex. as, at, into, on , off, on to, with

modifier

a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause ex.

articles

a, an, the; precedes a common noun ex. THE girl would like to move

affect/effect

affect - verb, to influence "how will the earthquake affect your home?" (Affect; Assume); noun- mood/emotion "her affect was somber" effect - verb, to bring about "she will effect a change"; noun, result of something "the effect of the earthquake was devastating" (Effect; End)

links between independent and dependent clauses

although, because, before, after, that, when, which, and while; make dependent clause out of a sentence

regardless/irregardless

anyway; despite irregardless is not a standard word do not use

direct subjects

appear in the text of the sentence; stated ex the big brown DOG- dog is stated

auxilary verbs (helping verbs)

assist main verbs in expressing tense, ability, permission or obligation. have, do , be, can, may, should, must, will ex. i SHOULD go to the store

compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses ex. (D) while trying to dance, (I) i tripped on my partner's feet, (I) but I regained my balance quickly.

bring/take

bring to carry something from a farther place to a nearer place. ex bring me the money carry something from a nearer place to a farther place. ex. take her the money

indirect object Calysta brought her mother the beautiful stained-glass lamp. a. stained-glass lamp b. brought c. her mother d. beautiful

c. 'her mother' is to whom Calysta brought the lamp. a. direct obj b. verb d. adjective

correct word usage a. it's often been said that work is better then rest b. its often been said that work is better then rest c. it's often been said that work is better than rest d. its often been said that work is better than rest

c. it's (it has) than (comparison)

can/may

can: ability "child can ride a bike" may: permission "he asked if he may ride his bike"

complete subjects

consists of the simple subject and any words or word groups that modify the simple subject ex. the BIG BROWN DOG is the calmest one

compound subjects

consists of two or more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same verb ex CARSON and EMILY make a great couple

it's

contraction of it is

fewer/less

countable things "fewer playing cards" things you can't count "he has less talent"

types of sentences

declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory

quotation marks

dialogue, titles of songs, short stories, essays, poems, chapter in books, emphasize a word, refer to a word itself; small portions of works

past (irregular verbs)

do not end with -ed; go/went; fall/fell; set/set

subject-verb agreement w/ two subjects to make one thing

ex. (wrong) spaghetti and meatballs are a delicious meal (meal is a singular thing) (correct) spaghetti and meatballs is a delicious meal (spaghetti and meatballs is a compound noun)

independent clause

expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb. ex. the keys are on the counter

capitalization

first word in sentence, every line of poetry, poper nouns. holidays, months/days, titles, titles of nouns seasons are NOT capitalized N, S, E & W; caps when region ie I'm from the South. not caps when direction ie I drove south.

common noun

general name for a person, place, thing, or idea

Comma in a complex sentence

if the subordinate clause is located before the main clause, comma is needed bw ex. I will not pay for the steak, because i don't have that much money

indirect subjects

implied; "you" but the you does not appear; usually in a command or order ex. Feed the dog first/ Watch out!

fragments

independent clauses that start with subordingating words such as but, as, so that, bc, or missing a subj or verb ex. dogs are my favorite animals. bc cats are too lazy

colloquial language

informal language; language that is "conversational" ex "whats up?"

subordination conjunction

introduces an adv clause; it shows the relationship between the adv clause and the word(s) that the clause modifies; does not serve a grammatical function; some ex: after since while because if etc. connect an independent and dependent clause

Predicate Nominative (PN)

is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and *renames* the subject. ex. John is a CARPENTER.

it's/its

it's is a contraction of it is; its is a possessive pronoun

Past (regular verbs)

love/loved; hate/hated

objective pronouns

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them; they are the objects of action; the teacher has an apple for US.

particles

minor function words that become part of the verb itself; not, in, out, up, down; ex. I might NOT.

Indirect Object (IO)

noun or pronoun that answers the question TO WHOM or TO WHAT or FOR WHAT following an action verb; only occurs with a Direct Object (DO) ex. the clown brought THE ACROBAT the hula-hoop (who is getting the DO) ex. then he gave THE TRICK PONY

possessives

nouns and pronouns that show ownership and signal that a noun will follow. ex. mine, yours, ours, theirs ('s, s')

The eight parts of speech are:

nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, interjections, verbs and conjunctions

types of pronouns (10)

personal- refer to people 1st person- we, I, our, mine 2nd- you, yours 3rd- he, them possessive- ownership ie mine, my, his, yours interrogative- questions ie what, which , who relative- whoever, that, when, where demonstrative- replaces something specific ie this, that, those, these reciprocal- something was done or given in return ie each other, one another indefinite- nonspecific status ie anybody, whoever, someone, everybody

participle phrase

phrase that includes the participle, its modifier, and its objects; example: The child, FLASHING A MISCHIEVOUS SMILE, turned and walked away.; CRYING FOR MOST OF AN HOUR, the baby didn't seem..

its

possessive form of it

pronoun-antecedent agreement

pronouns and antecedents must agree in number and gender

proper noun (proper name)

specific name of an individual person, place or organization; first letter is capitalized

subject-verb agreement

subject stays the same; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject ex. the houses is new (wrong) the houses are new (correct)

subjects

tell us who or what the sentence describes

simple subjects

tells who or what is doing the verb., The simple subject of a sentence is the noun or pronoun that names the person, place, or thing the sentence is about; w/o modifiers ex the big brown DOG is the calmest one

than/then

than - comparison "i like tacos better THAN pizza" then - time in sequence "i ate and THEN slept"

that vs which

that= restrictive, restricts the meaning or identity of the word which= by the way (adds info, but doesn't define it); less important and stands apart the morning THAT i fell asleep in class caused me a lot of trouble (that is specific to the one morning) this morning's coffee, WHICH had too much creamer, woke me up. (phrase could be left out)

pronoun-antecedent agreement examples

the KIDNEYS are part of the urinary system; THEY serve several roles

adverb phrases

the dog ran as THOUGH HIS LIFE DEPENDED ON IT

parenthesis

the insertion of words, phrases, or a sentence that is not syntactically related to the rest of the sentence ( ). ex. the picture of the heart (see above) ...

informal language

the language of everyday speech, may use contractions and slang; used when communicating personally. casual, spontaneous.

predicates

the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject; formed by verb, D.O. and all words related ex. We WENT TO SEE THE PERFORMANCE ex. the gigantic green character WAS FUNNIER THAN ALL THE REST.

parallelism/parallel structure

the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures ex. the boys and girls were dancing, singing, and played instruments (PLAYED) correct- ...were dancing, singing and playing

formal language

the standard language of written communication, formal speeches, and presentations; may not use contractions or slang; less personal, more informative.

antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

there/their/they're

there-location...example: They are over there. Their- ownership...example: That is their book. They're- contraction...example: They're at the store.

Nouns as adjectives

they describe nouns; ex. hockey player, state government

who vs whom examples

think he/him if HE use WHO ie who is going to the concert (he/who end in vowels) if HIM use WHOM ie You are going to the concert with whom? (him/whom end with m)

italics

titles of novels, films and newspapers

run-on

two or more sentences that are improperly joined together as one sentence w/o conjunction, semicolon, colon or dash. ex. making wedding cakes can take many hours I am very impatient, i want to see them completed right away.

comma in an interrupting phrase

use comma on both sides; center of commas can usually be left out. ex. I will pay for the ice cream, CHOCOLATE AND VANILLA, and then will eat it all myself.

dangling modifier

word described or clarified is missing ex. having walked five miles, this bench... (bench did not walk) correct - having walked five miles, matt will rest on this bench

adjectives

word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun, such as "happy," "sad," or "pretty." size, shape, color, age, etc.