HIST 1302-Exam 3

By the mid-1950s, for the first time in American history, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar factory and manual laborers. T/F

True

Despite talk of the glories of the free market, government policies during the 1950s played a crucial role in the postwar economic boom. T/F

True

During the war, for the first time in American history, married women outnumbered single women in the labor force. T/F

True

Harry Truman's reelection in 1948 was one of the greatest upsets in American political history. T/F

True

Japanese propaganda depicted Americans as a self-indulgent people contaminated by ethnic and racial diversity, as opposed to the racially "pure" Japanese. T/F

True

The largest surrender in American military history occurred in the Philippines, after the Japanese took over the island. T/F

True

Why did President Eisenhower use the CIA to overthrow the government of Iran in the early 1950s? a. The government had attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields. b. Israel had protested Iran's friendly relationship with Egypt. c. Iran had refused to enter peace talks with the United States and the Soviet Union in 1950. d. The government was slowly adopting communist policies. e. He did not believe Iran was ready for a democratically elected leader after centuries of monarchical rule.

a. The government had attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields.

What did the members of the new United Nations Security Council all have in common? a. They were all part of the allies that won World War II. b. They all were Western industrialized nations. c. They all had suffered the least casualties and financial losses during the war. d. They were the wealthiest nations at the time. e. They all were in control of nuclear bombs.

a. They were all part of the allies that won World War II.

What taste of freedom did women enjoy in World War II? a. New job benefits, such as paid vacation and retirement packages. b. The perks of doing men's jobs. c. The thrills and excitement of military service. d. The blessing of long-term job security. e. A life beyond the control of men.

b. The perks of doing men's jobs.

The principle of human rights—the idea of basic rights belonging to all persons because they are human—was introduced into international relations: a. after the Holocaust. b. in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century. c. when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted. d. when NATO was established. e. after the dropping of the atomic bomb.

b. in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century.

In what aspect of American foreign policy did Franklin D. Roosevelt remove himself from Herbert Hoover's precedent? a. He promised nationalists in China to intervene in their civil war. b. He promised Latin American neighbors to end his predecessor's policy of interventionism. c. He formally recognized the Soviet Union in an effort to stimulate trade. d. He urged European nations to abandon their colonial possessions in Africa. e. He called for the era of isolationism toward Europe to be over.

c. He formally recognized the Soviet Union in an effort to stimulate trade.

Which of the following assessments of the civil rights movement is most accurate? a. The movement was centered in student organizations and college protests. b. The movement invigorated white Americans just like black Americans. c. The movement came as a great surprise and was predicted only by a few. d. The movement grew popular at a time when whites had largely given up on the practice of segregation. e. Although well-intentioned, the civil rights movement slowed down progress toward equality.

c. The movement came as a great surprise and was predicted only by a few.

The shopping mall was the inevitable result of what institution? a. The Internet. b. Fast-food restaurants. c. The suburb. d. The college. e. Free-trade agreements.

c. The suburb.

Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed which kind of individuals to his cabinet? a. A balanced mixture of Republicans and Democrats, since his party did not control Congress. b. Weak men with little experience so that he could have complete control over domestic and foreign affairs. c. Wealthy businessmen to run the government like an efficient business. d. The "best and brightest," young intellectuals in their fields. e. Former government men who had lots of combined political experience.

c. Wealthy businessmen to run the government like an efficient business.

After World War II, the automobile: a. declined in use, and the Midwest suffered economically. b. was replaced by the train as the preferred method of transportation. c. altered the American landscape. d. became a status symbol only for the wealthy. e. remained a luxury, not a necessity of life.

c. altered the American landscape.

The Taft-Hartley Act: a. legalized sympathy strikes. b. banned right-to-work laws. c. outlawed the closed shop. d. was supported by President Truman. e. strengthened the rights of organized labor.

c. outlawed the closed shop.

The policy of "containment" can best be described as: a. preventing the expansion of U.S. economic interests in Latin America to appease growing unrest in impoverished regions. b. a focus on the containment of further military conflict in the postwar world. c. preventing the spread of communism worldwide. d. George Kennan's theory that the United States must pursue normal relations with the Soviet Union, or fail to contain Chinese postwar aggression. e. C and D

c. preventing the spread of communism worldwide.

Japan: a. was aided by the United States in rebuilding its postwar industrial base to establish a strong economic counter to communism in the Far East. b. was under the control of the supreme commander Douglas MacArthur from the end of the war until 1948. c. was aided economically by the United States after the war, but saw very little interference with its political structure. d. A and B e. A and C

d. A and B

Which statement best describes what NSC-68 called for? a. Limited strategic goals, confronting the Chinese only at key industrial areas. b. Limited strategic goals, confronting the Soviets only at key industrial areas. c. Patience on the part of the United States in dealing with the Soviet Union. d. A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment. e. A sole reliance on nuclear weapons in order to spare conventional forces.

d. A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment.

Which of the following statements best describes Japan's overseas actions in the 1930s? a. Japanese diplomats seeking a peaceful solution in a territorial dispute with China were killed in Nanking. b. Japan requested an emergency session of the League of Nations to discuss treaty options with the United States. c. Domestic power struggles kept Japan out of international affairs until 1941. d. Japan invaded China in 1931 and 1937 to expand its military and economic power. e. Japan failed in its attempt to annex China.

d. Japan invaded China in 1931 and 1937 to expand its military and economic power.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Black soldiers sometimes had to give up their railroad cars seats to accommodate Nazi prisoners of war. b. Many black soldiers were assigned to noncombatant tasks, such as construction and transport. c. Officially, the GI Bill offered the same benefits to returning black soldiers as it did to whites. d. Over 1 million blacks served in the armed forces during World War II, many in the first desegregated units in modern military history. e. When World War II began, the air force and marines had no black members.

d. Over 1 million blacks served in the armed forces during World War II, many in the first desegregated units in modern military history.

Which statement about industry is FALSE? a. Since the 1950s, the American economy has shifted away from manufacturing. b. The unions' success in raising wages inspired employers to mechanize more and more elements of manufacturing in order to reduce labor costs. c. New England benefited from the growth in the construction of aircraft engines and submarines. d. The West did not benefit from the industries that sprang up from the Cold War. e. By the mid-1950s, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar factory and manual laborers.

d. The West did not benefit from the industries that sprang up from the Cold War.

What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings? a. Ronald Reagan had threatened that they would lose their jobs if they cooperated. b. As Republicans, they were insulted that their loyalty was being questioned. c. They were all busy making movies and did not have time to attend the hearings. d. They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment. e. They were all communists and did want to indict themselves.

d. They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

The principles of freedom embodied by the 1941 Atlantic Charter: a. advocated for racial equality in all nations, including the United States. b. were initially embraced by Stalin after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. c. included all of Roosevelt's four freedoms. d. reflected the idea of a global extension of the New Deal that would improve the quality of life for people all over the world. e. inspired Britain and France to abandon their overseas colonies after the war.

d. reflected the idea of a global extension of the New Deal that would improve the quality of life for people all over the world.

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department: a. promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell. b. imposed artistic conformity. c. sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock. d. censored the work of modern artists. e. funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.

e. funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.

To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant: a. first and foremost a moral condition. b. racial equality and the end of a segregated society. c. using government as a vehicle for social reform, ensuring an equal distribution of wealth. d. what it did in the late eighteenth century—the right to own property and to vote. e. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

e. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

Hollywood remained the one voice of protest during the McCarthy era, making films that glorified individualism, socialism, and the questioning of authority. T/F

False

In 1948, the Supreme Court ruled against provisions that would have allowed banks and private developers from barring non-whites from home ownership in the suburbs. T/F

False

The "standard consumer package" of the 1950s included a car, house, and television. T/F

True

In the 1950s, what did the term "totalitarianism" describe? a. Fascism, Nazism, and communism. b. Social democracy and the New Deal. c. Capitalism and conservatism. d. Fascism and national socialism. e. Socialism and communism.

a. Fascism, Nazism, and communism.

During World War II, African-Americans: a. witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement. b. received equal access to the GI Bill of Rights benefits. c. experienced full equality before the law. d. served in integrated units in the armed forces. e. witnessed the end of Jim Crow laws.

a. witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement.

During the Cold War, religious differences: a. were not a factor, as church and synagogue membership declined. b. created much division among Americans. c. were absorbed within the notion of a common Judeo-Christian heritage. d. were heightened by the growth of the suburbs. e. were intensified through the institution of school prayer.

c. were absorbed within the notion of a common Judeo-Christian heritage.

In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower warned Americans about: a. the rise of organized crime. b. the increase in juvenile delinquency. c. the slow pace of the civil rights movement. d. environmental hazards. e. the military-industrial complex.

e. the military-industrial complex.

Considering that there were very few radicals involved in the civil rights movement, groups like the NAACP remained unaffected by McCarthyism. T/F

False

Overall, despite good intentions, the Marshall Plan was not very successful. T/F

False

Since he was black, in spite of his great playing ability and character on and off the field, Jackie Robinson failed to win the Rookie of the Year award. T/F

False

The Eisenhower Doctrine was a promise to roll back communism in eastern Europe. T/F

False

The majority of the Japanese-Americans who were interned during the war were not actually citizens of the United States. T/F

False

While in office, President Dwight D. Eisenhower rolled back the New Deal programs put forth by Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. T/F

False

Since the enemy (Germany and Japan) used racism, racism and nativism had been stripped of intellectual respectability in America, particularly with the publication of Ruth Benedict's Races and Racism. T/F

True

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was initiated by Jo Ann Robinson and others who gathered at a local church after Rosa Parks's arrest. T/F

True

The Office of War Information: a. used radio, film, and press to give the war an ideological meaning. b. cast the war's sole goal as retaliation against the Japanese. c. was a New Deal program. d. attempted to stir up nationalist hysteria. e. imprisoned isolationists.

a. used radio, film, and press to give the war an ideological meaning.

The Berlin Blockade was: a. erected because the United States threatened to invade the Soviet Union. b. the reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin's occupied zones. c. a means for the United States to justify its threat to mobilize Allied forces stationed in Turkey. d. a barrier erected by Allied forces in postwar Berlin to shield them from angry protests of starving residents. e. a temporary defensive measure by the United States that was soon taken down.

b. the reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin's occupied zones.

Which of the following does NOT explain why Americans hoped to avoid involvement in the war in Europe? a. Businessmen such as Henry Ford wanted to maintain profitable German markets. b. Anticommunists thought German expansion could check Soviet aggression. c. It was clear to most people that there was little possibility of an Allied victory. d. Hitler had admirers in the United States. e. Many regretted intervention in the First World War, especially after Senate hearings revealed bankers and arms merchants had profited enormously from it.

c. It was clear to most people that there was little possibility of an Allied victory.

What did Henry Luce and Henry Wallace have in common? a. They were both liberals in their political beliefs and strongly supported the New Deal, which they believed should be spread to the rest of the world. b. They both believed that the United States should assume an isolationist policy, leading by example, not by action. c. They were both working for the Office of War Information in promoting, through books, the positions held by the group America First. d. They both put forth a new conception of America's role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations. e. They both believed that the best course of action for the United States after the war was fiscal conservative policies, including high tariffs and domestic taxes.

d. They both put forth a new conception of America's role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations.

According to some critics, how did the casting of the Cold War as a worldwide struggle between freedom and slavery have unfortunate consequences? a. It made it difficult to discern legitimate postwar struggles for economic and political freedom from those simply motivated by American interests. b. It suggested that the United States would align itself against postwar colonial independence movements in the name of anticommunism. c. It prevented any long-term establishment of a diplomatic presence in Moscow. d. It unfortunately positioned the United States as the leader in military aggression, rather than a beacon of peace. e. A and B

e. A and B

Fascism: a. was a political movement similar to Nazism. b. became the political system in Spain by the late 1930s. c. attracted widespread popularity in Sweden and Switzerland as an alternative to Nazism. d. was initially embraced by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who viewed it more favorably than capitalism. e. A and B

e. A and B

The Road to Serfdom: a. advocated for laissez-faire economics. b. offered an intellectual basis for the critique of active government. c. was written by an Austrian-born economist who embraced the label of "conservative" all of his life. d. B and C e. A and B

e. A and B

All of the following statements are true of the Fair Deal EXCEPT: a. the Fair Deal included a provision to create a national health insurance program. b. the Fair Deal included a provision to expand public housing. c. the Fair Deal included a provision to expand Social Security coverage. d. the Fair Deal included a provision to increase the minimum wage. e. Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.

e. Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.

How did black organizations employ the language of the Cold War? a. The NAACP adopted and translated slogans from the Soviet Union. b. Organizations such as the NAACP used phrases such as "freedom versus slavery" to rally support for desegregation. c. The NAACP in particular copied the tactics of communist strategists in labor organizations such as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. d. Most black activists shied away from any nod to Cold War language for fear of government reprisals. e. They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home.

e. They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home.