HI 207 Exam 1****
Hyksos
"Rulers of Foreign Lands" (Semites from Palestine); successfully invaded Egypt (Second Intermediate Period); conquest aided by horse-drawn chariot; ruled Delta directly and held indirect control over all Egypt
Homo Habilis
"Skillful man", (2.4-1.5 mya) in E. Africa, flatter face, steeper forehead (less ape-like skull), gathered wild plants-scavengers, first stone tools (marrow extraction?)
Australopithecus
"Southern ape-man", (4-1 mya) in E. Africa "broken savanna" environment; "Lucy", ape-like skull and face, bipedal with stooped posture, largely vegetarian-fruits, nuts, seeds, tubers, insects
Homo Erectus
"Upright man", (1.8m -300,000 years ago), E. Africa, first fully upright hominid, big-game hunters with better stone tools, controlled use of fire, 1st hominid to migrate from Africa to Asia and Europe
Persepolis
"city of Persians", "Persian City" built by Darius the Great
Paleolithic
"old stone age"; change in climate; hominids
Homo Neanderthalis
(300,000-30,000 BC) in Europe and Middle East; 1st hominid ever found-Neander Valley in Germany; differs from humans in shape of skull, teeth and brain, game hunters, burial of dead, art?
Akhenaton
(Amenhotep) moved capital from Thebes to Akhetaton; outlawed worship of all other gods, 1st known monotheist?; religious reform failed; priests reasserted control after his death; focus on religion resulted in neglect of Empire
Philistines
(Indo-Europeans); one element of the Sea Peoples; occupied SW coast of Palestine; 5 major city-states, each with its own king; used knowledge of iron-working to dominate native Semites
Ark of the Covenant
(Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments
Sinuhe
(Middle Kingdom) court official; fled Egypt; lived in exile in Syria for years; eventually welcomed home by Pharaoh; restored to a position as court official; began arrangements for afterlife
Ugarit
(Ras Shamra), Canaanite city-state on north Syrian coast; economy built on industry and commerce with Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia; destroyed by Sea Peoples; in 14th C- earliest evidence for 1st alphabet-simplified writing system for commercial purposes
Phoenicians
(Semites), direct descendants of Canaanites-flourished in Iron Age; city-states with a king for each; economy based on industry and commerce; great seafarers of Near East- exported timber, dye, glass, metalwork; estab. trading stations and colonies throughout Mediterranean; transmitters of culture (passed Canaanite alphabet to Greeks)
Canaanites
(Semites), inhabited most of Syria and Palestine in Bronze Age; economy based on agriculture, trade and industry; independent city-states, each with its own king
Arameans
(Semites), nomads from north Arabian desert-invaded Syria and Mesopotamia; many were caravaneers, some eventually settled along desert fringe; eventually ruled many city-states of the Fertile Crescent; language so widely spoken it became lingua franca of Near East in Iron Age (Jesus!)
Ebla
(Tell Mardikh), earliest Canaanite city-state, in northern Syria; destroyed by Hittites
Hittites
1st Endo-European civilization; emerge in central Anatolia, developed unified kingdom; excavation of royal archives; transmitted key elements of NE culture to West, especially to Greeks; destroyed by Sea Peoples; iron-smelting
Saul
1st king of Israel, but king only in a limited sense; killed with sons at Mt. Gilboa
Sennacherib
Assyrian king and empire builder; burned Babylon
Samaria
Capital of the Kingdom of Israel; between Galilee and Judea
Enkidu
Companion and friend of Gilgamesh. Hairy-bodied and brawny, he was raised by animals. Even after he joins the civilized world, he retains many of his undomesticated characteristics
Solomon
David's son; concentrated on internal development of kingdom; system of public works (Temple of Yahweh in Jerusalem); encouraged trade and industry; growing cost of army, public works, bureaucracy, court put great strain on Israelites; most refused to follow his heir
Dilmun
Gilgamesh reaches ______, the land of the Faraway and his father; Sumerian paradise
Asshurbanipal
King of Assyrian Empire under which empire reached greatest extent
Hammurabi
Law Code; claimed Marduk chose him to rule and form new law code; 282 laws; oldest law code known when found in 1901; many parallels with Israelite law in Hebrew bible-both Semitic law; "if someone does __ the penalty is __"; based on social and legal classes
Narmer/Menes
Name(s) of pharaoh who was the first to reign over both Upper and Lower Egypt; united both
Catal Huyuk
Neolithic village; barley & wheat; perhaps 1st evidence of domesticated cattle; cattle in rituals; handmade pottery
Cyrus
Persian king of Babylon; posed as champion of Marduk; founded Persian Empire
Zoroastrianism
Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end
Torah
Yahweh's law; divine origin; patriarchal society
Shiloh
ancient city in Palestine
Ardipithecus
ape-like skull and face, biped, partly arboreal, teeth suggest diet of fruits, nuts, and other forest foods (4.5-4.2 mya) in East Africa woodland
Miocene
apes evolve in Africa
Origin of Species
book written by Charles Darwin that focused biologists' attention on the great diversity of organisms
Hattusas/Boghaz Koy
capital city of Hittites
Akhetaton
capital moved here from Thebes; "Horizon of the Aton"
David
defeated Philistines and allegedly conquered most of Palestine; seized Jerusalem-converted it into royal capital; organized professional army, royal bureaucracy, and taxation
Rameses III
defeated Sea Peoples
Neolithic Revolution
food collectors-> food producers; end of ice age; increased population
Megiddo
fortified town; seiged by Thutmose III; site of armageddon?
Marduk
god of storms and war; patron god of babylon; replaced Enlil as chief Mesopotamian deity
Ishtar
goddess of love and fertility (Mesopotamian deity)
Ancient Near East
influenced philosophy, religion, law, architecture, literature, language..Semitic and Indo-European languages
Nebuchadnezzar
king who conquered Syria and Palestine; sacked Jerusalem and took Jewish elite into Babylonian Captivity
Uruk
large Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia; has tablets with very early Sumerian scripts
Ain Ghazal
largest Neolithic village known; early evidence for domesticated goat, later sheep, pigs, and cattle; wheat and barley, lentils peas; human statues=ancestor worship?; temples; anthropogenic environmental catastrophe
Thebes
new capital of Egypt in Upper Egypt in the Middle Kingdom
Sargon
of Akkhad; a conquerer who defeated the city-states of Sumer. His conquests helped to spread the Sumerian culture even farther (beyond the Tigris-Euphrates Valley). He created the world's first empire, lasting for about another 200 years before it declined due to internal fighting, invasions, and famine.
Primates
order of mammals, appeared 60 mya-prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans
Sea Peoples
perhaps of mixed ethnic origins, including Indo-Europeans; destroyed Hittite kingdom; ravaged most of eastern Mediterranean in several waves; defeated by Rameses III
Thutmose III
pharaoh; Asiatic Campaign
Nineveh
political capital of Assyrian Empire
Isaiah
prophet-critical of Judah and of Davidic Monarchy
Amos
prophet-criticized people of both kingdoms, rejected external practice of religion when belying internal moral condition
Avaris
the capitol created by the Hyksos when they came to Egypt
Babylonian Captivity
thousands of Jews settled in Mesopotamia; assimilated Mesopotamian culture; much of Hebrew Bible written; most Jews now monotheists
Natufians
transitional lifestyle, 1st discovered in caves on Mt. Carmel (coast of Palestine); harvested wild grains; retained wild goats in pens until ready to eat; "terminal food gathering" (not yet food producers-late Paleolithic culture))
Nabonidus
unpopular king who ignored Marduk (patron God of Babylon) in favor of Sin (moon god)
Mount Gilboa
where Saul and his sons were killed; Shiloh sacked-Ark captured
Memphis
where pharaoh ruled in Egypt
Henotheism
worship of one god while not denying existence of others
Homo Heidelbergensis
"Archaic Homo Sapiens" (600,000-100,000) years ago; close to modern skull