HIST 1003 midterm quiz questions

how did peter the great's westernizing reforms affect marriage?

young men and women were required to attend parties together and could freely choose their own spouses

the enlightened policies of frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except:

freeing the prussian serfs

the english navigation acts mandated that all england's imports and exports be transported on english ships, which:

gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonies

in general, what was voltaire's attitude toward government?

he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

how did charles X of france seek to rally political support for himself?

he invaded algeria and established it as a french territory

what changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?

improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing

the crystal palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the:

industrial dominance of britain

how did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental europe toward the revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of france, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message

how did famines affect the european population in the seventeenth century?

malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly

how did class-consciousness form during the industrial revolution?

many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling

in terms of gender relations, humanists argued that:

men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits

the group of people who benefitted the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century was the:

middle class

how did michel de montaigne offer a counterpoint to europe's growing imperial activities?

montaigne rejected the notion that one culture was superior to another

in africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in:

more wars and likely fewer people

louis XIV extended his power by selecting councilors from the:

newly ennobled or upper middle class

british economist thomas malthus argued that:

population always grew faster than the food supply

between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when european nations encouraged:

the atlantic economy

how did the concordat help bring greater stability to france?

the catholic church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the french state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers

a new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the:

ursulines

how did labor in british families change in the eighteenth century?

family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

the primary cause of the english glorious revolution (1688) was:

a fear of the establishment of catholic absolutism by james II

how did fifteenth-century spain define "jewishness" in a new, discriminatory way?

a jew was defined as inherent in the blood, so jews could never be true christians

the saint bartholomew's day massacre (1572) led to:

a lengthy and disruptive civil war

in his historical and critical dictionary, pierre bale demonstrated that:

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted

the key demand of the chartist movement was that:

all men be given the right to vote

edwin chadwick gained fame as:

an advocate of improved public sanitation

william cockerill was:

an english carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in belgium

the idea of the public sphere that emerged during the enlightenment refers to:

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

at the congress of vienna, the victorious allies sought to reconstruct europe by:

applying the principle of the balance of power

the national assembly instituted all of the following reforms except:

recognizing women as holding full civil rights, giving them true equal rights in all spheres

in eastern europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the:

consolidation of serfdom

the marriage of ferdinand of aragon and isabella of castile:

created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state

how did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?

cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular

according to the text, in the summer of 1789 the national assembly was driven toward more radical action by:

revolutionary actions of french peasants and the common people of paris

who forced the king and the royal family to abandon versailles and return to paris?

several thousand parisian women

why did catherine the great of russia retreat from a general policy of reform in the eighteenth century?

pugachev's rebellion demonstrated that the peasants were clearly dangerous and could not be trusted

georges haussmann is remembered for:

rebuilding paris

which of the following statements correctly characterizes industrial growth patterns in europe?

belgium led continental europe in adopting british technology for production

which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

both legal and illegal work in guilds became more accessible to women

karl marx argued that socialism would be established:

by violent revolution

by the eighteenth century, the spanish colonial elite:

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain

comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in

discovery of the eternal laws of human relations

mercantilist theory postulated that:

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

francis bacon formalized the research methods of tycho brahe and galileo into a theory of reasoning known as:

empiricism

in return for financial support, what did charles II of england secretly promise louis XIV of france?

english laws against catholics would be eased and england gradually re-catholicized

how did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the renaissance?

enlightenment thinkers believed in the possibility of human progress, renaissance thinkers look to antiquity to understand human nature

which of the following best characterizes the role of europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of columbus?

europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations

how did the idea of "race" transform europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

european superiority was defined in biological and cultural terms

railroad construction on the continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

what was the economic effect of napoleon's continental system?

french artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of great britain

how did the spanish crown operate the encomienda system?

it granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of native americans in exchange for providing food and shelter

which of the following statements represents the work of eugène delacroix?

it was a dramatic and emotional artistic illustration of the romantic movement

the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the industrial revolution was:

james watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s

the direct cause of the hundred years' war between england and france was:

king phillip VI of france's seizure of aquitaine

how did the peace of westphalia (1648) mark a turning point in european history?

large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

confraternities were a part of a movement in which:

laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs

how did the treaty of utrecht (1714) resolve the problem of succession to the spanish throne?

louis XIV of france's grandson, philip, was placed on the french throne with the agreement that the french and spanish thrones would never be united

how did louis xv damage the sense of his sacred authority?

louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets

how did isaac newton's law of gravity bring together learning from the scientific revolution?

newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

the star chamber was an english institution that, in the sixteenth century:

operated as a court to deal with noble threats to royal power in england

why did a unified italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?

political loyalty centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city state

france supported the new protestant princes of germany in order to:

prevent charles V from increasing his power

by the eighteenth century justifications for slavery relied less on religion (bringing christianity) and emphasized:

slavery as determined by race and the natural outcome of science and nature

as the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class:

tended to merge with the old aristocracy

why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in asia?

the dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in europe

the reformation in england in the sixteenth century was primarily the result of:

the dynastic and romantic concerns of henry VII

the concordat of bologna (1516) helped resolve the dispute between the french crown and the papacy over lay investiture by giving the papacy the first year income of new bishops and:

the french king retained the right to select french bishops and abbots

which of the following best describes the open-field system of the middle ages?

the land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges

what core concept of the enlightenment was the most important and original?

the methods of natural science should be used to examine, and improve, all aspects of life

how did the expansion of the industrial revolution affect the middle class's work life?

the middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education

the leadership of the dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to:

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

which of the following best characterizes the glorious english revolution of 1688?

the revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the parliament, which only represented the upper classes

abbé sieyès's answer to the question, "what is the third estate?" was that it was:

the true strength of the french nation

merchant capitalists constantly complained about:

their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

the british won the american component of the seven years' war because:

they diverted men and money from europe to the american theater

how did the delegates to the legislative assembly that convened in october 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates general/national assembly?

they were younger and less cautious; many of them joined political clubs

what was the goal of the committee of public safety?

to use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to the french from without and within

protestant beliefs allowed for the dissolution of marriages in divorce because they:

viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

during the hundred years war, the english kings were supported by some french barons because the latter:

wanted to stop the french monarchy's centralizing efforts

in the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships:

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born