HI 101 Test 4 Lecture Notes (PCC)

falconry

A Medieval sport of hunting with falcons

jousting

Armed combat between knights who fought each other on horseback with a lance; kept the knights ready to fight

1212

Children's Crusade

Children's Crusade

Crusade in which 30,000 9-12-year-olds were enslaved

1096

First Crusade

Gutenburg

Invented the printing press

1099

Siege of Jerusalem

barons, dukes

The king gives the land he supposedly own to his highest ranking vassels, who are the ______________ or ____________

renaissance

rebirth of learning

squire

this was the second stage of knight training; a boy would be about 15, and would get his own spear, shield and horse; he still served under a knight

William the Conqueror

won the Battle of Hastings in AD 1066

Machiavelli

wrote "The Prince": The end justifies the means

Petrarch

wrote Humanities and Letter's to Ancient Authors

Chaucer

wrote the Canterbury Tales

knight

the third and final stage of knight training; at around age 21, after going through lengthy and religious and superstitious ceremony, a squire would finally become one of these

Knights Hospitalers, Knights Templars

the two classes of knights that rose out of the crusades

silk

this fabric came to Europe after Justinian monks were sent to the orient to smuggle out the secrets of making it

Medici Family

this family essentially owned Florence Italy

Medici Family

this powerful banking family started paper currency or checks

Frederick Barbarossa, Phillip Augustus, Richard I

three kings of the King's Crusade

burgs

tradesmen towns

page

training to become a knight started a this stage; a boy start around 7 years old, and would watch and pay close attention to learn from example from the knights

John Wycliffe

translated entire Bible into English for the first time

castles

usually dark and dank, used as fortresses of protection during the Middle Ages; the elaborate ones we think of now were not prevalent until the end of the period

Oath of Fealty

vassel pledges loyalty to their lord; it carries on so that his children are loyal to the lords children and so on

one third to one half

what fraction of Europes population died of Bubonic plague?

Salerno

where was the first university?

knights

Barons or dukes give some of the land from the king to their ______________, who oversee the commoners and make sure the work gets done

chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages; emphasized careful and kind treatment of women

Dante

Divine Comedy

stagnant

During the Middle Ages, the economy was ______________

agricultural setting

During the medieval ages, it was very much an ________________ _____________; people are tied to the land that they work (there is little industry or trade)

decentralized

Feudalism had a _______________ power base

1202

Fourth Crusade

1440

Gutenberg invents movable-type printing press

Plantagenet

Henry II established this line of kings in England

25,000,000

How many people died of Bubonic Plague (the Black Death)?

1215

King John signs the Magna Carta

Third Crusade

Kings Crusade

Edessa

Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany tried to reclaim this city during the second crusade

the Crusades

One of the main factors the led to the end of feudalism

indulgence

Pope declared this for people who fought in the second crusade; basically salvation

Peace of God

Ruling passed by the Pope that threatened excommunication to people who robbed o didn't follow the church

Rapheal

School of Athens

page, squire, knight

The three stages of knighthood training

1189

Third Crusade

Feudalism weakened, trade increased, church weakened

Three main results of the crusades

the middle class

What was the most influential class that rose during the Middle Ages?

Medici family

What was the powerful banking and political family from 1300-1700 in Europe

the king

Who owns all the land (in theory) under the feudal system?

John Wycliffe

Who was the "Morning Star of the Reformation?"

Act of Investiture

a physical remembrance of the Oath of fealty; an item given from the lord to the vessel that could be used in court to prove the promise

Truce of God

a ruling by the Pope that forbid fighting first from Friday to Sunday, but later it was extended to Wednesday to Monday

fief

a small piece of land exchanged from a lord to a vessel in exchange for services

Feudalism

a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land

quadrivium

arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music

35

average lifespan in the Middle Ages

Stonehenge

built by ancient Celts; most likely a time-keeping device of sorts

heraldry

certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners; a family's coat of arms

bailiff

collected taxes; was the supervisor of the peasants

Celts

earliest inhabitants of the British Isles

Scholasticism

educational philosophy that combined Roman Catholic teachings with Aristotle's

Alfred the great

first great king of England; compiled Anglo-Saxon chronicles

trivium

grammar, logic, rhetoric

Peasants Crusade

happed before the first crusade; thousands of commoners tried to reclaim Jerusalem, all died

Knights Hospitalers

healer knights

minstrals

keepers of stories and legends when there was little writing available

Knights Templars

knights who protected holy sites; were disbanded by King Phillip

guilds

like a trade union; tradesmen worked together to keep prices and other things fair

steward

looked over peasants day to day

Lord-Vassel relationship

lord relies on vassel for service on land he owns; vassel then works land

tournaments

mock battles with no horses; just knights against knights

Beowulf

oldest piece of English literature

Saracens

other name for the Seljuk Turks

Giotto

painted The Last Judgement; first to try to make things look realistic (realism)

Leonardo Da Vinci

painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; most famous figure of the Italian renaissance

Patronage

payment for artwork so artist's didn't have to find other work

Angles, Saxons, Jutes

people groups that invaded and took over England from the Celts in the 5th century

burghers

people who lived in tradesmen towns

leather to chainmail to metal plates

progression of different kinds of armor throughout the middle ages

lollards

poor preachers who followed in Wycliffe's footsteps and preached in people's own languages

Pope Urban II

pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

Hanseatic League

powerful guild (85 cities part of it); powerful enough to hire armies

William of Ockham

"Ockham's razor; "it is pointless to do with more what can be done with little"

three motivations for the peasants crusade

religious enthusiasm, spirit of adventure, hope that people could carve out new estates in the east

Thomas Aquinas

said sacraments are necessary for salvation; believed that mind was the ideal realm and not affected by sin

Michelangelo

sculpted David; took 3 years to paint Sistine Chapel

gothic

the Notre Dame cathedral exemplifies this architectural style

Fourth Crusade

the crusade in which Constantinople was raided; the men went home without even trying to take back Jerusalem

church

the establishment during the Middle Ages that enforced ignorance and the philosophy that people didn't need to know for themselves, they just needed to listen

Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem

the first crusade set these 4 cities in the east as centers for christianity

Forfeiture

the oath of fealty is broken, anyone who broke their oath was looked down upon

The First Crusade

the only crusade to accomplish it's missions