HIST 106: Exam 2

Why did a stigma emerge around public assistance during the New Deal years? A. Only a very few Americans actually needed government assistance during the Great Depression. B. Black workers were relegated to the least generous assistance programs, with discriminatory eligibility standards administered by states. C. New Deal work programs helped restore economic prosperity relatively quickly, leaving only the least qualified long-term unemployed behind. D. By the middle of the 1930s, more and more Americans came to associate New Deal assistance programs with similar government help offered in Nazi Germany. E. Despite his successes, Roosevelt remained deeply unpopular with Americans, who hated themselves for depending on his programs.

B

Which of the following principles was among the Fourteen Points, Wilson's statement of American war aims and vision for a postwar world? A. Strict limits on American troop involvement in the war B. Creation of a "general association of nations" C. Preserving pre war colonial claims and policies D. Limitations on free global trade

B [ The Versailles Treaty that followed WWI did accomplish some of Wilson's goals, including the creation of a League of Nations. Wilson viewed the League as the war's finest legacy, but many Americans at home feared that membership in the League would commit the US to an open ended involvement in the affairs of other countries]

Who was Huey Long? A. A California doctor turned political activists who advocated for government-sponsored old age pensions B. A politician who used dictatorial power to control politics in Louisiana and win the support of the "common man" C. A Catholic priest who used the radio to rally support for increased efforts for social justice and government ownership of industry D. A gubernatorial candidate in California who planned to end poverty by providing employment for the jobless in factory and farm cooperatives

B [A former government of Louisiana, Senator Huey Long was a champion of the poor and hoped to challenge FDR in the election of 1936, but he was assassinated before he could do so]

Which of the following resulted from the Triangle Shirtwaist Company incidents in New York City? A. a general labor walkout known as the Uprising of the 20,000 B. Accelerated efforts to regulate industry C. a sharp exodus of workers from cities to rural areas D. Declining support for and membership in urban labor unions

B [The Triangle Fire focused national attention on topics such as social divisions in society, changing gender roles, and of course, the government's role in passing legislation to protect workers and regulate industry]

What ended the Great Depression? A. The public spending of the Second New Deal B. The United States entry into WWII C. The liberalization of the southern Democratic Party D. The Supreme Court's newfound willingness to accept the New Deal

B [While the New Deal improved economic conditions in the United States, it was the mobilization of the nation's resources to fight WWII that finally ended the Great Depression]

What impact did women reformers have on shifting American government toward activism? A. The campaign for woman suffrage shifted from a mass movement made up of unionists, settlement house workers, and socialists to a movement of mostly elite women B. The efforts of middle class women to improve the conditions of the poor and their conviction that the state had an obligation to protect women and children led to new laws like ones for stronger building and sanitation codes in Chicago, shorter working hours, and mother's pensions C. In Muller v. Oregon, female reformers argued that women were physically as strong as men and thus had the right to work the in same working conditions as men

B [Women reformers realized that well organized social work alone, such as settlement houses, was not adequate to alleviate the serious problems of inadequate housing, income, and health care. Government intervention was required]

Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918

Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

The 1920s was a "Republican era" primarily due to a A. lack of political corruption and scandal. B. turn toward staunch social conservatism regarding sex and gender. C. resurgence of laissez-faire ideals that favored business over workers. D. trend in which farmers aligned with the Republican Party in large numbers. E. renewed interest in the nation's Founding Fathers.

C

The American Civil Liberties Union helped to reshape the meaning of traditional civil liberties and invented new ones. Which of the following was considered a "new" civil liberty in the 1920s? A. freedom of speech B. voting rights C. right to privacy D. freedom of movement E. right to divorce

C

The Committee on Public Information A. Was directed by William Jennings Bryan B. Protected civil liberties C. Was a federal effort to shape public opinion D. Was affiliated with the Socialist Party E. Was limited in its effort

C

The New Deal will be remembered in American history A. as a set of public policy initiatives that ultimately failed in achieving any economic change. B. as more powerful in scope than future European welfare states. C. for recasting the idea of freedom to include a public guarantee of economic security. D. as the key factor in Franklin D. Roosevelt's deep unpopularity with the majority of the American people by 1940. E. as a bold and largely unsuccessful experiment in state-sponsored socialism.

C

The Progressive era was a period of explosive growth. Which of the following fueled this process? A. Decline in Population B. Decline in consumption C. Expansion of the consumer market D. Ban on immigration E. Women's activists

C

Which statement is true of labor uprising during the Progressive era? A. Black and white dockworkers failed to build solidarity in New Orleans B. The 1909 strike of female garment workers led to a union contract with the Triangle Shirtwaist Company C. Companies used mass evictions and armed militias as tools to break strikes D. The governor of Massachusetts sided with mill owners in Lawerence E. Thousands of New Jersey silk workers succeeded in their six month long walkout

C

Immigration policies changed during the 1920s as the government started to restrict wholesales immigration. How did employers react to these changes in policy? A. They accepted the changes, as their fear of immigrants radicalism outweighed their desire for cheap labor B. Many of them declared bankruptcy C. They created a business association hoping to change said policies D. They protested fanatically, as they would have to pay higher salaries E. Their opinion were divided, as half feared the radicalism brought by immigration and the other half preferred to pay lower salaries to immigrants

A

The Equal Rights Amendment A. intended to eliminate legal distinctions made on the basis of sex. B. intended to eliminate the wage gap between Blacks and whites. C. was only supported by the League of Women Voters. D. was supported by every major female organization. E. was approved by Congress in 1929.

A

The New Deal housing policy A. was created to protect current homeowners and provide incentives for new homeowners. B. favored apartment renters in urban areas. C. helped very few Americans get new homes. D. was created to protect loaning banks and landlords. E. failed to address the needs of families wanting to buy homes.

A

The original Social Security bill envisioned which of the following benefits that was later dropped in Congress? A. a national system of health insurance B. business-recovery measures C. anti-competition laws D. compulsory public education E. a plan for government spending to modernize the state

A

What caused the Dust Bowl? A. soil erosion B. a crop fungus C. oil drilling D. coal mining E. road building

A

Which of the following statements is true of the Indian New Deal? A. It recognized the right of Indians to govern their own affairs. B. It reinforced federal authority over Indian affairs. C. It continued the policy of the Dawes Act. D. It replaced day schools on reservations with boarding schools. E. It allowed reservations access to irrigated water from the Grand Coulee Dam.

A

Why did the United States not become a member of the League of Nations? A. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles B. Russia underwent a communist revolution C. Great Britain and France refused to let the United States become a member D. Germany sank the Lusitania E. Japan invaded China

A

What best describes the Harlem Renaissance? A. A new spirit of racial and protest voiced by Black writers, poets, and artists B. The growing attraction of Harlem's dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies for white patrons C. The doubling of the Black population of New York, Chicago, and other urban centers in the 1920s D. The writings of anthropologists who insisted that no scientific basis existed for theories of racial superiority

A [African American writers and artists rejected established stereotypes and promoted Black values-often with an element of protests]

What was the purpose of the National Recovery Administration? A To work with business leaders to establish codes for industry and eliminate cutthroat competition B. To authorize the construction of roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities as a means of bringing relief to the unemployed C. To build a series of dams in the South to attract industry and provide cheap electric power for rural families D. To establish quotas for major crops and subsidize farmers for cutbacks in production

A [The National Recovery Administration worked with business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions and end cutthroat competition]

Henry George introduced a slate of political changes known as the Oregon System. The system included which of the following? A. Social and economic equality B. More power to large corporations C. The concepts of indirect democracy D. Initiative, referendum, and recall E. The creation of a third political force

D

In response to the Russian Revolution that led to the creation of the communist Soviet Union, the United States A. Diplomatically recognized the Soviet Union B. Aided supporters of communist rule in the Soviet Union during a civil was in 1918 C. Invited the Soviet Union to the Versailles peace conference D. Pursued a policy of anticommunism that would remain throughout the 20 century E. Invited Vladmir Lenin the head of the Soviet Union, to the United States

D

In the presidential election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson A. Chose not to run for reelection B. Lost to the Republican candidate, Charles Evan Hughes C. Was reelected when he promised to support the war effort D. Used the campaign slogan "He Kept Us out of war" E. Received fewer votes in states where women had the right to vote

D

Which of the following describes the New Deal most accurately? A. It was a political program in which the government granted fewer rights to consumers. B. It was a political program that led the Democratic Party platform to change only slightly. C. It was a political program that decreased southern segregation significantly. D. It was a political program that integrated the notion of economic security into the definition of American freedom. E. It was a political program that greatly helped African Americans secure employment.

D

Which statement about the Social Security Act is correct? A. It excluded aid to families with dependent children. B. It was original in its concept and design. C. Congress forced the provision for national health insurance into the original bill. D. It created a system of unemployment insurance. E. Its coverage excluded most poor whites from the program.

D

Why did workers experience the introduction of scientific management as a loss of freedom? A. Scientific management typically lowered wages B. Workers had to work longer hours under scientific management C. Safety conditions worsened when companies introduced scientific management D. Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions E. Foremen tended to drive workers with more brute force under scientific management

D

What did the Harding and Coolidge administrations have in common? A. Both were racked by corruption B. Both sought the expansion of American influence abroad C. Both championed a greater taxation of wealth and an end to child labor D. Both were fervently pro business

D [Both administrations supported lower taxes on personal incomes and business profits, high tariffs, and supporting strikes]

American troops in Europe, World War I

During World War I, American troops were deployed to Europe primarily to support the Allied powers, including France and Britain, in their fight against the Central Powers, particularly Germany and Austria-Hungary. The arrival of American troops significantly boosted Allied morale and provided crucial manpower, eventually helping to tip the balance in favor of the Allies and leading to the eventual defeat of the Central Powers.

Tulsa Riot

A race riot in 1921—the worst in American history—that occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after a group of black veterans tried to prevent a lynching. Over 300 African- Americans were killed, and 10,000 lost their homes in fires set by white mobs.

In reaction to the Great Depression, Americans A. volunteered to get farm goods from farmers to market in the Midwest. B. who had fought in World War I demanded the early payment of a bonus. C. enlisted in the army in record numbers to secure "three squares" a day. D. rushed to the defense of big business and blamed communism for the disaster. E. sank into despair with no complaints.

B

Most immigrants who arrived in America sought "freedom" because A. They wanted to vote for political representatives B. They wanted to exchange poverty for economic opportunity C. They wanted to live on farms D. They wanted to spread their culture in a new country E. They wanted a free press

B

President Hoover opened jobs to some Americans by A. subsidizing worker salaries in several industries. B. forcibly relocating Mexican American immigrants. C. requiring large businesses to make new hires. D. initiating New Deal programs that employed youths. E. offering incentives to employers that opened new positions.

B

The Zimmermann Telegram A. Showed Germany's interest in investing in US corporations B. Was a German invitation sent to the Mexican government asking them to join them in a war against the United States C. Assured Wilson that no real threat could come from Europe D. Pushed Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war against England E. Outlined Russian plans to attack the United States

B

When he first entered office, Roosevelt A. had a detailed plan of what he intended to do. B. relied on the advice of a group of intellectuals and social workers. C. promised to increase government spending. D. planned to favor business owners. E. promoted the full integration of immigrants to America.

B

Which of the following groups demanded the abolishment of poll taxes and literacy clauses in the South? A. white plantation owners B. Black feminists C. leaders of international corporations D. anarchists E. the urban middle class

B

Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of FDR's New Deal philosophy? A. FDR was not concerned that direct relief payments to the jobless would undermine self-reliance. B. FDR preferred to create jobs that improved the nation's infrastructure. C. FDR was at odds with most of his cabinet and the majority of Congress over the Economy Act. D. FDR opposed the CCC, fearing its goals of unemployment relief and environmental enhancement were too ambitious for his first 100 days in office. E. FDR preferred to create permanent jobs instead of temporary ones.

B

Which of the following statements about World War I is accurate? A. It began with the assassination of the heir to the British throne B. It produced casualties on a massive scale, due in part to new military technologies such as tanks and submarines C. It had very little to do with European colonial possessions overseas D. It inspired a new sense of American identity, as Americans all supported the same side in the war E. Feminists and social reformers were convinced the war would bring about social equality

B

Which of the following statements accurately describes the state of consumer goods in the 1920s? A. Home products, such as vacuum cleaners, increased the demand for domestic labor. B. Advertising created a desire among buyers to purchase new goods. C. Americans increasingly spent money on food staples rather than entertainment. D. Coca-Cola quickly declined in popularity after consumers learned how much sugar it contained. E. Many purchases were bought with cash because credit was not popular.

B

Which of the following trends of the 1920s did fundamentalists support? A. The easing of restriction on immigration B. The prohibition of liquor sales C. Military Intervention D. Socialism E. Increased income taxes on the wealthy

B

Women, Work, and Depression

During the Great Depression, women faced significant challenges in the workforce as they were often relegated to low-paying jobs or faced discrimination and layoffs. However, many women also entered the workforce in greater numbers to support their families financially, and their roles expanded in areas such as domestic service, teaching, and clerical work. Despite the hardships, the Great Depression also spurred activism among women, leading to increased participation in labor unions and the fight for better working conditions and gender equality.

Cultural changes in gender roles

During the Progressive Era, cultural changes in gender roles were characterized by growing activism for women's suffrage and increased participation in public life, challenging traditional notions of women's roles as primarily confined to domestic spheres, while also fostering discussions and reforms regarding gender equality, education, and workplace rights.

During the Progressive era, A. Agricultural production stagnated B. The US stopped receiving immigrants C. The gap between economic classes got smaller D. Corporations were considered the engine of progress E. The US received a large number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

E

The American Protective League A. Supported radicals charged under the Espionage and Sedition Acts B. Was concerned about protecting immigrants from persecution C. Was concerned about the threat to civil liberties D. Sought to protect women from abuse E. Worked with the Justice Department to identify radicals

E

The Industrial Workers of the World A. Represented skilled workers only B. Was led by Eugene Debs C. Organized only women workers D. Rejected Black & Chinese workers E. Advocated for a worker's revolution

E

The idea of the melting pot A. Only applied to European immigrants B. Was rejected by most private groups C. Included all nationalities, regardless of color D. Understood immigration groups would continue to embrace some of the customs and habits of their mother countries E. Assumed that immigrants would eventually join the American mainstream

E

Theodore Roosevelt wanted immigrants to "Americanize." How were they supposed to do it? A. By paying high taxes B. By marrying a US citizen C. Incorporating their own customs to the "American Ways" D. By joining Protestant churches E. By abandoning the culture and customs of their home country

E

Which of the following assessments of the Roosevelt Corollary is accurate? A. It translated into an alliance with France to defend the hemisphere B. Stipulated that private investment in Latin America and the Caribbean should not be greater than that of the United States C. It showed the United States would not intervene in other countries' local affairs D. It showed Roosevelt was prepared to do whatever possible to prevent US corporations from investing in Latin America and the Caribbean E. It proposed the United States could function as an international police power within the Western Hemisphere

E

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding African American participation during WWI? A. The army barred African American entirely B. African American were afforded great respect for their sacrifices made during the war C. President Wilson encouraged African American soldiers to march in the Paris victory parade D. African American were assigned mostly combat units, while white soldiers served in supply units E. The US Army tried to persuade the French to not treat African American soldiers as equals

E

Which statement is accurate of the Scopes trial? A. John Scopes was acquitted of the crime of teaching evolution in public schools B. Lawyer Clarence Darrow proved the theory of evolution to the American public C. The fundamentalist victory to led to more focus on the role religion in public education D. The ACLU refused to come to Scope's defense E. The trial was a national sensation

E

Which statement is true of Native American during the Progressive era? A. They retained ownership of the prosperous farms and schools they built B. They successfully resisted federal attempts to dissolve their governments C. They no longer experienced poverty or prisonlike conditions on reservations D. They rejected Progressive as a threat to their way of life E. Some fought for citizenship and equal rights while others attempted to restore their land

E

Eugenics

Eugenics, rooted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocated for selective breeding to improve the genetic quality of the human population, often by promoting sterilization or restrictive immigration policies based on notions of racial superiority. Although initially viewed as a progressive scientific endeavor, eugenics became widely discredited due to its association with Nazi Germany's atrocities during World War II and its violation of human rights.

Government in 1920s

Government in the 1920s was characterized by a shift towards limited interventionism in the economy and a focus on promoting business interests, while also grappling with social tensions and the aftermath of World War I.

Cultural changes during progressive era: immigration

Immigration during the Progressive Era catalyzed cultural shifts as diverse ethnic groups brought their traditions, languages, and customs to American cities, contributing to a rich tapestry of cultural exchange and societal transformation, while also sparking debates and reforms regarding assimilation, labor rights, and citizenship.

Reasons for American expansionism in the late 19th century

- Economic interest -Ideological motivations - Military Strategic - Social Darwinism - National Security

Inequality in the New Deal

In the New Deal era, while many programs aimed to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression, inequality persisted. Minorities, particularly African Americans and other marginalized groups, faced discrimination in accessing relief programs and employment opportunities. Additionally, agricultural and domestic workers, who were predominantly minorities, were excluded from many of the labor protections provided by New Deal legislation, contributing to ongoing disparities in wealth and opportunity.

Post WWI repression of civil liberties & response to this repression

Post World War I, repression of civil liberties intensified in many countries as governments sought to maintain order and suppress dissent, leading to increased censorship, surveillance, and the curtailment of political freedoms. In response to this repression, there was a surge in activism, civil disobedience, and demands for greater political participation, exemplified by movements like the labor strikes, protests, and the emergence of civil rights organizations advocating for expanded liberties and social justice.

Radical responses to the Great Depression

Radical responses to the Great Depression included the rise of socialist and communist movements advocating for the overthrow of capitalism, the formation of labor unions demanding better working conditions and wages, and the emergence of populist leaders proposing radical economic reforms such as wealth redistribution and government intervention in the economy to address inequality and unemployment.

Unions in the 1920s

The 1920s marked a period of sharp decline for the labor movement. Union membership and activities fell sharply in the face of economic prosperity, a lack of leadership within the movement, and anti-union sentiments from both employers and the government. The unions were much less able to organize strikes.

Dynamics in the economy that defined the Great Depression

The Great Depression was defined by dynamics such as widespread unemployment, drastic declines in industrial production and consumer spending, widespread bank failures, deflation, and a collapse in international trade, all of which contributed to a prolonged period of economic downturn and hardship.

Housing and the New Deal

The New Deal addressed housing by creating the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934, which helped people get mortgages by insuring loans. It also built affordable housing and improved infrastructure through programs like the Public Works Administration (PWA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), providing homes and jobs during the Great Depression.

Hoover's response to the Great Depression

he didn't believe that gov. should become directly involved In helping to end business crisis because he though the gov. might become too powerful

Business in the 1920s

laissez-faire capitalism, promoted by the era's Republican governments, allowed businesses to grow with few to no restrictions; new inventions, credit purchases, and other factors also fueled this growth

KKK in the 1920s

nativism of the 1920s caused the largest Klan membership ever (~ 6,000,000); anti-immigration, anti-African American, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-women, and anti-union ideas

ERA

period of time

Women and voting rights

the 19th Amendment was passed in 1920 giving women the right to vote

Wilson's Fourteen Points

This is the plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

By 1914, socialism had made such inroads in popularity that the US Congress had a Socialist representative True or False

True

The Red Scare was short lived but intense period of political intolerance inspired by the postwar strike wave as the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian Revolution True of False

True

Global Impact of World War I

- WW1 caused the downfall of four monarchies: Germany, Turkey, Austria-Hungary and Russia. - The war changed the economical balance of the world, leaving European countries deep in debt and making the U.S. the leading industrial power and creditor in the world. - With troops traveling all over the world, influenza was spread easily and an epidemic started which killed more than 25 million people across the world. - Social life also changed: women had to run businesses while the men were at war and labor laws started to be enforced due to mass production and mechanization. People all wanted

In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court A. Refused to limit work hours for males bakers B. Argued that women were too weak to work long hours C. Outlawed child labor for children younger than age sixteen D. Gave labor the right to strike E. Validated the "liberty of contract" doctrine

B

Religion in the 1920s

- changed after the civil war - mass executions stopped, as well as deportations and violence - the Living Church introduced - terror started against Islam

Muller V. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

How did the Supreme Court justices react to New Deal laws? A. They invalidated key initiatives, as conservative judges continued to understand freedom as liberty of contract. B. They frequently sided with Roosevelt and ruled in favor of new legislation. C. They decided based on the individual case and did not rule consistently. D. The justices most often split along partisan lines. E. They tended to support greater economic rights for citizens but remained socially conservative due to the religious makeup of the court.

A

How did the struggle for workers' right lay the foundation for the rise of civil liberties as a central component of freedom in the twentieth century? A. Workers fought for the right to strike and spread their message for reform in public places, and employers sought to prevent them from speaking publicly B. The refusal to strike by recent immigrants from Europe undermined the efforts of labor unions in achieving their reform goals C. The increase of women in the workforce led to an increase in state laws banning birth control D. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911 and other factory fires led the government to make significant changes by deregulating industry

A [Although state courts regularly issued injunctions preventing striking workers from speaking, picketing, and distributing literature, these court battles made free speech a significant public issue]

Why was the city so central to Progressive America? A. The growth in urban areas highlighted the social, political, and economic inequalities within American society. B. An artistic shift occurred away from the nineteenth century landscape as the focal point to the modern city with electric lights, skyscrapers, and dance halls C. Cities promised all Americans great economic abundance and opportunity D. The growth of cities led to a radical decline in American farms and demand for farming products

A [As a result of an increase industrial production, a growing population, and a continued expansion of the marketplace, the gap between rich and poor greatly widened, traditional gender roles were challenged, and workplace safety became an issue, all of which led to the desire for change]

Which of the following was a guiding principle of United States foreign policy in the early 20th century? A. American intervention in the affairs of other countries was justified on the grounds of maintaining or restoring freedom for their inhabitants B. American democratic ideals could best be spread to other countries by example at home C. American investment and trade abroad should be curtailed in favor of domestic production of petroleum, copper, coal, and iron ore D. The United States should focus on acquiring more territory to compete with European colonial powers on the world stage

A [Believing that the US was the worldwide embodiment of democracy and freedom, American leaders promoted US interest through military and political intervention in the affairs of other nations]

What was WEB Du Bois's strategy for improving the conditions of African Americans and finally achieving equal rights? A. Du Bois believed that educated and well trained African Americans like himself must shoulder the burden of challenging inequality B. Like Booker T Washington before him, Du Bois stressed the frontal assaults on white power were impossible, and that African Americans should concentrate on building up their segregated communities C. Du Bois called on African Americans to refrain from enlisting in the army in order to put pressure on the Wilson administration to endorse equality between the races D. Du Bois encouraged African Americans to abandon the South in favor of the higher wages educational opportunities in the North

A [Du Bois believed that the "talented tenth" of African American society should use their education and skills to make the country aware of racism and point the way toward its elimination]

In what way did white women experience an expansion of personal freedom in the 1929s? A. Unmarried women in particular expanded the boundaries of "acceptable" behavior in public B. With the Equal Rights Amendment, women achieved equal access to employment and education as men C. Following the lead of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's daughter, women increasingly led the rising Socialist Party D. Married women won the right to smoke in public

A [Epitomized by the "flapper," the pursuit of personal pleasure became fashionable among urban single women]

Although effective in stirring up patriotism and public support for the war, how was the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and the propaganda campaign detrimental to the ideals of freedom and democracy? A. It led to a new narrow definition of patriotism and an intolerance for dissent B. Its poster campaign promoted the idea that American farmers should grow grain to produce food for the war, not for distillation into alcohol C. Its focus on the ideals of liberty and freedom abroad came at the expense of domestic issues concerning women D. Its campaign legitimized the federal government's wartime control over the means of production at the expense of the rights of workers

A [Patriotism came to be equated with support for the government and the war, while dissent reflected treason to the country's values]

What was the Popular Front's vision of American society? A. The Popular Front believed that the country's strength lay in diversity, tolerance, and the rejection of ethnic prejudice and class privilege. B. The Popular Front sought to redefine the boundaries of American freedom by designating communists, labor radicals, and the left of the Democratic Party as "Un-American." C. The Popular Front saw true Americanism as a combination of fundamentalist beliefs and commercialism. D. The Popular Front urged Blacks to abandon the goal of racial integration as unrealistic and build an independent, cooperative economy within their communities

A [Popular Front Culture celebrated the religious, racial, and ethnic diversity of American society]

Why were sit down strikes so effective? A. Striking workers remained in the factory so they could not be easily replaced by strikebreakers B. They promoted a task system whereby workers gathered en masse each day to wait for work assignment C. They mobilized all workers in a given industry, rather than those with specific skills D. Their nonviolent nature led local government to firmly support worker demands versus the concerns of management

A [Rather than walking out a plant, thus enabling management to bring in strikebreakers, workers halted production but remained inside]

What explains Roosevelt's landslide reelection in 1936? A. Roosevelt pulled together a diverse coalition of supporters who benefited from the First New Deal B. Most major newspaper and businesses supported his reelection C. Roosevelt's vocal support of the notion of liberty of contract attracted conservatives D. Low voter turnout aided the Democrats

A [Roosevelt received strong backing from organized labor, southern whites, northern Blacks, Protestant farmers, urban Catholic and Jewish ethnics, industrial workers, and middle class homeowners]

On what basis did the Supreme Court uphold restrictions on Civil Liberties? A. The Court ruled that Congress could prohibit speech it considered dangerous B. The Court ruled that the 14th Amendment allowed for restraints on freedom of speech and the press C. The Court ruled that the right to free speech did not apply in cases involving the distribution of pamphlets D. The Court ruled that civil liberties did not apply to expatriates

A [The Court ruled that 1st Amendment did not prevent Congress from prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" of inspiring illegal actions]

Which of the following statements regarding the campaign for women suffrage is correct? A. The suffrage movement shifted toward a national campaign for a constitutional amendment because state level campaigns were difficult to conduct, expensive, and usually not successful B. State in the Northeast led the way in granting women greater political participation C. Membership in the campaign for women suffrage declined as more women joined the workforce D. The suffrage movement shifted toward a national campaign for a constitutional amendment because the right to vote in elections was determined at the federal level

A [These campaigns, which brought women aggressively into the public sphere, were expensive, often utilizing modern advertising techniques such as electric signs, buttons, billboards, and parades]

What was the New Deal?

A collection of reforms intended to restart economic growth in the Depression-era United States

The Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

The end of the Depression

Although the New Deal provided relief and hope, it was the Second World War that lifted us out of the Great Depression.

In What ways did Progressivism include anti-democratic ideas in labor? A. The Socialist Party advocated the use of spies and secret agents inside factories to prevent unionization B. Some leading Progressive labor groups, such as the AFL, represented only the interest of white, native-born males, leaving immigrants, migrant, agricultural, women, and Black workers unrepresented. C. All corporate leaders like JP Morgan categorically rejected the right of collective bargaining and refused to deal with all unions, which were the voice of the workers D. The most efficient system of production put business owners in the role of having to obey workers, leaving them with no say in the production process or economic decision making

B [Although the AFL represented the most privileged worker, most of whom were native born men, other labor organizations like the IWW mobilized workers excluded from the AFL]

How did the meaning of freedom change in the Progressive Era? A. Freedom now meant the ability to earn higher wages, like automobile factory workers did working for Henry Ford B. As a result of the explosion in mass production and consumption, freedom came to mean having the ability to buy all kinds of products, like washing machines and record players C. Freedom included the rights of women to earn the same wages and have access to the same kinds of jobs as men D. The meaning of freedom shifted to mean the right of workers to unionize

B [As economic production shifted form capital goods like steel and railroad equipment to consumer products, the ability to consume mass produced goods was seen as a "right" of citizenship and a freedom that should not be denied]

Which of the following is NOT true about racial violence in the US during and immediately following WWI? A. Racial violence, North and South, was often instigated by whites B. Returning Black veterans were shielded from race related violence C. The burning of an all Black section of Tulsa, Oklahoma, was the worst single incidence of racial terror in American history D. The period of the war led to a movement espousing Black nationalism and self reliance launched by Marcus Garvey

B [Black veterans were not immune from the violence. A few were even lynched while wearing their uniforms]

What was the underlying principle behind Roosevelt's housing policy? A. Roosevelt argued that Americans should be able to rent cheap apartments if they could not buy a home B. Roosevelt believed that home ownership was a fundamental right of all Americans C. Roosevelt believed that private enterprise could solve the housing crisis D. Roosevelt was discouraged by the eviction of poor tenant farmers and sharecroppers stemming from the Agricultural Adjustment Act

B [FDR, like Hoover, believed "the security of the home" was a fundamental right]

How was the policy of Americanization evident during WWI? A. Asian Americans were not allowed to serve in the military B. Immigrants were required to assimilate American values and demonstrate unwavering devotion to the US C. The government's Anglo-Saxon racial bias caused Native Americans to shun service in the military D. The war spawned a new field of eugenics which advocated a diverse, multiethnic American society

B [Immigrants were expected to become part of the "melting pot" and demonstrate an appreciation for the values of democracy and freedom]

What is an effect that Roosevelt's efforts to preserve parts of the natural environment had on the land and its people? A. Roosevelt's administration eliminated all logging, mining, and grazing on public lands B. The creation of national parks, such as Yellowstone and Glacier, required the removal of American Indians from their native lands C. Roosevelt inspired the Scottish born naturalist John Muir to organize the Sierra Club to help preserve forests D. Government control of all water in the West created a more efficient and plentiful system of water management for everyone, both in the cities and rural areas

B [Native Americans who still fished and hunted on the lands declared national parks were removed, losing their way of life]

The completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 was the largest construction project in American history up to that point. How did Theodore Roosevelt's vision for U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere facilitate this feat? A. Roosevelt believed direct military intervention was the best way to spread American influence abroad and sent in the marines to seize a ten-mile-wide strip of land in Panama to be used for the construction of the canal. B. Roosevelt encouraged a Panamanian independence movement in Columbia and deployed an American gunboat to prevent the Colombian army from suppressing the rebellion. C. Rather than employing American workers, Roosevelt commandeered entirely Latin American immigrant labor to hasten the completion of the project D. Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine encouraged European investment in Latin American countries which helped finance the construction of the canal.

B [Roosevelt engineered the separation of Panama from Colombia in order to pave the way for the construction of a canal]

What caused the Great Depression? A. The stock market crash in October 1929 B. A combination of adverse economic factors that had been building over the 1920s C. Massive corruption perpetrated by bankers and stockbrokers D. The passage of the Smoot Hawley Tariff

B [Signs of impending economic trouble-real estate speculation, and busts, unequal distribution of income, falling demand for American goods-were evident before 1929]

What was the purpose of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)? A. The ACLU oversaw the campaign for government regulation of Hollywood movie plots B. The ACLU defended the right of Americans to free speech and dissent C. The ACLU supported American poets and writers exiled in Paris D. The ACLU led a crusade against the publication and distribution of books it deemed obscene

B [The ACLU worked in the 1920s to protect Americans' legal rights, in particular the freedom of speech]

Roosevelt believed the New Deal should represent and support all people, but often that vision fell short. Which of the following is NOT an example of the way different groups experienced the New Deal? A. Migrant workers suffered from low wages, inadequate housing, and political repression B. The New Deal did nothing to improve economic conditions on reservations or grant Native Americans the right to govern their own affairs C. Social policy was shaped by the idea that women should be supported by men D. Social Security benefits did not extend to agricultural and domestic workers, most of whom were African American

B [The Indian Reorganization Act granted limited sovereignty to Indians while the Civilian Conservation Corps Indians Division employed 80,000 Native Americans in work on reservation during the Depression]

By 1914, Great Britain continued to dominate financial banking, but the US emerged as A. The world military leader B. The largest world empire C. The leading industrial power D. The economic world leader E. The largest and most powerful navy in the world

C

How did eugenics shape public policy during World War I? A. It opened American's eyes to the commonalities both native born citizens and immigrants had B. It successfully undermined nativism and exposed it for the bigotry it was C. It supported anti-immigrant sentiment with an air of professional expertise D. It proved the superior traits of Allied Soldiers over German Soldiers E. It led to a ban on military service for African Americans

C

How did the government try to prevent the rise of women in the workforce during the Depression? A. State and local governments prohibited the hiring of women whose husbands did not earn a "living wage." B. New Deal programs such as Social Security established quotas for the distribution of benefits to working women. C. Legislation banned both members of a married couple from holding federal jobs. D. Employers needed to obtain permits to hire women. E. Women were publicly shamed and spat at for working for wages.

C

How were women so influential in the outcome of the election of 1916? A. The campaign of Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes relied almost exclusively on female volunteers B. The Wilson administration actively sought the endorsement of women working in war industries C. Women were able to vote in the presidential election in twelve western states and heavily favored Wilson D. Although her chances of victory were best remote, the presidential candidacy of Alice Paul galvanized public opinion E. Suffragists exercised unprecedented influence and pressure on their husbands, father, and brothers

C

In Buck v. Bell (1927), the Supreme Court ruled against Carrie Buck. What did the Court say to reject Buck's plea? A. That she was in a mental institution and therefore could not have control over her body B. That the sterilization was unconstitutional, but they would perform a different procedure on her C. That the sterilization was in the name of the public good and therefore constitutional D. That religion supported sterilization in cases such as hers E. That she had no money to support a child

C

How did the economic ramifications of the Columbia River project reflect a transformation in American though during the New Deal? A. Its negative impact on salmon led to the modern day environmental movement B. The Grand Coulee Dam flooded thousands of acres of farmland, forcing farmers to rethink their chosen livelihood in the 1930s in favor of employment in factories C. It symbolized a redefinition of "liberalism" to mean the intervention of national government into the economy to provide its citizens with baseline economic security D. It led to cheaper electricity for the Indian reservations in the Northwest and a greater sensitivity to the plight of Indigenous peoples during the 1930s

C ["Liberalism," traditionally understood as limited government, took on its modern meaning as relating to a national government active in economic affairs]

In what significant ways did the Progressive era change the political process to expand democracy, giving the people a greater voice in government? A. Greater democratic opportunities were extended to Blacks in the South B. Literacy tests and registration regulations were eliminated to allow more poor Americans to vote C. More government officials were elected by the people rather than by state legislatures D. Progressives increasingly felt the government should be run by ordinary citizens, regardless of their qualifications or level of experience

C [After the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, US senators and judges were elected by the people and not by state legislatures. The era culminated with a constitutional amendment enfranchising women-the largest expansion of democracy in American history]

How did the labor movement challenge the nineteenth century meaning of American freedom? A. Interracial solidarity among workers was common at a time when segregation was the norm in the South, challenging the previously held definition of freedom B. Massive strikes by immigrants demonstrated that ethnic differences were an obstacle to labor solidarity C. As skilled workers lost control over the methods of production, Progressive believed that the key to increasing industrial freedom lay in empowering workers to participate in economic decision making via strong unions D. Feminists challenged the traditional rules of sexual behavior, arguing that women had a right to control their own bodies

C [As skilled workers lost control over the methods of production, Progressives believed that the key to increasing industrial freedom lay in empowering workers to participate in economic decision making via strong unions]

How did some policies of the federal government during the New Deal actually further racial discrimination? A. Federal hiring practices made it difficult for Black men to secure employment except in New Deal construction projects B. As a political necessity, Roosevelt appointed white Southern Democrats to key leadership positions, thereby dooming any legislative effort to end racial injustices C. Federal housing policy further entrenched segregation in the United States D. Public assistance programs established by Social Security were not available to African Americans

C [Federal housing policy reinforced residential segregation, refused to channel money into integrated neighborhoods, and excluded Blacks from federally backed mortgage insurance]

Although 1919 and 1920 were troubling years for Progressive leaning Americans, in what way did upheaval generate a positive result for their agenda? A. Anti immigrant sentiment fueled the association of labor strikes with communism and disloyalty and turned public opinion against the labor movement's efforts to expand worker's rights B. Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge overhauled the entire Boston Police force C. Abuses from the Red Scare led to a heightened awareness of the need to protect civil liberties D. The IWW and the Socialist Party were effectively stifled

C [For many Americans the Palmer Raids sparked a lasting realization that civil liberties needed to be defended]

What is one enduring legacy from the Scopes trial of 1925? A. Membership in the KKK skyrocketed B. The influence of Christian fundamentalism of American politics declined C. Fundamentalists turned to private schools to spread their message D. Catholic and Jewish immigrants were no longer targets of religious intolerance

C [Fundamentalists built their own schools and colleges where teaching could be done as they saw fit]

Although the 19th Amendment was a cause for celebration, in what way was its ratification a limited victory? A. Women suffrage did not have the support of the National Association of Colored Women B. The amendment was unpopular with Prohibitionists who saw woman suffrage as a challenge to traditional American values C. It allowed the states to limit voting through poll taxes and literacy tests D. Its implementation had little support on the national level because many advocates had been associated with opposition to American involvement in the war

C [In this era of segregation, state lawmakers in the South tightened their laws and extended the same voter restrictions that had been applied to men to prevent Black women from voting]

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the success of the labor movement in the 1930s? A. The Roosevelt administration's sensitivity to labor concerns B. The decline in European immigration during the 1920s C. The rejection of socialists and communists by the labor movement during the 1920s D. Reaction to the abuses of labor by management and supervisors in American factories

C [Militant labor organizers, many of them socialists and communists who had survived the repression of the 1920s, provided leadership to the labor upsurge]

Which of the following is NOT representative of American foreign policy in the 1920s? A. The United States intervened militarily in Central America to protect American economic interests B. The United States helped facilitate naval arms reduction C. The United States became an active participant in the League of Nations D. The United States, through loans from New York bankers, helped Germany repay its WWI reparations debt

C [The 1920s marked a retreat from Wilson's goal of internationalism in favor of unilateral Americans actions designed to increase economic opportunities overseas. The Untied States did not join the League of Nations]

How was the Sacco and Vanzetti case illustrative of the challenges to American freedom and liberty in the decade following WWI? A. The case revealed that Italian immigrants were likely anarchists who wanted to abolish government and private property? B. The case revealed the extent to which the government was acquiescent international pressures. C. The outcome of the case underlined the extent to which nativism had become a lens through which Americans viewed the boundaries of freedom D. The outcome of the case revealed the extent to which the government would uphold the death penalty for a crime

C [The verdict symbolized the nativist prejudices of many native born Americans who were willing to undermine basic American freedoms in order to deal with what they perceived to be an alien threat to their way of life]

What impact did Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party have on the presidential election of 1912? A. The Progressive Party aligned with Eugene v. Debs, who won an unprecedented 23 percent of the popular vote B. Roosevelt's Progressive Party represented the perspective of Americans who wanted to reduce the power of the national government C. The Progressive Party split the Republican Party Vote, allowing Woodrow Wilson to win the presidency D. The Progressive Party put the conservation movement at the center of the 1912 presidential election, influencing voters more than any other issues

C [Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft won a combined 50 percent of the popular vote, but the split in the Republican Party ensured a sweeping victory for Woodrow Wilson with 42 percent of the popular vote]

What was the federal government's goal in enacting the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 & 1918? A. To prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor B. To criminalize labor radicalism and the formation of unions C. To suppress freedom of speech, particularly dissent toward the US government D. To restrict immigration during wartime

C [These two wartime acts represented the most severe suppression of dissent since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798]

What was the underlying tenet of Woodrow Wilson's moral imperialism? A. Wilson sought to avoid military intervention, seeking instead a nonviolent approach to foreign policy B. Wilson encouraged foreign banks and economic investors to take more responsibility in overseeing the economies of Latin America C. Wilson believed that trade and investment in foreign countries would serve as a platform for the spread of the American ideals of "liberty and justice" D. Wilson disdained Mexico's "government of butchers" and sought to disentangle the United States from the affairs of that country

C [Wilson believed that the export of American manufactured goods and investments went hand in hand with the spread of democratic ideals]

Colonial responses to Wilson during and after WWI

Colonial responses to Wilson during and after World War I varied, with some colonies hopeful for greater self-determination and autonomy promised by Wilson's Fourteen Points, while others remained skeptical of American intentions and continued to seek independence through their own means. Despite Wilson's advocacy for self-determination, many colonial peoples were disappointed by the lack of concrete action towards decolonization, leading to continued struggles for independence and sovereignty.

Immigration in the 1920s

Congress reacted to the anti-foreigner pressure of the post-war period by passing the Emergency Immigration Act (1921) & National Origins Act of (1924). These laws established a quota system that discriminated and reduced the number of Jewish and Catholic "New Immigrants" allowed in the United States. These laws essentially closed the door to immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

How did the global process of immigration affect American urban life in the Progressive Era? A. Immigrants challenged native born Americans for skilled and managerial jobs, which led to significant conflict in the cities among the various workers B. The types of jobs available to immigrant working women greatly expanded, which provided immigrant families with the possibility of upward social mobility C. The huge flux of immigrants entering through Ellis island forced many native born Americans to head west for better economic opportunites D. Many of the "new" immigrants settled in urban centers, creating ethnic neighborhoods with their own shops, theaters, and community centers, often continuing to speak their native language rather than English

D [By 1910, one seventh of America's population was foreign born working jobs for low pay, long hours, and in dangerous conditions, which contributed to the Progressives' concerns about economic and social equality and the need for change]

What was Roosevelt's "Court-Packing" plan? A. Roosevelt planned to push a number of potential landmark cases through the Supreme Court in a limited number of days B. Roosevelt envisaged "packing" the Court with former members of the American Liberty League C. Roosevelt wanted to limit the size of the Supreme Court by imposing mandatory retirement at the age of seventy D. Roosevelt hoped to increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court to change the balance of power in favor of those who would support New Deal measures

D [FDR proposed that he be allowed to appoint a new justice for each one who remained on the Court past age seventy]

How did Herbert Hoover respond to the Depression? A. He launched a campaign of federal intervention in the economy B. He asked Americans to grow food for their families and reduce the number of meals they ate per day C. He reduced the size of the army and used the money saved to help destitute WWI veterans D. He advocated voluntary action by business and encouraged the work of local charitable organizations

D [Hoover put his faith in voluntary steps by businesses to maintain investment and employment and efforts by local charity organization to assist needy neighbors]

Americans were sharply divided regarding involvement in WW1. Which of the following was NOT a reason for American neutrality at the beginning of the war? A. German Americans and British Americans supported opposite sides of the conflict, clouding any assessment of clear public support for the war B. American advocates for social justice believed peace was the only avenue to realize their domestic agenda C. Irish Americans were ill disposed toward an alliance with Great Britain D. Russian immigrants in America strongly supported the US sending aid to Russia

D [Immigrants from Russia, especially Jews, had no desire to see the United States aid the Russian czar's regime]

What is largely responsible for moving civil liberties to the forefront of New Deal discussion of freedom? A. The deportation of Mexican Americans and Filipinos B. Southern opposition to antilynching legislation C. The discriminatory practices of the Federal Housing Administration toward non white buyers D. The methods used by powerful employers to prevent unionization

D [Nationwide publicity about the wave of violence directed against unions helped move the rights of labor and other civil liberties to a central place in the New Deal understanding of freedom]

What was the rationale behind passage of the Johnson-Reed Act in 1924? A. To confer US citizenship on all American Indians B. To establish a timeline for an independent Philippines C. To promote "cultural pluralism" rather than trying to suppress it D. To limit immigration largely to people coming from northern and western Europe

D [The Johnson-Reed, or Immigration Act established immigration quotas that favored new arrivals from northern and western Europe at the expense of other Europeans, Africans, and Asians]

How did the Progressive presidents foster the rise of the nation-state? Select an Answer A. They implemented a program called the "American standard of living," which promised all Americans more than just a livable wage, one that allowed people to participate fully in mass consumption. B. The Progressive presidents supported a new vision of America that included everyone in the country, referring to the entire population as "one nation." C. They supported the campaign for woman suffrage, helping it to become a mass, national movement across the entire country. D. They pushed for more direct legislation, new administrative agencies, and government at the federal level to solve national problems.

D [The Progressive presidents supported and pressed for federal action such as the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906); the passage of the sixteenth amendment to enact a graduated income tax; and the breakup of large corporations, like Standard Oil, under antitrust legislation]

What issue punctuated the difference between the Democratic and Republican Parties in the election of 1932? A. Unemployment B. The Banking System C. The Plight of Farmers D. Prohibition

D [The biggest difference between the two major political parties during the campaign was the Democrats' call for the repeal of Prohibition]

How did the Second New Deal differ from the first? A. Fearing that the Supreme Court would invalidate more New Deal legislation, Roosevelt curtailed federal support for collective bargaining in the Second New Deal B. The Second New Deal intensified efforts to extend federal assistance to sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and migrant workers C. The Second Deal created temporary jobs for unemployed young men at the expense of white collar workers, professionals, and artists D. The Second New Deal focused on economic security rather than recovery

D [The policies of the Second New Deal sought to guarantee that Americans would be protected against unemployment and poverty]

Which of the following directly enabled the mass consumerism of the 1920s? A. Ford discovered the secret of marketing varying styles of automoblies B. Amid a new celebrity culture, Americans focused on leisure and idealized recording, film, and sport stars C. Real wages for industrial workers fell by 25% between 1922 and 1929 D. American consumers become more willing to buy products of all kinds with money they did not have

D [Widespread acceptance of going into debt to purchase consumer goods replaced the values of thrift and self denial]

W.E.B. DuBois (Niagara movement)

DuBois attacked segregation and advocated full university education for blacks, him and his supporters led the Niagara movement and founded the NAACP to fight for black civil rights

In what way did the policies and ideals of Woodrow Wilson help shape the 20th century? A. Wilson's rhetoric of "self determination" and anticolonialism brought a swift end a French rule in Vietnam B. Wilson's strong support for the new League of Nations helped get the Versailles Treaty ratified by the US Senate, thereby ending WW1 C. Wilsonian idealism paved the way for a new independent and unified Arab state D. Wilson's combination of idealism and power politics established a model for American foreign policy for the rest of the century

D [Wilson's idealism-his appeals to a special American mission to promote freedom-coupled with a willingness to intervene in the affairs of other countries and spread American values globally created the model for 20 century American international relations]

What accounts for Wilson's initial success in keeping the Untied States out of the war after the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915? A. As a pacifist, Wilson was conflicted over which side of the conflict to support, if any B. Former presidents, like Theodore Roosevelt, urged Wilson to reduce military spending and remain neutral C. Wilson saw his overwhelming victory in the election of 1916 as a mandate to keep American out of war D. Wilson's preparedness program seemed to have resulted in concessions from Germany without the necessity for direct American military involvement

D [Wilson's preparedness program seemed to have succeeded when, in May 1916, Germany announced the suspension of submarine warfare against noncombatants]

How did FDR structure the New Deal? First and Second Deal

First New Deal: - The First New Deal focused on immediate relief efforts and economic recovery through programs like the Emergency Banking Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), which aimed to stabilize industries and agricultural prices. - It also included the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to provide employment opportunities and promote conservation efforts. Second Deal: -The Second New Deal aimed to address more long-term economic issues and provide greater social reform. -Programs like the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Social Security Act, and National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) were implemented to further stimulate the economy, provide jobs, and establish social safety nets, while also empowering labor unions and regulating industries.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Causes of World War I

Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

U.S. response to the Russian Revolution

The U.S. response to the Russian Revolution was largely characterized by fear of the spread of communism and radical ideologies, leading to diplomatic tensions and interventions aimed at containing the perceived threat. This included military support for anti-Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War and the adoption of policies such as the Red Scare domestically to suppress leftist movements and dissent.

FDR and the Supreme Court

There are 9 Justices all together Roosevelt tried to appoint 6 new Justices to the court Used pretense that justices were overworked Very controversial, unpopular he failed, because they would throw a vote (be in favor of FDR's thoughts) Eventually, through resignations, he was able to replace seven new justices in the next four years

Cultural changes during Progressive Era: Urbanization

Urbanization during the Progressive Era spurred significant cultural changes as people migrated from rural areas to cities, leading to shifts in social norms, values, and lifestyles, while also fostering the growth of new forms of entertainment and social activism.