HI 207 Final Exam
Nabataeans
"Lost City of the Desert" (Unearthed Episode 12) --> archeologists found buried pottery that suggests the Nabateans were rich and sophisticated beings. The fineness and sheerness of the painted pottery found in Petra reveals that nearly 2,000 years ago, the Nabatean society changed dramatically, and decided to build a new kind of city, almost over night.
Pax Romana
--> 200 years period of relative peace, stability, and wealth --> New empire set up by Augustus who laid tracks for future leaders --> After the defeat of Carthage, Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean cost --> Created strong control over finances and relationships with army --> Emperors took power from the senate --> Leaders of the army, administered justice, appointed officials, responded to the people
Carthage
--> A prosperous city founded by colonists from the Phoenician city of Tyre that was involved in the Punic Wars as one of the military bases and trading posts --> Wealth based on maritime trade in the western Mediterranean, imports of gold, and agricultural activities --> Held monopoly in southwest Mediterranean and other places and was governed by a large class of landowners and rich merchants
First Civil War
--> Broke out when the armies that had fought the Italians were still in the field --> Caused by conflict between the two most important generals and and politicians at that point in time: Marius and Cornelius Sulla about who was going to control the army on an expedition against the Mithridates, king of Pontus --> Sulla was granted control, but then there was an attempt to transfer power to Marius, so Sulla marched his army into the city and Marius fled and Sulla came back from Asia Minor with a. reign of terror for Marius's supporters
Hannibal
--> Competent Carthaginian general (army in Spain) who embarked on a spectacular campaign through southern Gaul and over the Alps into Italy where he won the support of the Gauls in the Po Valley who had just been defeated by Rome --> He gained victories over the Romans and their Italian allies --> The greatest battle he won was the Battle of Cannae in which over 40,000 Roman and Italian troops were killed --> He was successful due to his tactical maneuvers and the experience of his troops --> Rome ended up winning the war due to logistical issues with Hannibal --> Carthage had to surrender all provinces, naval fleet, and lots of money each year
Marius
--> General from the equestrian order who was elected consul 6 times and introduced better fighting tactics --> Reformed the military and brought civil wars to successful conclusion --> Involved in the First Civil War in major conflict with Sulla --> Defeated the Teutones in Southern Gaul and routed the Cimbri in Northern Italy --> When Sulla marched his army into the city, Marius fled, but later returned to Rome and built up his army before dying
Gaul
--> Where Caesar secured appointment and stayed for 9 years using the divide and conquer method --> Impressive victories for Caesar take place here and extended Roman authority --> Gaul revolted and Caesar was able to suppress the defeat --> Occupants of what are now France, Belgium, the Rhineland, northwestern Switzerland, and the Po valley
Masada
-The last stand of Jewish resistance which was concentrated in two strong fortresses to the east and west of the Dead Sea. -It took the Romans several years to crush it, succeeding in 73 BC. -The fortress became a symbol of determination for Zionist Jews in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Principate
-The word often used to refer to the Roman monarchy as it was in the first two centuries of the Imperial Age. -Comes from the word "princeps" which translates to "prince." -It was a form of address rather than an official term
Treatment of others (Essay 1) Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that explores this theme in primary sources from ancient Rome. Your essay must include detailed discussion of at least 2 of the assigned primary source readings. You may also draw on other assigned readings and/or material presented in lectures.
1) "Marcos Cato" written by Plutarch explores the theme of the treatment of others by dedicating part of the work to discussing what a great father Cato was. The work incorporates discussion of how he never struck his children and always watched his language around them is given, and it talks about how unless there was a pressing public problem that he was at home when his baby son was bathed, but he never bathed with him. He taught his own son to read and wrote his History of Rome to provide his son with something to read after teaching him to acquaint him with tradition. In turn of all of this, his son performed very well under Paullus at Pydna. 3) 3) the Bible: New Testament "God Is For Every Person, Without Partiality" The Bible teaches that you should not judge someone else because by doing that you are doing the same thing. It says that whoever obeys in righteousness will be granted heaven but whoever obeys wickedness there will be wrath and fury. God shows no partiality towards people. 4) History of Rome (Levi): The rape of Lucretia mentioned in the "History of Rome" helps us to understand some of the morals of the original Romans. For instance, the story of Lucretia shows us that chastity among women was praised and that men held power over women. When men were not able to lure women in with their potential successes, they would rape the women instead in order to achieve their personal satisfactions. While there were many who treated women in the same manner as this, or did not oppose this at all, there were also people who did not stand for this type of treatment towards women and would stand up in women's honor.
Reason (Essay 1) Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that explores this theme in primary sources from ancient Rome. Your essay must include detailed discussion of at least 2 of the assigned primary source readings. You may also draw on other assigned readings and/or material presented in lectures.
1) Reason can be defined as a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event. The two primary sources we read that explore the theme of reason are "On the Nature of Things," written by Lucretius and "Thoughts," written by Marcus Aurelius. Both of these pieces are focused on philosophical ideas of reason. "On the Nature of Things" is about the story of Lucretius, a man very interested in teaching and the knowledge of atomism, which is the study of how all living things come from atoms. The theme of reason can be found in this work with the explanation of the atomic theory of matter, developed by Democritus. The atomic theory of matter holds that all matter is composed of tiny particles that can neither be created nor destroyed. In the atomic world, there is no creation, no gods, no afterlife, no end of time, and no human souls, giving way to the idea of atheism and the question of how to obtain happiness. Lucretius said that happiness without religion is achieved with the use of reason. He believes that "the use of reason allows one to free oneself from the shackles of religion, which originated from ignorance and superstition and has caused great and needless suffering in the world." 2) Marcus Aurelius refers to the theme of reason in "Thoughts." Aurelius is a firm believer in human reason being of very high value. In "Thoughts" he discusses how the case of reason allows one to perform his or her duty based on self-disipline. His writings are deep reflections on human nature, the natural laws which govern the world, the dangers of being swept away by one's passions or emotions, and the need to live one's one life in a self-critical and calm manner under the guidance of reason. Without the distance and calm which he believed reason provides us men can "be moved, like puppets, by appetites and passions, (which) is common to us with the wild beasts."
Essay 2 OF CHOICE: Ancient Near East, Rome and Greece: Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that traces one theme across the entire ancient Mediterranean world (i.e. ancient Near East, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome). Argument must cover all three regions and must be clearly situated in time. Argument must also be supported with reference to specific people, places, and/or events, as well as specific pieces of historical, art historical, and/or archaeological evidence. You may draw on material from the assigned course readings and/or material presented in lectures.
1) Role of Women in Ancient Near East: -->Women were known to be the main caretakers of the household and did not do much labor outside due to the fact that their husbands were relied on for this. --> The Story of Two Brothers is a great depiction of how women were viewed. In this work, the husband put value on his wife's words and trust her more than his brother until he cut off his penis. (This is a story of misunderstanding between two brothers, where the younger brother gets into a sticky situation with his brother's wife, leading the brother to seek each. The two brothers eventually make peace, but the wife is set to die.) --> The drinking song is another good depiction of how the role of women in the Ancient Near East. The women in this writing were normally the ones to make the beer and alcohol and that is why there is a tribute to Ninkasi, the goddess of beer. This is an example of a woman's minimal amount of labor work. --> Faithfulness with a woman was valued and so was marriage. Egyptian Love Poems show many people who are "sick" without their loved one. The "loved one" is seen as a cure for whatever made up ail. When the people revive the love they desire, they become happy and see the world as wonderful. Women were respected by men in the Ancient Near East. 2) Role of Women in Ancient Rome: --> Women did not have any political power if any power at all. They were also not allowed to hold any positions in political office. --> "History of Rome" provides us with an example of the ways in which women were treated in Ancient Rome. The story of Lucretia being raped shows us that chastity among women is praised and that while some men held power over women trying to lure them in with their potential successes, and if that did not work then they would resort to raping the women. This shows that women were disrespected. On the other hand, there were some men that did not stand for such actions such as raping and disrespecting women, but it was not a consensus of the men of Ancient Rome to treat women in the ways in which they deserved to be treated. --> the Bible: New Testament "On Roles of Men and Women" Role of Women in Ancient Greece: --> Women were subordinates and not of really any importance since they were dominated all of their lives by their husbands, fathers and other male figures in their families --> Some women were married, some women had demeaning jobs, and other women were slaves. The role of women in Ancient Greek society was essential, however, they were treated quite poorly. A description of Spartan culture and traditions can be found and described in the regulations of Lycurgus WRT family matters. Women are encouraged to exercise and have a healthy diet to produce the best offspring possible. People were force to hear contracted marriages that would lead tho the best possible offspring as well.
Fear of Death (Essay 1) Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that explores this theme in primary sources from ancient Rome. Your essay must include detailed discussion of at least 2 of the assigned primary source readings. You may also draw on other assigned readings and/or material presented in lectures.
1) the Bible: New Testament "The Lord's Super," "Life After Death," Salvation Through Faith Alone" Christ defeated death by resurrecting from the grave and the Bible says that if you have faith in God then you will have eternal life in heaven. It also says that if you do not accept Christ as your savior then you spend eternity in hell. The fear of spending eternity in hell causes some people to practice the Christian faith. 2) On the Nature of Things (Lucretius). On the contrary to the Bible, On the Nature of Things states that once we die, our bodies and minds go separate ways and they no longer mean anything. The source states that our mortal lives do not matter a bit after we die.
Spartacus
A slave from Thrace who was trained as and was a former gladiator --> Led a slave revolt of tens of thousands of pillaging slaves that roamed Italy --> Spartacus led the greatest slave revolt Italy had ever experienced, but it was suppressed by Crassus
Mark Antony
A supporter of Caesar that had the loyalty of Caesar's army after he died --> Caesar's inheritance brought Antony and Octavian into conflict --> He formed a relationship with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra --> Committed suicide together after he was defeated by Augustus
Etruscans
Best organized and most highly developed people in Italy, the Po Valley, and Campania --> Together with the Carthaginians, they frustrated the Greeks attempts to found colonies on Corsica around 545 BC. --> Hieron destroyed the Etruscan navy in 474 BC in the Great Naval Battle of Cumae (a Greek city near Naples)
First Punic War
Broke out in a three-way struggle between Syracuse, Rome, and Carthage over a city with access to the straits of Messenia --> Rome declares war on Carthage (their first overseas conflict --> they did not have ships so they built a navy with the help of Greece) --> Rome wins with strong land and sea force and Sicily becomes the first Roman province (instead of establishing a treaty and building a relationship like they did back home)
Julius Caesar
Chief priest who rose to power in Rome, leading many expeditions to Asia Minor and wanted a providence --> Secured appointment in Gaul and stays for 9 years and emerges with massive wealth and army then wanted to be elected consul but was told he couldn't do that while he was gone, which started the Second Civil War --> Persecuted many of Sulla's executioners and henchmen and openly admitted to his Marian sympathies --> Won favor of the lower classes in Rome --> Went into debt because of his lavish lifestyle
Latium
Contained Rome and was characterized by a homogenous culture attributed to the Latin's that had a lot in common with the culture of the Etruscans
Petra
Egyptian city in class video
Roman Empire: Formation, Crisis, Recovery (Short Answer 1) Summarize the key developments that took place during this period/episode, citing specific people, places, events, sources, and/or other pieces of evidence.
Formation: The Roman Empire began when Augustus Caesar became the first emperor of Rome. The Roman Empire, at its height, was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. By 285 CE the empire had grown too vast to be ruled from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian into a Western and an Eastern Empire. The crisis of the third century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis was a period in which nearly collapsed the Roman Empire under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. Recovery included reforms and an improvement in finances. Recovery also took place after the persecution of Christians and the Great Persecution, which led to the conversion to Christianity. Lastly, the founding of Constantinople played a large role in the recovery of the Roman Empire. The Roman empire entered the third century in a form that would have been recognisable to Augustus and his successors, but it emerged into the fourth century with all its administrative and military institutions changed, bureaucratic, rigid, and constantly geared for war, with its capital no longer at Rome but in Constantinople. The influence of the Roman Empire on western civilization was profound in its lasting contributions to virtually every aspect of western culture.
Second Triumvirate
Formed by Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus in 43 BC who decided to come together and join forces against Caesar's assassins --> Antony had loyalty of Caesar's army, Octavian was Caesar's adopted son, and Lepidus was a general in Caesar's army --> Brutus and Cashus fled, but the Triumvirate's army followed and both men ended up committing suicide --> Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus decide to split up the land and then Lepidus retires. Octavian and Antony split land again and raise up huge armies --> Octavian eventually became sole ruler --> Had dictatorial powers in Rome, Italy, and the provinces --> Engaged in largest land confiscations Italy has ever known
Romulus
Founded Rome in 753 BC according to Roman legend --> Became king of Rome and was born as a demigod and raised by she-wolf --> Had a twin named Remus
Augustus
Founder of the Roman principate and considered the first Roman Emperor --> Adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar --> Established the Second Triumvirate, became a dictator, and restored the "free republic" facade --> Began the period known as the Pax Romana --> Augustus and Antony split the land and raise large armies, then they battle and Augustus wins and decides to keep power, but wants to do so in a way that appears legal, so conveys the impression that everything he is doing is to restore the republic
Dioclentian
Instituted a key set of financial reforms, recognized as Dominate, or Master --> Decided the empire was too large to be ruled by one central city or even one person so he set up tetrarchy, or rule of four --> Launched the great persecution of the Christians in 303 AD
Visigoths
Known as the Goths, western branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic people, poorly treated by eastern Emperor, so ended up rebelling against the eastern empire --> Had dispute with Roman authorities over imposed taxes and migrated again --> Crossed the Balkans, invaded Italy, and sacked Rome in 410 --> Settled in southwestern Gaul and northern Spain, and established a kingdom by setting up their own state within the western empire that was already falling apart after they sacked Rome
Sulla
Lucius Corneliis (138-78 BC) --> Served under Maruis in the wars against the Numidians --> Had been the most successful Roman commander in the Social War
Celts
Refers to all the peoples who lived north of the Marseille --> largely in line with the "La Tene Culture" --> After 500 BC their territory gradually expanded over the whole of the Gaul, northwestern Spain, the Alps, Po Valley, Bohemia, and the British Isles --> Later settled in central Anatolia putting up many fights against the surrounding Hellenistic kingdoms
Social War
Revolt among Italian allies (a short but savage war) --> Allies established their own federal state or confederate capital, which was a major rebellion --> Roman forces outnumbered them, BUT Allies got some good hits by surprise before Rome gained the upper hand --> Romans won but were surprised and decided to give Italian allies citizenship --> War began after Roman Empire denied Picentes membership
Constantine
Roman Emperor who had a dream/vision that ensured him support of the Christian God (he saw a cross in the sky with the words "with this sign, you will win this victory.") --> Converts to Christianity after winning the Battle of Million Bridge --> Built new capital and creates decree of Religious Tolerance and a new senate to fill with Christians and fancy churches. He also returns their property to them --> Abolished the tetrarchy implemented by Diocletian but realized he cannot rule alone, so divided it among his sons
Roman Republic: Origins and conquest of the Mediterranean (Short Answer 1) Summarize the key developments that took place during this period/episode, citing specific people, places, events, sources, and/or other pieces of evidence.
Rome's first conquests were over the various tribes and Greek Colonies of Italy, which led to control over the entire Italian Peninsula and Rome being recognized as a major power in the Mediterranean. Next Rome turned it's attention to the other major power in the Western Mediterranean: Carthage. Rome fought wars with Carthage and defeated the Carthaginians in every one, which led to Rome inheriting the vast 'Punic' empire of Carthage. At this point, Rome had transformed from one of the major powers in the Mediterranean, to THE major power in the Mediterranean. It was not long before Rome would begin to expand into the Hellenistic World of the Eastern Mediterranean, conquering Greece by 133 BC, the Seleucid Kingdom in the Near East by 63 BC, and finally the Ptolemids of Egypt in 30 BC. After the defeat of the last Ptolemid monarch in Egypt: Cleopatra VII, Rome controlled virtually the entire Mediterranean. This moment also saw the permanent replacement of the Roman Republic with the Roman Empire with Augustus being proclaimed as Emperor.
Byzantine Empire
The eastern Roman Empire (capital is Ravenna) that lasted for a long time and ended in 1452 AD when it was captured by the Ottoman Turks --> Greek speaking, richer and more urbanized than the western empire --> Reflected barbarians to the west when they came in --> Lost some territory to the Islamic empires
Lost City of the Desert (Unearthed, Episode 12) (Short Answer 2) Write a paragraph (at least 6 sentences) that explains how at least two different primary sources (written and/or archaeological) discussed in the video can inform us about the people of the Roman world.
The first archaeological primary source demonstrated in "Lost City of the Desert" (Unearthed Episode 12) that really stood out to me was found buried in the huge heaps of the city center's sand. When sifting through the sand, the archeologists found buried pottery that suggests the Nabateans were rich and sophisticated beings. The fineness and sheerness of the painted pottery found in Petra reveals that nearly 2,000 years ago, the Nabatean society changed dramatically, and decided to build a new kind of city, almost over night. The second primary source that informs us about the people of the Roman world seen in this video are the canyons located around Petra that were used as water channels modified by the Nabateans. The remains of pipelines and forgotten dams cover the ground at Baja and suggest that this was their source of water that came from the yearly 250 ml water fall. In addition to the water pipes, archeologists also found wine presses, and between the two, this suggests that the Nabateans were not Nomads. They were indeed wine drinkers and even had enough wine to plant and grow extensive vineyards in Petra.
Tarquinius Superbus
The last king to rule Rome --> Tradition has it that he was expelled because they were tired of his cruelty and arrogance, but it is more likely that the real reasons were the Roman's desire to break away from the Etruscan sphere of influence and rebellion of the Nobel, in particular the Patricians against an increasingly powerful kingship
Plebeian
Top layer of society that along with the Patricians, constituted the nobiles (the core of the Senate) --> They were not a clearly defined social group because they were rich, moderate, and poor --> Peasants and craftsmen who did not enjoy the patronage of the aristocrats --> Many peasants and craftsmen were protected by the aristocrats but plebeians were not --> Groups of dissatisfied plebeians challenged the powerful position of the patricians
Socii
Tribes and city states in Italy that were made subordinate allies to Rome until the Social War --> Had to supply troops for Rome's wars and support Rome's foreign politics, but did not have to pay tributes --> Retained autonomy in internal affairs and their own citizen rights
Gracchi
Two brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) who both served as elected officials and attempted to pass land reform registration Tiberius: First, he was the tribune of the plebs and imposed a bill that limited the amount of public land that any one individual could own or use --> "To split land among the landless" --> Murdered before his second term in office, and his younger brother Gaius took over the tribune of the plebs Gaius: Took over the triune of the plebs after his brothers death and wanted to continue the redistribution of the public land in Italy, solve the Italian problem, improve the existence of the proletariat in Rome, and settle landless citizens in a colony which he intended to found at Carthage (186-187)
Self-restraint (Essay 1) Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that explores this theme in primary sources from ancient Rome. Your essay must include detailed discussion of at least 2 of the assigned primary source readings. You may also draw on other assigned readings and/or material presented in lectures.
restraint imposed by oneself on one's own actions; self-control. 1) In "Thoughts" Marcus Aurelius discusses how reason allows one to perform his or her duty based on self-disipline. The theme of self-restraint is deeply explored in "Thoughts." Aurelius is also considered to be one of the most important figures related to Stoicism - a school of philosophy that, among other things, focuses on the development of self-control. For Aurelius, discipline or self-restraint should stem from the fact that our nature as human beings is to work at something we truly care about. 2) Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Augustus - The first realization is that Augustus didn't seem to be power hungry or act in self-interest; rather, he seemed to be focused on restoring the power of the republic and doing so in a just manner. For example, it is said he "never made war upon any nation without just and necessary cause" (356) and hired people to make sure he was following the peace they had established. He won over the Parthians, so much so that they only acknowledged leaders in the kingdom that were chosen by him. Thus, it is implied that Augustus approached people with respect and did not behave as a selfish superior. This respect is displayed when he erects buildings and dedicated temples in the name of important individuals in his life. Further, he hated the title "Lord", because he didn't like people treating him as if he was above him. He lived plainly and seemed to practice "everything in moderation". The way he dressed himself and took care of his body reflects that he considered himself to be no more than just a simple man. No matter who you are, who, where, and/or what you are leading, being a leader takes a lot of self-restraint. There are so many works we have studied throughout the course of this semester that prove humans are power hungry creatures. Being a leader enhances that hunger, and gives the opportunity to a leading individual to become a dictator and utilize their powers in a negative manner. Augustus shows self-restraint in this piece by controlling his power hunger. Overall, it's clear that Augustus was an approachable, somewhat amiable leader who put his interest in his people and his country rather than himself.
Patriotism (Essay 1) Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that explores this theme in primary sources from ancient Rome. Your essay must include detailed discussion of at least 2 of the assigned primary source readings. You may also draw on other assigned readings and/or material presented in lectures.
the quality of being patriotic; vigorous support for one's country. 1) 2)
Dictator
A person (in Ancient Rome) invested with supreme authority during a crisis, the regular magistracy being subordinated to him until the crisis was met
Paul
Began as strong opponent of Christianity and even participated in the persecution of the first Christian community in Jerusalem, but converted and began to travel and preach the Gospel --> One of the two most successful apostles --> Was arrested in Jerusalem and taken to Rome before being executed by the order of Nero during the first Roman persecution of the Christians
Struggle of the Order
Between the Patricians and the Plebeians --> The Patrician aristocracy had seized power in Rome after the gall of Tarquinius Superbus and the Plebeians began to oppose their power
Second Civil War
Civil War Pompey vs. Caesar --> Caesar wanted to be reelected as consul but they told him that he couldn't while he was gone, so he returned and brought his whole army --> Pompey runs but Caesar follows and wins --> Pompey is beheaded and Caesar appoints Cleopatra --> Caesar won this war in a series of campaigns which between 49 and 45 BC took him to all corners of the Roman Empire
Roman Republic: The Collapse (Short Answer 1) Summarize the key developments that took place during this period/episode, citing specific people, places, events, sources, and/or other pieces of evidence.
The leading reason for the collapse of the Roman Republic was the issue of government instability. Civil war caused chaos, and more than 20 men took the throne in the span of only 75 years, usually after the murder of their predecessor. The foundation of government under a single figure was a requirement to continue the advancement of the Empire. Wealthy individuals and rich aristocrats were beginning to be seen as the ones who led the best, and quickly dominated politics and a rapid increase in inflation was seen An unequal class/power system was created, which caused many people to become power hungry and battle over positions of status. Spread of slavery in the agricultural system caused cheap slave labor to take away jobs of the average citizen, and slave uprisings caused political and social disturbances, such as the one of Spartacus. The empire was expanding at such a rapid pace, that it was hard for the Roman republic to keep up with. Beginning with the Punic Wars and Roman conquest outside of Italy, followed by massive importation of slaves, the face of Roman life was changing far more rapidly than the governing body could deal with. The Fall of the Republic was inevitable, but fortunately for Rome, the right man at the right time was there to step in as the first Roman Emperor.
Concilium Plebis
The organized Plebeians assembly that was organized on the basis of districts instead of property classes --> Each district had one vote --> There were 35 tribus (four within the city and 34 outside the city) --> Led by a tribune of the plebs and they were intended for voting not discussion
First Triumvirate
Three politicians: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar privately agreed to assist one another in their political struggles in 60 BC --> Together they secured the election of Caesar to the consulship and in that position Caesar persuaded the public assembly to grant land to Pompey's veterans --> Crassus goes off on an expedition and it is a disaster as he ends up beheaded --> Caesar and Pompey start the second Civil War
Patrician
Wealthy Aristocrat of Ancient ROme
Leadership (Essay 1) Write a brief essay (at least 12 sentences) that explores this theme in primary sources from ancient Rome. Your essay must include detailed discussion of at least 2 of the assigned primary source readings. You may also draw on other assigned readings and/or material presented in lectures.
the action of leading a group of people or an organization. 1) The Bible: New Testament, written stories of several different authors over many decades naturally reflects to some degree differing points of views, but does have the maintaining theme of leadership throughout it. Leadership is present throughout the New Testament, portraying Jesus as the ultimate leader of Christianity and the Messiah. Many sections of the New Testament are included in the Parker excerpt. A few of these demonstrate leadership, including the ____, ____, and ____. 2) The Lives of the 12 Caesar's: Augustus told by Suetonius shows the theme of leadership. This writing tells the story of how Augustus rose to power when he was a young child. His father died when he was young, so his power was transferred to his uncle. However, when his uncle was slain, Augustus, despite his mother and stepfather's best wishes, took the throne and became a leader. While Augustus was eager to take the throne, it was not because he was power hungry or was acting in self-interest, but rather was focused on restoring the power of the Republic and doing so in a just manner. Augustus was a fierce leader who put his interest in his people and his country rather than in himself.
