HIS 202 Exam 2 (Chp 22-24)

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Who was "Sister" Aimee Semple McPherson and why is she significant?

"Sister" Aimee Semple McPherson was a prominent American evangelist and media celebrity in the 1920s and 1930s. She founded the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and gained fame for her charismatic preaching and theatrical sermons. McPherson utilized innovative methods of evangelism, including radio broadcasts and elaborate stage productions. She played a significant role in the popularization of Pentecostalism and the rise of religious celebrity culture during that time.

What factors encouraged US citizens and the Wilson administration to support neutrality?

- Desire to avoid involvement in a European conflict and focus on domestic affairs. - Economic interests: The United States had strong trade relationships with both the Allies and the Central Powers, and neutrality helped protect those economic ties. - Ethnic divisions: The presence of diverse immigrant communities with ties to different nations made it difficult to form a unified sentiment towards the war.

What factors led some middle class reformers to move beyond education and regulation to more forceful means of controlling the masses.

- Frustration with the slow pace of change - Social unrest and labor conflicts - Fear of radicalism

What factors finally led to US intervention in World War I.

- German unrestricted submarine warfare, including the sinking of American ships. - The Zimmerman Telegram, which heightened tensions between the U.S. and Germany. - Public sentiment and sympathy for the Allies. - Economic interests and loans to the Allies. - Wilson's belief in promoting democracy and making the world "safe for democracy."

What were some of the long term causes of World War I in Europe?

- Nationalism: The intense pride and loyalty to one's nation led to rivalries and competition among European powers. - Imperialism: The scramble for colonies and resources created tensions and conflicts among nations. - Alliance system: The complex system of alliances between various European powers created a delicate balance of power but also entangled nations in conflicts. - Militarism: The arms race and the glorification of military power contributed to an atmosphere of tension and preparedness for war. - Balkan nationalism and instability: Nationalist movements in the Balkans and the region's complex political situation made it a hotbed for conflicts.

Summarize the factors that led to tremendous economic growth in the United States following World War One.

- The end of the war led to a surge in consumer demand as people had saved money during the war years and now sought to purchase goods. - Technological advancements and increased industrial productivity boosted manufacturing output and efficiency. - The automobile industry experienced rapid growth, leading to increased employment and demand for related industries. - Government policies, such as tax cuts and deregulation, fostered a pro-business environment that encouraged investment and expansion. - Easy access to credit and the availability of installment plans allowed more people to afford consumer goods, leading to increased spending.

What was the impact of Prohibition?

- The illegal production and distribution of alcohol led to the rise of organized crime syndicates, such as the Mafia, involved in bootlegging and smuggling. - The consumption of alcohol did not decline significantly, but moved to hidden speakeasies and underground establishments. - Prohibition led to a loss of tax revenue for the government, as the alcohol industry was previously a significant source of income. - Law enforcement efforts to enforce Prohibition diverted resources from other criminal activities. - The public perception of Prohibition shifted, with many viewing it as an infringement on personal freedom and an ineffective policy. Ultimately, Prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the ratification of the 21st Amendment.

What factors led to a Red Scare in the US in 1919?

A Red Scare in the U.S. in 1919 was a period of intense fear and suspicion of communism and radicalism. The fear was fueled by the Russian Revolution and labor unrest in the aftermath of World War I. Many Americans, including government officials, believed that radical ideologies posed a threat to the nation's stability and security.

What was the experience of African American soldiers in World War I?

African American soldiers in World War I faced racial discrimination and segregation within the U.S. military. They were often assigned to non-combat roles and had limited opportunities for advancement. However, their service in the war helped pave the way for greater civil rights awareness and activism upon their return.

Who is Alice Paul and why was she important? What women's rights organization did she lead?

Alice Paul was an American suffragist and women's rights activist. She was a key figure in the women's suffrage movement and played a leading role in the fight for the Nineteenth Amendment. Paul organized innovative and militant tactics such as picketing the White House and engaging in hunger strikes to draw attention to the cause. She co-founded the National Woman's Party (NWP) and dedicated her life to advancing women's rights.

What role did the US military play in helping to secure an Allied victory?

American troops, known as the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), fought alongside the Allies in major battles, such as the Battle of Belleau Wood and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Their arrival provided a significant boost to the Allies' military capabilities and helped tip the balance in favor of the Allies.

Who is Carrie Chapman Catt and why was she important? What women's rights organization did she lead?

Carrie Chapman Catt was a prominent leader in the women's suffrage movement. She played a crucial role in advocating for and achieving women's right to vote. Catt served as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and was instrumental in the successful campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women's suffrage.

Who was Claude McKay and what did his poetry reflect about the ideas of the Harlem Renaissance?

Claude McKay was a Jamaican-American writer and poet associated with the Harlem Renaissance. His poetry reflected the ideas of the movement by addressing themes of racial identity, social injustice, and cultural pride.

Explain the difference between conservation and preservation of natural resources.

Conservation: Conservation focuses on the sustainable use and management of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Preservation: Preservation seeks to protect natural resources and ecosystems in their pristine or unaltered state.

What was Dollar Diplomacy and how did it differ from Roosevelt's foreign policy?

Dollar Diplomacy, introduced by President William Howard Taft, aimed to advance U.S. economic interests abroad by encouraging American investments in foreign countries and using economic leverage to secure political influence. It differed from Roosevelt's foreign policy, which emphasized the threat of military intervention and the assertion of American power. While both policies sought to protect U.S. economic interests, Dollar Diplomacy relied more on economic diplomacy and financial investments to achieve its objectives.

In what ways was the "Woman's Sphere" expanded during the Progressive era?

During the Progressive era, the concept of "Woman's Sphere" expanded, challenging traditional gender roles and advocating for women's rights and opportunities. Women played active roles in various reform movements, including suffrage, labor rights, and social welfare. They sought to broaden their participation in public life, education, and the workforce. Women's organizations like the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) worked towards achieving voting rights for women and advocated for gender equality in all spheres of society.

What was Eugenics and why was it significant?

Eugenics was a pseudo-scientific movement popular in the early 20th century that aimed to improve the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding and sterilization. It sought to promote desirable traits and prevent the reproduction of those deemed unfit or undesirable. Eugenics was significant during the Progressive Era because it influenced policies related to immigration, forced sterilization, and discriminatory practices based on perceived racial and genetic inferiority.

What was Fundamentalism and why was it significant?

Fundamentalism was a religious movement that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing a literal interpretation of religious texts and a conservative worldview. Fundamentalists believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and rejected the ideas of modernism, secularism, and scientific theories that they perceived as contradictory to their religious beliefs. Fundamentalism gained prominence in response to perceived challenges to traditional religious values and social changes brought about by urbanization, industrialization, and cultural shifts.

Who did Theodore Roosevelt appoint as the nation's first chief forester?

Gifford Pinchot was appointed as the nation's first chief forester by President Theodore Roosevelt. He played a crucial role in shaping the conservation policies and practices of the United States. Pinchot advocated for the sustainable management and responsible use of natural resources, promoting practices that would balance economic development with environmental preservation.

Who was Henry Ford and why was he significant?

Henry Ford was an American industrialist and the founder of Ford Motor Company. He is significant for his contributions to the development of the assembly line production method and the mass production of automobiles. Ford's introduction of the Model T, an affordable and reliable car, revolutionized the automobile industry and made car ownership more accessible to the average American. His innovations in manufacturing techniques and labor practices had a profound impact on industrial production and shaped the modern concept of consumerism.

How did Roosevelt respond to the Anthracite Coal Strike in 1902 and how did his response differ from the actions of previous presidents?

In 1902, the Anthracite Coal Strike occurred, with coal miners demanding better pay, shorter working hours, and improved working conditions. President Theodore Roosevelt responded by intervening in the labor dispute and mediating between the mine owners and the United Mine Workers union. He threatened to deploy federal troops to seize control of the mines if an agreement was not reached.

What was the focus of Roosevelt's foreign policy objectives in the Far East? How did the Great White Fleet reflect this focus?

In the Far East, Roosevelt's foreign policy objectives focused on balancing the power dynamics among Asian nations and countering potential threats from Japan. The Great White Fleet, a naval fleet consisting of modern battleships, was sent on a world tour by Roosevelt to showcase American naval power and establish the United States as a major force in the Pacific. It reflected Roosevelt's commitment to projecting American influence and maintaining stability in the region.

Who was Jacob Riis and why was he significant?

Jacob Riis was a Danish-American social reformer and photographer who documented the living conditions of the urban poor in late 19th-century New York City. He used his photographs and writings to expose the squalid conditions of tenements and shed light on the hardships faced by immigrants and working-class communities. Riis's influential book, "How the Other Half Lives," brought attention to the need for social reform and helped pave the way for improved housing regulations and urban planning.

Discuss the impact of jazz music during the time period.

Jazz music emerged during the early 20th century and had a significant impact on American culture during the 1920s. It originated primarily in African American communities and combined elements of African rhythms, blues, and ragtime with European musical traditions. Jazz music represented a departure from traditional musical forms and was associated with youth, energy, and rebellion.

Who was John Muir and why was he significant?

John Muir was an influential American naturalist, writer, and conservationist who played a pivotal role in the preservation and protection of natural areas in the United States. Muir's significance lies in his tireless efforts to promote the appreciation and conservation of nature. He explored and studied various landscapes, but he became particularly enchanted by the Sierra Nevada Mountains and Yosemite Valley.

Who was Louis Brandeis and why was he significant?

Louis Brandeis was a prominent American lawyer and jurist who became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1916. He was significant for his advocacy of progressive causes and his influential legal opinions. Brandeis is known for his support of labor rights, consumer protection, and individual privacy. He championed social justice and fought against monopolies and corporate power, earning the nickname "The People's Lawyer."

Who was Marcus Garvey and why was he significant? What organization for African Americans did he establish?

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born political leader and entrepreneur who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He promoted black nationalism and advocated for the economic and political empowerment of African Americans. Garvey's movement aimed to unite people of African descent worldwide and foster a sense of racial pride and self-reliance. He emphasized the importance of economic independence and encouraged the establishment of black-owned businesses and institutions. Garvey's ideas had a lasting impact on the civil rights movement and the development of black nationalist movements in the United States and elsewhere.

Who was Margaret Sanger and why was she significant?

Margaret Sanger was a birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. She played a significant role in advocating for women's reproductive rights and access to birth control methods. Sanger believed that birth control was essential for women's health, family planning, and economic empowerment. Her efforts contributed to the broader birth control movement and had a lasting impact on women's rights and reproductive health.

Who was Margaret Sanger and why was she significant?

Margaret Sanger was an American birth control activist and women's rights advocate. She was significant for her pioneering efforts in promoting birth control education and access. Sanger believed that women should have control over their reproductive choices, and she founded organizations that eventually led to the establishment of Planned Parenthood.

Who were the muckrakers and why were they important? Identify Lincoln Steffans and Ida Tarbell.

Muckrakers were investigative journalists and writers who exposed social, economic, and political problems during the Progressive Era. They played a crucial role in raising public awareness and generating support for reform. Two prominent muckrakers were Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell. Lincoln Steffens was an American journalist and author known for his work in exposing political corruption. Steffens wrote a series of articles titled "The Shame of the Cities," which exposed the corrupt practices of urban political machines. Ida Tarbell was an American investigative journalist and writer known for her exposé on the Standard Oil Company. Tarbell's book, "The History of the Standard Oil Company," revealed the company's unfair business practices and played a significant role in promoting anti-monopoly sentiment.

What factors gave rise to Nativism during the 20s?

Nativism in the 1920s was driven by several factors, including economic concerns, fears of cultural change, and xenophobia. The post-war period saw a rise in nativist sentiments, particularly towards immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Nativists believed that these immigrants posed a threat to American jobs, culture, and values. They advocated for restrictive immigration policies, supported by laws such as the National Origins Act.

Who was Pancho Villa and why was he significant?

Pancho Villa was a prominent figure during the Mexican Revolution. He led a faction of revolutionaries and was known for his guerrilla tactics against the Mexican government and foreign interests. Villa became significant in U.S. history due to his raid on the town of Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, which led to tensions between the U.S. and Mexico and prompted a U.S. military intervention in pursuit of Villa.

Explain pragmatism and how it impacted progressive reform.

Pragmatism, in the context of Progressive reform, refers to a philosophical and political approach that emphasizes practical action, experimentation, and problem-solving. Progressives embraced pragmatism as a guiding principle, focusing on finding effective solutions to societal problems rather than adhering to rigid ideologies. Pragmatism impacted progressive reform by promoting a flexible and experimental approach to social and political issues. Progressives believed in using scientific methods, gathering data, and implementing evidence-based policies to bring about positive change. They emphasized the importance of addressing immediate needs and making incremental reforms to achieve larger goals. "Does it work" over "is it true"

How did Progressive attempt to reform city politics?

Progressive reformers attempted to reform city politics by addressing issues of political corruption, inefficient governance, and the influence of political machines. They advocated for the implementation of civil service reforms, merit-based appointments, and increased transparency and accountability in government. They also pushed for the introduction of direct democracy measures, such as the initiative, referendum, and recall, to involve citizens directly in decision-making processes.

What reforms did Progressives hope would result from women's suffrage?

Progressives hoped that women's suffrage would lead to reforms in various areas, including social welfare, labor rights, public health, and education. They believed that women's participation in politics and decision-making processes would bring a fresh perspective and contribute to the enactment of more progressive policies. Progressives saw women as agents of social change and hoped that their involvement in the democratic process would lead to a more equitable and just society.

Identify the new forms of Mass Media and their impact.

Radio: The radio became a popular form of entertainment and communication, allowing people to access news, music, and other broadcasts from the comfort of their homes. It facilitated the spread of popular culture and information on a national scale. Motion pictures: The film industry experienced significant growth, and movies became a popular form of entertainment. They provided a visual and narrative medium for storytelling and contributed to the development of celebrity culture. Print media: Newspapers and magazines continued to play a crucial role in disseminating news, information, and advertising. They helped shape public opinion and contributed to the spread of consumer culture. Advertising: The rise of mass media was accompanied by the growth of advertising as a powerful industry. Advertisements in various forms of media promoted consumer goods and influenced people's desires and purchasing decisions.

Who was Robert La Follette and why was he significant?

Robert La Follette, also known as "Fighting Bob," was an American politician and progressive reformer. He served as the governor of Wisconsin and later as a U.S. Senator. La Follette was significant for his advocacy of progressive policies and his efforts to promote government transparency, regulate corporations, and empower the working class. He implemented a series of reforms known as the "Wisconsin Idea," which served as a model for progressive governance.

How did Roosevelt reflect Progressive values as president?

Roosevelt believed in an active role for the federal government in addressing societal problems and used his presidency to push for progressive policies and reforms. Some of his progressive initiatives included trust-busting, regulation of big business, conservation of natural resources, and consumer protection.

What were some other methods used by reformers to address problems associated with immigrants.

Settlement houses: Organizations like Hull House, founded by Jane Addams, provided social services, education, and support to immigrant communities. Americanization programs: Efforts were made to assimilate immigrants into American society by teaching them English, American values, and cultural norms. Immigration restrictions: Some reformers supported measures to limit immigration, such as the implementation of literacy tests and restrictions on specific nationalities.

Who were the "Defenders of the Faith" and what do they reflect about the about the cultural changes of the 1920s.

The "Defenders of the Faith" referred to conservative religious leaders and organizations who opposed the cultural changes and perceived moral decline of the 1920s. They reflected the cultural tensions of the era, as they sought to uphold traditional beliefs and values in the face of rapid social and cultural transformations.

What was the 16th Amendment and why was it significant?

The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, established the federal income tax. It granted Congress the power to levy taxes on income from any source without apportionment among the states. The 16th Amendment was significant because it enabled the federal government to collect income taxes directly from individuals and corporations, providing a stable source of revenue to fund government programs and initiatives.

What was the 17th Amendment and why was it significant?

The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, established the direct election of senators by the people. Prior to this amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures. The amendment aimed to increase democracy and reduce corruption by allowing citizens to directly elect their senators, ensuring a more accountable and representative government.

What was the 18th Amendment and why was it significant?

The 18th Amendment, ratified in 1919, established Prohibition in the United States. It banned the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. The amendment was a response to the temperance movement's efforts to address social problems associated with alcohol abuse. However, it led to the rise of illegal alcohol production and distribution, known as the "bootlegging" industry, and fueled the growth of organized crime.

What social/employment opportunities opened up for women in the 20s?

The 1920s opened up new social and employment opportunities for women. With the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, women's political engagement and activism increased. Women also entered the workforce in larger numbers, particularly in industries such as clerical work, retail, and manufacturing. Additionally, women participated in social and cultural movements, such as the flapper culture, which challenged traditional gender roles and promoted greater independence and self-expression.

What was the American Plan and what was its impact on businesses and workers.

The American Plan referred to a set of employment practices and policies aimed at combating the spread of labor unions and promoting open-shop workplaces. It emphasized the rights of employers to hire and fire workers without union interference and discouraged workers from organizing or engaging in collective bargaining. The American Plan had a significant impact on businesses by limiting the power of labor unions and maintaining management control over employment conditions. It also affected workers by hindering their ability to organize and advocate for better wages and working conditions.

What was the Bolshevik Revolution and why was it significant?

The Bolshevik Revolution, also known as the Russian Revolution of 1917, was a revolution led by the Bolshevik Party, headed by Vladimir Lenin. It resulted in the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and the establishment of a socialist government in Russia. The Bolshevik Revolution was significant because it led to the creation of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism as an ideology.

Identify the following alliances during World War I and the nations that composed each alliance: The Central Powers, The Allied Nations

The Central Powers during World War I included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Allied Nations, also known as the Allies, consisted of countries such as France, Britain, Russia, Italy (later joined the Allies), and later the United States, among others.

What was the Committee on Public Information and why was it significant?

The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was a government agency created to shape public opinion and build support for the war effort. Led by George Creel, it used propaganda techniques to promote patriotism, demonize the enemy, and encourage loyalty to the government. The CPI played a significant role in shaping public perception and mobilizing support for the war.

What was the Elkins Act and why was it important?

The Elkins Act was a federal law passed in 1903 that aimed to regulate railroad practices and prevent unfair rebates and discriminatory rates. It prohibited railroads from granting rebates to favored customers and made it illegal for shippers to accept rebates. The Elkins Act helped address some of the corrupt practices in the railroad industry and promoted fair competition.

What was the Equal Rights Amendment and why was it significant?

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed constitutional amendment that aimed to guarantee equal legal rights for all citizens regardless of their sex. It sought to eliminate gender-based discrimination and provide a legal basis for women's equality in various areas, including employment, property rights, and marital rights. The ERA was significant as it represented a major effort to advance gender equality and address the legal and social inequalities faced by women. However, the ERA has not been ratified and did not become part of the U.S. Constitution.

What were the Espionage and Sedition Acts and why were they important? Why were these laws controversial and how did Shenck v. United States impact this controversy?

The Espionage and Sedition Acts were laws passed during World War I to suppress dissent and limit criticism of the government and war effort. The Espionage Act made it illegal to interfere with the draft or convey information that could harm the war effort, while the Sedition Act made it a crime to speak or write negatively about the government, the flag, or the military. These laws were controversial because they infringed upon freedom of speech and press. The Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act, establishing the "clear and present danger" test to determine limits on free speech during wartime.

What was the Harlem Renaissance and why was it significant?

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in the 1920s in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. It was characterized by a flourishing of African American art, literature, music, and intellectual discourse. The Harlem Renaissance showcased the talents and achievements of African American artists, writers, and musicians and became a focal point for cultural expression and racial pride. It played a crucial role in challenging racial stereotypes, promoting racial equality, and fostering a sense of identity and community among African Americans.

What was the Houston Riot and why was it significant?

The Houston Riot, also known as the Camp Logan Riot, occurred in 1917 when members of the African American 24th Infantry Regiment stationed in Houston, Texas, clashed with local police. The riot resulted from racial tensions and mistreatment of African American soldiers. It was significant because it highlighted issues of racism and discrimination within the military and society at large.

What was the impact of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 (Spanish Flu)?

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919, commonly known as the Spanish Flu, was a global outbreak of influenza that infected millions of people worldwide. It had a devastating impact, causing significant illness, death, and social disruption. The pandemic spread rapidly among soldiers and civilians, including those involved in the war effort. The flu had a significant impact on the war, affecting military readiness and straining medical resources.

What was the League of Nations and why was it significant? Why was the League of Nations controversial in the US? Why did the US decide not to join?

The League of Nations was an international organization established by the Treaty of Versailles with the aim of promoting peace, resolving conflicts diplomatically, and preventing future wars. It was significant as the first attempt to create a global forum for cooperation and collective security. However, the League of Nations was controversial in the United States due to concerns over sovereignty and entanglement in foreign conflicts, leading to the U.S. Senate's rejection of U.S. participation in the organization.

Identify the following terms and relate to Germany's policy of submarine warfare: The Lusitania, The Sussex Pledge

The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, resulting in the deaths of many civilians, including Americans. This event played a significant role in shaping public opinion in the United States against Germany. The Sussex Pledge was a promise made by Germany to the United States in 1916 to limit submarine warfare and spare civilian lives, aiming to prevent the U.S. from entering the war.

What was the Mann Act and how did it reflect Progressive concerns?

The Mann Act, also known as the White-Slave Traffic Act, was enacted in 1910 and made it illegal to transport women across state lines for immoral purposes. The Mann Act reflected Progressive concerns about the exploitation of women and the need for moral reform.

Identify the Mexican Revolution and Wilson's response to the crisis.

The Mexican Revolution was a period of armed conflict and political upheaval in Mexico that lasted from 1910 to 1920. It involved various factions and leaders vying for power, including Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Wilson initially pursued a policy of neutrality in the Mexican Revolution but later became involved when the U.S. government recognized the revolutionary government of Venustiano Carranza. Wilson sent U.S. troops under General John J. Pershing to pursue Pancho Villa after a raid on U.S. soil, but the intervention did not achieve its objectives and was ultimately withdrawn.

What was the National Origins Act and how does it relate to Nativism during the 1920s?

The National Origins Act of 1924 was a federal law that established quotas for immigration based on nationality. It significantly restricted immigration from certain regions, particularly Southern and Eastern Europe, and favored immigrants from Northern and Western European countries. The National Origins Act was a manifestation of nativist sentiments and aimed to limit the influence of non-Western European immigrants. It reflected the cultural tensions and xenophobic attitudes of the 1920s and contributed to a more restrictive immigration policy in the United States.

What was the National War Labor Board and what impact did it have on the labor movement?

The National War Labor Board was created to address labor disputes and ensure labor stability during the war. It mediated conflicts between workers and employers, encouraging fair wages and better working conditions to prevent strikes that could disrupt wartime production. The board had a significant impact on the labor movement by promoting cooperation between labor and management and providing a platform for workers' concerns.

What was the New Freedom and how did it differ from Roosevelt's New Nationalism?

The New Freedom was Woodrow Wilson's platform and vision for reform during his presidential campaign in 1912. It emphasized limited government intervention, free markets, and increased competition. The New Freedom aimed to break up monopolies, reduce corporate power, and restore economic opportunities for small businesses and individuals. In contrast, Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism, which he advocated during the same election, supported a more active role for the federal government in regulating the economy and promoting social justice. It called for increased government intervention to address economic inequalities and protect the interests of workers and consumers.

What was the Nineteenth Amendment and why was it significant?

The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote in the United States. It was a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement and a major achievement for gender equality. The amendment ensured that voting rights could not be denied or abridged on the basis of sex, expanding democratic participation and representation.

What was the Northern Securities Company and why was it important?

The Northern Securities Company was a railroad trust formed in 1901 by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill. It aimed to consolidate several major railroad companies in the Northwestern United States. The formation of the trust raised concerns about the concentration of economic power and violated antitrust laws. The significance of the Northern Securities case was that it represented a landmark victory in Theodore Roosevelt's efforts to break up monopolies. The Supreme Court's decision to dissolve the Northern Securities Company set a precedent for future antitrust actions and demonstrated the government's commitment to curbing corporate consolidation and preserving competition.

What were the Palmer Raids and why were they significant?

The Palmer Raids were a series of government-led actions carried out by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in 1919 and 1920. The raids targeted suspected radical individuals and organizations, particularly those believed to be associated with communism or anarchism. They involved the arrest and deportation of thousands of people, often violating civil liberties. The Palmer Raids were significant for their impact on civil liberties and the suppression of political dissent during the Red Scare period.

What was the Panama Canal and why was it significant?

The Panama Canal was a major engineering project that involved the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was significant because it provided a shorter and more efficient trade route for ships, saving time and money compared to the lengthy journey around Cape Horn. The canal also had strategic military importance, allowing for the rapid movement of U.S. naval vessels between the two oceans. The Panama Canal became a symbol of American technological prowess and influence in the early 20th century.

What other changes were brought about as a result of the Paris Peace Conference?

The Paris Peace Conference following World War I brought about various changes, including the redrawing of national boundaries and the creation of new nations. It led to the dissolution of several empires, including the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, and the emergence of new countries such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The conference aimed to establish a new international order based on the principles of self-determination and collective security.

Identify the following terms and relate to Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy:Platt Amendment, Roosevelt Corollary

The Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary were both policies associated with Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" diplomacy. The Platt Amendment, added to the Cuban constitution in 1901, granted the United States certain rights and influence over Cuba, including the right to intervene in Cuban affairs to protect American interests. The Roosevelt Corollary, an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserted the United States' right to intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability and protect its economic interests, particularly in cases where European powers might seek to intervene.

What was the Reclamation Act of 1902 and why was it important? Was it an example of conservation or preservation?

The Reclamation Act of 1902, also known as the Newlands Act, was signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt. It authorized the federal government to build dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems in arid regions of the United States. The Reclamation Act was an example of conservation because it sought to develop and utilize natural resources in a sustainable manner to benefit agriculture and economic growth. It involved the construction of infrastructure while considering the long-term preservation and management of water resources.

What was the Square Deal and why was it important?

The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy agenda, which aimed to strike a balance between the interests of labor, business, and consumers. It sought to promote fairness, justice, and equal opportunity for all Americans. The Square Deal focused on three main areas: conservation of natural resources, regulation of corporations, and consumer protection.

What were the key terms of the Treaty of Versailles and why was it significant?

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, was the peace settlement that officially ended World War I. Its key terms included assigning blame and imposing reparations on Germany, redrawing national borders, reducing Germany's military capabilities, and establishing the League of Nations. The treaty was significant because it shaped the post-war order, set the stage for future conflicts, and contributed to economic and political instability in Europe.

What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire and why was it significant?

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire was a tragic industrial disaster that took place on March 25, 1911, in New York City where 146 workers lost their lives either from the fire, smoke inhalation, or by jumping from the building in a desperate attempt to escape. It was mostly young immigrant women worked in garment manufacturing. The fire was significant because it exposed the appalling working conditions and lack of safety measures in industrial workplaces, particularly in the garment industry.

Identify the following terms and relate to the managed economy established during the war:War Industries Board, Food Administration

The War Industries Board was established during World War I and played a central role in managing and coordinating industrial production for the war effort. It controlled the allocation of resources, regulated prices and production, and encouraged cooperation among businesses. The Food Administration, led by Herbert Hoover, was responsible for ensuring adequate food supplies for both the military and civilians during the war. These entities represented a shift towards a managed economy during the war, with increased government intervention and regulation.

What was Zimmerman's Telegram and what role did it play in US intervention in World War I?

The Zimmerman Telegram was a coded message intercepted by British intelligence in 1917. It revealed a proposal by Germany to Mexico, suggesting that if Mexico joined the war against the United States, Germany would support Mexico in recovering lost territories, including Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The publication of the telegram in U.S. newspapers fueled anti-German sentiment and played a role in the U.S. decision to enter World War I.

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand help spark World War I in Europe?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in June 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia, was a significant event that helped spark World War I. The assassination, carried out by a member of a Serbian nationalist group, led to a diplomatic crisis and triggered a series of military mobilizations and declarations of war among European powers, escalating into a global conflict.

How did the automobile change the way Americans lived?

The automobile changed the way Americans lived in several ways: - It provided greater mobility and independence, allowing people to travel more easily and quickly between locations. - It led to the growth of suburbs as people could commute to work in urban areas while living outside the city limits. - It stimulated the development of a nationwide network of roads and highways, facilitating trade, travel, and tourism. - It created new industries and job opportunities related to automobile manufacturing, sales, and maintenance. - It fueled the growth of the oil industry as cars relied on gasoline as a fuel source. - It influenced American culture, symbolizing freedom, individualism, and social status.

Who were the candidates in the election of 1912?

The candidates in the election of 1912 were: William Howard Taft: The incumbent president and the candidate of the Republican Party. Woodrow Wilson: The candidate of the Democratic Party. Theodore Roosevelt: The candidate of the Progressive Party, also known as the Bull Moose Party. Eugene V. Debs: The candidate of the Socialist Party.

What was the impact of 100 Percent Americanism?

The concept of "100 Percent Americanism" emerged during World War I as a response to fears of disloyalty and subversion. It emphasized the idea that all citizens should fully support the war effort and exhibit unwavering loyalty to the United States. This sentiment led to increased scrutiny of immigrants, suppression of dissenting voices, and restrictions on civil liberties.

Explain the controversy over the Hetch Hetchy dam? Which side won the battle - conservationists or preservationists?

The controversy over the Hetch Hetchy dam centered around the proposal to build a dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley, a pristine area within Yosemite National Park. Supporters of the dam, led by the city of San Francisco, argued that it would provide a much-needed water supply for the growing city. Conservationists, led by John Muir and the Sierra Club, opposed the dam, arguing that it would irreparably damage the natural beauty and ecological integrity of the valley. They believed that such a project violated the principles of preservation and that alternative water sources could be found.

How much did the war cost the US government?

The cost of World War I for the U.S. government was approximately $32 billion. The war necessitated increased government spending, the issuance of Liberty Bonds to finance the war effort, and the implementation of new taxes to generate revenue.

What changes were reflected in the emergence of the New Negro during the time period?

The emergence of the New Negro during the time period reflected a cultural and intellectual movement among African Americans, also known as the Harlem Renaissance. The New Negro challenged racial stereotypes and advocated for racial pride, artistic expression, and social equality. African American artists, writers, and intellectuals played a significant role in promoting and celebrating African American culture and achievements. The movement had a profound impact on the development of African American art, literature, music, and political activism.

What changes were reflected in the emergence of the New Woman during the time period?

The emergence of the New Woman during the time period reflected changing social norms and women's increasing participation in public life. The New Woman challenged traditional gender roles and advocated for women's rights and independence. They embraced new opportunities in education, employment, and leisure activities. The New Woman was associated with the flapper culture, which rejected Victorian social norms and embraced more liberated attitudes towards fashion, sexuality, and social interactions.

What were the goals of Progressive Reformers?

The goals of Progressive Reformers were to address the social, political, and economic problems of the time and bring about positive changes in society. Some of their main objectives included: a) Social justice and welfare: Progressives aimed to improve the living and working conditions of the urban poor, promote public health and sanitation, regulate child labor, ensure workplace safety, and advocate for women's suffrage. b) Political reform: They sought to combat political corruption, increase government transparency and accountability, introduce direct democracy measures, such as the initiative, referendum, and recall, and expand voting rights. c) Economic regulation: Progressives aimed to regulate big businesses, break up monopolies and trusts, promote fair competition, protect consumer rights, and enact labor reforms to ensure fair wages and working conditions. d) Conservation and environmental protection: They recognized the need to preserve natural resources, promote sustainable development, and establish national parks and forests for future generations.

What issues and problems in the late nineteenth century helped give rise to Progressive reform?

The late nineteenth century was marked by several issues and problems that contributed to the rise of Progressive reform. Some of these included: - Rapid industrialization and urbanization: The rapid growth of industries and cities led to overcrowding, poor living conditions, and exploitation of workers in factories and urban slums. - Economic inequality: The rise of industrial capitalism resulted in wealth concentration among a few industrialists, leading to a significant wealth gap between the rich and the working class. - Political corruption: Political machines and corrupt practices were prevalent, undermining democracy and hindering meaningful reform. Monopolies and trusts: Large corporations gained immense power and stifled competition, leading to unfair business practices and limited consumer choice. - Social injustices: Issues such as child labor, poor working conditions, lack of labor rights, and gender and racial discrimination were widespread.

What were the main characteristics of Progressive Diplomacy?

The main characteristics of Progressive Diplomacy, also known as the "Dollar Diplomacy," were economic expansion, promoting U.S. business interests abroad, and using economic leverage to influence foreign governments. It involved supporting American businesses in gaining access to foreign markets, securing concessions and favorable trade agreements, and intervening in foreign countries to protect U.S. economic interests. The focus was on promoting economic stability and maintaining political stability in regions of economic importance to the United States.

Examine the rise and spread of American consumerism. How did it impact the lives of everyday citizens?

The rise and spread of American consumerism during the 1920s was driven by several factors, including increased disposable income, the availability of consumer credit, and advancements in mass production. The widespread adoption of installment buying allowed more people to purchase goods on credit, leading to increased consumer spending. Advertising and marketing techniques also played a crucial role in promoting consumer culture and creating desires for new products. Consumerism impacted the lives of everyday citizens by shaping their lifestyles, values, and aspirations, and contributing to a culture of materialism and conspicuous consumption.

Identify the three political reforms put forth by the Progressives at the state level: Initiative, Referendum, Recall

The three political reforms put forth by the Progressives at the state level were: Initiative: This allowed citizens to propose and initiate legislation by collecting a required number of signatures on a petition. If the petition met the threshold, the proposed law would be placed on the ballot for public vote. Referendum: This gave citizens the power to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature. If a certain number of signatures were collected on a petition, a proposed law would be submitted to a popular vote. Recall: This provided citizens with the ability to remove an elected official from office through a special election before their term ended. If enough signatures were gathered on a recall petition, the official would face a recall election.

What impact did the war have on women in workforce?

The war had a profound impact on women in the workforce. With many men serving in the military, women took on roles traditionally held by men, such as working in factories, offices, and transportation. This expanded their economic opportunities and challenged traditional gender roles. After the war, however, many women were expected to leave the workforce and return to more traditional domestic roles.

How did the war influence settlement patters of Latinos and African Americans?

The war influenced settlement patterns of Latinos and African Americans as they moved from rural areas to urban centers to take advantage of wartime job opportunities in industrial and manufacturing sectors. This led to increased migration and the growth of ethnic communities in cities, contributing to changes in demographics and urban development.

Why were Roosevelt and other Progressives disappointed in President William Howard Taft?

Theodore Roosevelt and other Progressives were disappointed in President William Howard Taft because they felt he did not adhere to their progressive principles and did not pursue the same level of reform as Roosevelt. Taft's conservative approach and his prioritization of legal and constitutional issues over social and economic reforms led to a growing rift within the Republican Party and the progressive movement.

How did Roosevelt attempt to reign in the power of trusts during his presidency?

Theodore Roosevelt attempted to rein in the power of trusts during his presidency through antitrust legislation and enforcement. He believed that some large corporations had become monopolistic and were engaging in unfair business practices that harmed consumers and stifled competition. Roosevelt filed numerous antitrust suits, earning him the nickname "Trust Buster."

How did Theodore Roosevelt become president in 1901?

Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 following the assassination of President William McKinley. At the time, Roosevelt was serving as the Vice President of the United States. He became the youngest president in U.S. history at the age of 42.

What new party was established by Roosevelt? Why"

Theodore Roosevelt established the Progressive Party, also known as the Bull Moose Party, in 1912. He formed the new party after losing the Republican nomination to William Howard Taft. Roosevelt's decision to create a separate party reflected his dissatisfaction with Taft's conservative approach and his desire to champion progressive reform. The Progressive Party advocated for a broad range of progressive policies, including social and economic reforms, labor rights, conservation, and women's suffrage. It became a significant force in the 1912 election and influenced the political landscape of the era.

How did Theodore Roosevelt manage to gain control over the Panama Canal Zone from Colombia?

Theodore Roosevelt managed to gain control over the Panama Canal Zone from Colombia through a combination of political maneuvering and support for a Panamanian independence movement. When negotiations with Colombia to obtain the rights to build the canal broke down, Roosevelt encouraged and supported a rebellion in Panama against Colombian rule. The United States quickly recognized Panama as an independent nation, and a treaty was signed between Panama and the U.S., granting the U.S. control over the Canal Zone.

Describe the trend towards corporate consolidation during the 1920s.

This consolidation was driven by various factors, including the desire for economies of scale, increased market dominance, and the pursuit of efficiency. Industrial sectors such as oil, steel, and electrical power saw significant consolidation during this period. The trend towards corporate consolidation contributed to the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few large corporations, raising concerns about monopolistic practices and their impact on competition.

Describe Trench Warfare during World War I.

Trench warfare was a form of combat that characterized World War I. It involved opposing armies digging extensive networks of trenches facing each other. Soldiers lived and fought in these trenches, which provided protection from enemy fire. Trench warfare led to a stalemate on the Western Front, with both sides suffering heavy casualties and little territorial gain.

Explain the impact of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle.

Upton Sinclair's book, "The Jungle," was published in 1906 and exposed the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry in Chicago. Sinclair's vivid descriptions of the appalling working conditions and the unsanitary practices in the industry shocked the public. The impact of "The Jungle" was significant, as it led to widespread public outrage and increased support for government intervention and regulation of the food industry. It played a pivotal role in pushing for the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906, which established food safety standards and improved public health regulations.

Who was W.E.B. Dubois and why was he significant? What civil rights organization did he help to establish?

W.E.B. Du Bois was a prominent African-American civil rights activist, scholar, and writer. He is significant for his contributions to the advancement of civil rights and racial equality. Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, an organization dedicated to combating racial discrimination and promoting the rights of African Americans.

What were some of the key ideas in Wilson's Fourteen Points and why were they significant?

Wilson's Fourteen Points were a set of principles outlined by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations to end World War I. Some key ideas in the Fourteen Points included the principles of self-determination, free trade, disarmament, and the establishment of a League of Nations to prevent future conflicts. The Fourteen Points were significant because they articulated a vision for a new international order and influenced the Treaty of Versailles and subsequent peace negotiations.

Compare and contrast Wilson's Moral Diplomacy to the foreign policy objectives of Roosevelt and Taft.

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy, in contrast to the more assertive and interventionist policies of Roosevelt and Taft, emphasized promoting democratic values, human rights, and self-determination in foreign policy. Wilson sought to support governments that aligned with American ideals, rather than simply protecting American economic interests. While all three presidents aimed to advance American interests, Wilson's approach emphasized moral principles and non-intervention unless necessary for the greater good.

Explain the significance of Woodrow Wilson's major New Freedom reforms as president: Underwood Simmons Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act

Woodrow Wilson's major New Freedom reforms, implemented during his presidency, aimed to promote economic competition, regulate big business, and protect consumers. Here are the significant aspects of four key reforms: Underwood-Simmons Tariff: The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 significantly reduced tariff rates on imported goods. It aimed to lower the cost of living for Americans, promote competition, and stimulate economic growth. This reform was significant because it marked a departure from the protectionist policies that had long favored big businesses and monopolies, instead prioritizing the interests of consumers and small businesses. Federal Reserve Act: The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established the Federal Reserve System, which remains the central banking system of the United States. The Act created a more flexible and stable banking system, consisting of regional Federal Reserve Banks, to regulate the country's monetary policy, control inflation, and ensure the stability of the financial system. The establishment of the Federal Reserve was significant as it brought about a more coordinated and efficient approach to monetary policy and banking regulation. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 created the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency. The FTC was tasked with enforcing antitrust laws, investigating unfair business practices, and protecting consumers from fraudulent and deceptive practices. Its establishment aimed to curb monopolistic behavior, promote fair competition, and safeguard the interests of consumers. The FTC played a crucial role in regulating business practices and preventing anti-competitive behaviors. Clayton Antitrust Act: The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened existing antitrust laws and expanded the government's ability to regulate and break up monopolies. It prohibited certain business practices that could lead to reduced competition, such as price discrimination, exclusive sales contracts, and interlocking directorates. The Act also protected the rights of workers by legalizing peaceful strikes and boycotts. The Clayton Antitrust Act was significant as it provided the government with more effective tools


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