Highway Engineering
Climbing lanes
A special form of overtaking lane but they are only provided on inclines where truck speeds fall to 40 kph or less and upgrade traffic flow rate in excess of 20 vehicles per hour.
On side road sign
A supplemental sign use to ward the road users of a hazard on a side road in close proximity to the through road
Stack signs
A type of Advance Direction Signs, which list destinations together with appropriate direction arrows and if required road names and route markers
720 mm x 900 mm
Asian Highway Route Markers when erected as an individual sign, the size of the shield on expressways is:
600 mm x 750 mm
Asian Highway Route Markets when erected as an individual sign, the size of the shield on national road is
1 km
At the start of a new speed zone, a speed limit sign should be erected on the left and right sides of the road. Then within the first kilometer, there should be two (2) farther pairs of repeater speed limit signs. After that, repeater signs should be placed at ___________ spacing.
100 mm
The pavement thickness of turnout shall no case be less than _______ for asphalt.
230 mm
The pavement thickness of turnout shall no case be less than _________ for concrete.
80 kph
The speed limit appropriate on a high standard duplicated carriageway road where there is only occasional access from adjoining properties is:
100 kph
The speed limit appropriate on a very high standard expressways, which have low crash rate is:
80 or 90 kph
The speed limit appropriate on lower standard expressways.
40 kph
The speed limit appropriate on roads where there are no footpaths and pedestrians are required to walk on the road is:
5
Traffic instruction sign should not carry long mess ages and where possible no more than lines of messages should be used.
60 m
Turnout is a very short section of full constructed shoulder or added lane that is provided to allow slow vehicles to pull aside and be overtaken. The length of turnout lanes for an average approach speed of 30 kph is equal to:
3.60
Turnouts shall have a minimum width of _______ meters to accommodate all types of vehicles.
30.0
Turnouts shall not be placed opposite each other but shall be placed not less than _______ meters apart.
Crossroad sign
Type of sign used in advance of an intersection where two roads cross at a common point.
Barrier curb
Types of curb suited for the edge of the traveled way where it is generally considered that drivers should not mount the curb or sidewalk. This types are used for areas where operating speeds are generally less than 60 kph and where parking of vehicles is allowed.
Mountable/Drop curb
Types of curb that provide less vaulting of the errant vehicle on impact with the curb, less likehood of the driver losing control and less damage to occupants of the vehicles compared to barrier curbs. This type shall be used for all traffic islands, medians and the right side of the roadway where operating speeds are greater than 60 kph.
Roadwork signs
Warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged on roadwork.
Warning signs
Warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous.
Flashing Lamps
Warning devices used to supplement other controls and devices necessary to alert motorist of construction and maintenance activities or obstruction in the roadway.
broken lines
a type of line that consist of line segments with equal lengths separated by uniform gaps. The speed of vehicles on the section of road or in the area in questions should be taken into account in determining the lengths of the line strokes and gaps between them
Fluorescent yellow green
Is used as background color for signs related in pedestrian movement, school zones, and road work hazard markers to give additional emphasis and guidance to vehicle operators.
Glue signs
inform and advice road users of directions, distance, routes, the location of services, and points of interests.
3
it is recommended that the spacing of the chevron signs should allow the driver to see at least __________ signs in view while negotiating the curve until the change in alignment eliminates the need for the signs.
center line
it is used to separate opposite traffic movements of an undivided roads and bridges 6.0 m or more in width. under some circumstances this line may be placed off-center (e.g, where an extra uphill traffic lane is provided or parking on one side of the road only)
Delineator
small reflective panels or buttons mounted on guideposts or guard fence as an effective aid to delineate the roadway for driving at night
red
the color of Fire Lane Zone markings
yellow
the color of Keep Intersection Open markings
red
the color of No Loading/Unloading marking
yellow
the color of curb markings for prohibition of parkings
yellow
the color of markings for bus and PUJ lanes
yellow
the color of markings on islands in line of traffic
yellow
the color of pavement markings for an unbroken portion no-passing lines
white
the color of pavement markings is
varies from 100 mm to 300 mm
the width of solid or broken lines used as pavement markers
delineator
they are made of reflective materials capable of reflecting light clearly visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of 300 - 500 m. when illuminated by the upper beam of a standard automobile head lamp.
guide posts
they are used to mark the edge of the road formation and assist the road users by indicating the alignment of the road ahead especially at horizontal and vertical curves
roundabout
One of the safest type of intersection treatments.
Temporary curbing
Roadwork devices consisting of pre-cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide traffic at the construction site.
Series D and E
Series of letters and numerals for traffic signs, which are commonly used as they provide the best legibility and aesthetics.
Series A and B
Series of letters and numerals not used on signs which have to be used for moving vehicles as the legibility distances are small.
Series F
Series of letters and numerals of traffic signs, which are not often used on large signs due to wide space required.
Series C
Series of letters and numerals used in special cases of traffic signs.
Overhead signs
Signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multi-lane roads, where some degree of lane use control is required, or where side-of-road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign.
Circle
Standard sign shape for additional information is:
rectangle
Standard sign shape for directional signs, roadwork signs, signs for special purposes, and supplementary plates for warning signs.
rectangle
Standard sign shape for facility information signs, instruction signs, guide signs, and destinations of point of interest.
pentagon
Standard sign shape for pedestrian and school crossings sign.
Circle
Standard sign shape for regulatory signs.
equilateral triangle
Standard sign shape for warning signs.
160 mm series D letters at medium spacing
The letter size of a traffic sign indicates the standard size as 160 DM which means:
90 mm lower case letters that are always at wide spacing
The letter size of traffic sign indicates the standard size as 90 LC would mean:
4.8 m
The low clearance sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 1950 mm x 600 mm in size with the long axis horizontal. It shall be installed on all bridges, underpasses and other structures where the vertical clearance above the road pavement is ___________ or less to ward motorist of the restricted height of the approach structure. Vertical clearance shall be reckoned from the highest flood level.
40 kph
The maximum design speed through roundabout should be generally ________ in urban areas
50 kph
The maximum design speed through roundabout should be no greater than __________ in rural areas.
Brown
Is reserved as background color for all tourist facility directional and information signs.
White
Is the background color for most signs and legends for some colored background.
Green
Is used as background color for direction signs.
Fluorescent orange
Is used as background color for roadwork signs whose legends relate to personnel working.
Blue
Is used as background color for service signs.
1.5 m
A pedestrian bridge adjacent to the bridge used by vehicles can be option where insufficient width is available for pedestrians. This can cantilevered off the the structure of the road bridge. A minimum width of _____________ should be provided, although it may need to be wider for the higher pedestrian and cycle volumes.
Turnout
A very short section of fully constructed shoulder or added lane that is provided to allow slow vehicles to pull aside and be overtaken. It differs from an overtaking lane due to its short length. different signing and that the majority of vehicles are not encouraged to travel in the right lane.
1500 mm x 600 mm with the long axis horizontal
Clearance sign shall be rectangular in shape which should be in black letters on white reflectorized background. The size of the sign shall not be less than ____________
Traffic Signs
Device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support (temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
Bollard
Device used in place of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450 mm by 50 mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic.
Traffic cones
Devices which may be conical in shape or tubular-shaped capable of performing channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for continued use.
right side of the road
Generally roadside guide signs should be located on the _________ where a driver would expect to see them
0.6V where V is the 85th percental speed in kph
Generally there should not be more than one signs of a particular type on each post, except when one sign supplements another or where route or directional signs must be grouped. When it becomes necessary to convey two or more different messages at one location, separate signs must be located a minimum distance of _________________.
Barriers
Highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants, and to reduce risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers.
6
How many letters and numerals being used for signs?
2000 vph
Ideal capacity of a road is:
not less than 75 m. nor more than 225 m
In rural areas, advance warning signs should be placed at a distance of ___________ in advance of the hazardous area.
not less than 30 m. or more than 100 m
In urban areas, advance waning signs should be placed at a distance of __________ in advance of the hazardous area.
Road capacity
It is the maximum number of vehicles, which have a reasonable expectation of passing over a given section of a lane or a roadway in one direction or in both directions during one hour under prevailing road and traffic conditions.
Delineator
Light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the roadway alignment.
both top and bottom
Lighting in signs more than 2 m. high normally requires lighting on ________________
30 kph
On "through streets" or boulevards clear of traffic, with no "blind corners" when so designated, the maximum speed for motor trucks and buses is:
40 kph
On "through streets" or boulevards clear of traffic, with no "blind corners" when so designated, the maximum speed for passenger cars and motorcycle is:
30 kph
On city and municipal streets, with light traffic, when not designated "through streets", the maximum speed for passenger cars, motorcycles, motor trucks and buses is:
50 kph
On open country roads with no "blind corners" not closely bordered by habitation, the maximum speed for motor trucks and buses is:
80 kph
On open country roads with no "blind corners" not closely bordered by habitation, the maximum speed for passenger cars and motorcycle are:
Advisory speed sigh
Sign used only in conjunction with another warning sign to indicate the desirable speed in good weather, traffic and road conditions.
right
Signs are normally located on what side of the road?
Stop or give way signs
Signs facing the minor road approaches at an intersection are used to give priority to the major road.
Guide signs
Signs that inform road users about the direction and distances of destinations on the route they are following or along other roads that intersect their route.
Regulatory signs
Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulation which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.
Special instruction signs
Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road condition.
Warning signs
Signs used to warn motorists of potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road.
Yellow
Standard color used a background color for roadwork signs.
Red
Standard color used as a background for STOP signs.
Black
Standard color used as legend color for signs having white, yellow, orange, fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow green background and as a chevron for hazard markers.
narrow, medium, wide
Standard letters and numerals of traffic signs for capital letters comprises 3 steps of spacings.
equilateral triangle
Standard sign shape for GIVE AWAY sign.
Octagon
Standard sign shape for STOP sign.
3,157 km
The Philippines is one of the 32 member countries of UN-ESCAP. As part of our commitment, Route Markers and Directional Signs shall be put along the Asian Highway. Our country has been assigned the Asian Highway route number AH26. The route links major seaports and cities in the country comprising mostly ofthe Daang Maharlika which commence from Laoag - Manila - Legaspi-Matnog -(Ferry) - Allen-Tacloban (-Ormoc-(Ferry)-Cebu) - Liloan - (Ferry)- Surigao-Davao (-Cagayan de Oro) - General Santos -Zamboanga. The total length of AH26 is about .
1600 mm x 600 mm in size with long axis horizontal
The Slow Down Accident Prone Area or Bumagal Madalas ang Aksidente Dito signs shall be rectangular in shape and not less than ____________
Black legend on white background
The background color should be easily recognizable by motorist as being applicable to the particular category of guide signs for which it is used. What is the color combination of information signs, street name signs and kilometer posts?
125-150
The distance at which Advance Direction sign should be located in advance of an intersection varies according to the expected speed of approaching vehicles. On rural areas, Advance Direction signs should be located at a minimum distance from the intersection of __________ if the 85th percental speed (kph) is between 71-80 kph.
Tangent Runout
The length of superelevation development from the normal cross slope to he zero cross slope point on the tangent is known as:
Superelevation Runoff
The length of superelevation development from zero cross slope to full design superelevation is known as:
30 kph
The maximum speed for cars and motorist in high-risk pedestrian areas is:
60 kph
The maximum speed for cars and motorist in low-risk pedestrian areas is:
3:1
The most important criteria to consider to avoid safety hazards created by the drainage ditches is the actual reconnaissance survey during wet whether to identify the natural run-out locations. Slopes on the side nearest the road should not be steeper than ______ and preferable flatter as this will minimize accident severity. The slope farthest from the road may be as steep as the ground will permit.
310 mm x 360 mm
The national highways could be identified by the shield of route marker that has black numerals and border on reflectorized white background. The size of the shield for route markers when erected as an individual sign on national roads shall be _____________.
3
The principal legend on a guide should be limited to the number of words a driver can read and in time he can turn his attention from the road to the sign. The number of times of legend or destination names that a guide sign should carry should not be more than ________ lines of legend or destination names.
2.5
The reaction time to be used for road safety design is __________ seconds. This value is applied to the whole range of design speeds.
15.0
The required length of the turnout shall be determined considering a length of __________ meters for each bus.
Longitudinal drainage ditches
They are essential part of any road that is not on fill and must be incorporated into the road cross-section. These are designed to accommodate the expected rainfall but can often be hazardous to vehicles that run off the road.
Overtaking lanes
They are lane in flat to rolling terrain, which are used to break up platoons of traffic and to improve traffic flow over a section of road. A series of such auxiliary lanes for both directions of traffic can greatly improve traffic flow and driver satisfaction.
Roadside barriers
They are used to shield errant vehicles from running into hazards that cannot be relocated or made more frangible.
20 kph
Through crowded streets, approaching intersections at "blind corners", passing school zones passing other vehicles which are stationary, or for similar dangerous circumstances, the maximum speed for passenger cars, motorcycles, motor trucks and buses is:
White legend on standard green or blue background
What is the color combination of advance direction signs, intersection and special direction signs, and reassurance direction to expressways from the adjacent road and street systems?
White legend on brown background
What is the color combination of signs for tourist interest?
White legend on blue background
What is the color combination of signs indicating roadside service and legends used?
Modified series E
What series of letters and numerals are used in directional signs?
wide spacing
What spacing is always used for lower case letters of traffic signs?
Supplementary signs
Which of the following is not classified as a guide signs?
Crossroad sign
Which of the following sign is not a supplementary sign?
Advisory sign
Which of the following sign is not an intersection or junction sign?
EX for expressway
Which of the following standard abbreviation of signs is not correct?
solid unbroken lines
a type of line that is used where crossing of line is either discouraged or prohibited. it is generally used to replace or supplement a broken line where required e.g barrier lines, and center lines. it may be either yellow or white depending whether or not crossing the line is legally prohibited.
black
color used in hazard markers to warn road at locations where the protruding objects such as bridge, piers, traffic signals and other permanent objects on or off the roadway
two-way hazard markers
markers used where it is necessary to delineate an exposed obstruction on a traffic island nose at which traffic may pass to either side. this sign can be used on a wide column of an overpass structure, or a median island separating the carriageway with the traffic proceeding in the same direction
60 kph
maximum speed for rural roads
60 kph
maximum speed limit for urban roads
intersection
means any level crossroad, junction, including open areas formed by such crossroad
road markers
means any traffic control device marked on the surface of the carriageway used to regulate traffic or to warn or guide road users.
higway
shall mean any public thoroughfare, public boulevard, and avenue, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities, or other similar institutions
Chevron Sign
signs used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road
