HIST 1700-- READING QUIZ 2-12
#1 Read the following passage titled The History of the American Revolution (1789) by David Ramsay, a member of the Continental Congress from South Carolina. Select the sections of the passage in which Ramsay argues that the American experiment in government is based upon Enlightenment values of reason, liberty, and "experience."
--"In America alone, reason and liberty concurred in the formation of constitutions." --"In this happy peculiarity they placed the science of politics on a footing with the other sciences, by opening it to improvements from experience, and the discoveries of future ages."
#18 The primary source excerpt below is from a letter written by Margaret McCarthy, a young Irish immigrant living in New York City, in 1850. Identify the passage(s) in which McCarthy references the toll the Great Famine disaster of 1845-1851 has taken on her homeland. My dear father I must only say that this is a good place and a good country for if one place does not suit a man he can go to another and can very easy please himself. . . . [But] I would advise no one to come to America that would not have some money after landing here that [will] enable them to go west in case they would get no work to do here. But any man or woman without a family are fools that would not venture and come to this plentiful country where no man or woman ever hungered or ever will. . . . Come you all together courageously and bid adieu to that lovely place the land of our birth. . . . But alas I am now told it's the gulf of misery, oppression, degradation and ruin. . . . This, my dear father induces me to remit to you in this letter 20 dollars. . . . Dan Keliher tells me that you knew more of house carpentry than he did himself and he can earn from twelve to fourteen shilling a day and he also tells me that Florence will do very well and that Michael can get a place right off. . . . It is not for slavery I want you to come here no its for affording my brothers and sisters and I an opportunity of showing our kindness and gratitude and coming on your senior days . . . [so] that you my dear father and mother could walk about leisurely and independently. . . . Oh how happy I feel [that] the Lord had not it destined for me to get married . . . at home [and] after a few months he and I may be an encumbrance on you or perhaps in the poor house.
-Come you all together courageously and bid adieu to that lovely place the land of our birth. . . . But alas I am now told it's the gulf of misery, oppression, degradation and ruin.
#1 Read and analyze the document from the chapter, titled "Letter to the Middletown Sentinel and Witness," derived from a letter written to a local Connecticut newspaper in 1850. In the excerpt below, six residents from Middletown, Connecticut, react to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act. Click on the excerpts below where the residents describe their intent to disobey the new law. The undersigned are friends of law. We reverence law. We are of the party of law and order. ... Even an imperfect law we will respect and bear with, till we can obtain its modification or repeal. But all is not law which calls itself law. When iniquity frames itself into law, the sacredness of law is gone. When an enactment, falsely calling itself law, is imposed upon us, which disgraces our country, which invades our conscience, which dishonors our religion, which is an outrage upon our sense of justice, we take our stand against the imposition. The Fugitive Slave Law commands all good citizens to be slave catchers. Good citizens cannot be slave catchers, any more than light can be darkness. You tell us, the Union will be endangered if we oppose this law. We reply, that greater things than the Union will be endangered, if we submit to it: Conscience, Humanity, Self-respect are greater than the Union. ... When our sense of decency is clean gone forever, we will turn slave catchers; till then, never. You tell us that great men made this law. If great men choose to disgrace themselves, choose to put off all manliness, and plunge all over into meanness and dishonor, it does not follow that small men should do so too. If Beacon Street [a chief commercial street in Boston] and Marshfield [Daniel Webster's estate] choose to turn slave catchers, let them. We farmers and working men choose to stay by our plows and mills. ... We are not yet ready to give ourselves over to all manner of villainy. Be the consequence what it may, come fines, come imprisonment, come what will, this thing you call law we will not obey.
-When an enactment, falsely calling itself law, is imposed upon us, which disgraces our country, which invades our conscience, which dishonors our religion, which is an outrage upon our sense of justice, we take our stand against the imposition. -When our sense of decency is clean gone forever, we will turn slave catchers; till then, never. -Be the consequence what it may, come fines, come imprisonment, come what will, this thing you call law we will not obey.
#22 Read the excerpt from Judith Sargent Murray, "On the Equality of the Sexes" (1790). [T]he sister must be wholly domesticated, while the brother is led by the hand through all the flowery paths of science. Grant that their minds are by nature equal, yet who shall wonder at the apparent superiority. . . . At length arrived at womanhood, the uncultivated fair one feels a void, which the employments allotted her are by no means capable of filling. . . . She herself is most unhappy; she feels the want of a cultivated mind. . . . Should it . . . be vociferated, "Your domestic employments are sufficient"—I would calmly ask, is it reasonable, that a candidate for immortality, for the joys of heaven, an intelligent being, who is to spend an eternity in contemplating the works of Deity, should at present be so degraded, as to be allowed no other ideas, than those which are suggested by the mechanism of a pudding, or the sewing the seams of a garment? . . .Yes, ye lordly, ye haughty sex, our souls are by nature equal to yours. How does Murray answer the argument that offering education to women will lead them to neglect their "domestic employments"?
A woman, who's life on earth will lead her to eternity of heaven "contemplating the works of deity", should also have to opportunity to prepare for this experience with an education.
#8 President Washington chose Alexander Hamilton to head the Treasury Department, but Hamilton's ideas for a federal financial plan were disputed by his old Anti-Federalist opponents, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Match the beliefs below to their appropriate proponent(s).
ALEXANDER HAMILTON -The future financial health of the republic is tied to commerce with Europe. -There should be a standing national army to deal with potential uprisings. THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JAMES MADDISON -Small landowners and farmers are the cornerstone of a democratic republic. -Principles of free trade are important to the future financial health of the republic.
#12 Slavery in the American South and the West Indies differed considerably. Identify the demographic differences in slavery in these regions.
AMERICAN SOUTH: -Marriage among slaves in this region was much more common, leading to a greater possibility of creating family life. -The number of male and female slaves were about the same. WEST INDIES: -The number of male slaves outnumbered the female slaves.
#15 As ratification debates went on, those for and against ratification of the Constitution (Federalists and Anti-Federalists, respectively) coalesced into distinct groups. Match each of the following characteristics to the group it best describes.
ANTI-FEDERALIST -represented the interests of the rural farmer and the "common citizen" -argued for a federal government only strong enough to do its tasks without interfering with state and local initiatives FEDERALIST -found support from cosmopolitan areas -argued that the country's large size and diversity of interests would be its strength -represented the interests of merchants and the commercial class
#17 The election of 1800 caused a constitutional crisis after it resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, _________ _____.The tie sent the final vote to the ________ __ ______________. To prevent this occurrence in the future, Congress passed the ___________ ___________ ,which requires electors to cast separate votes for the president and vice president.
Aaron Burr, House of Representatives, Twelfth Amendment
#4 Analyze the image below which shows lyrics to a satirical song about the West, written in 1845. What does the image reveal about the contrast between how America viewed the West, and the reality of the West?
Americans romanticized the West as a land of opportunity and promise, in reality it was rough and a difficult place to live.
#6 Identify the significance of the Haitian Revolution for both African-Americans and white Americans.
CORRECT -African-Americans saw the Haitian Revolution as the promise of freedom, and many free blacks emigrated to Haiti as a result. -For white Americans, the Haitian Revolution reinforced their fears of slave revolts; as a result, many whites in Haiti emigrated to the United States. INCORRECT -Blacks in Haiti viewed the Haitian Revolution as proof of the power of plantation owners on the island; as a result, many emigrated to the United States. -White Americans saw the Haitian Revolution as an opportunity to expand their plantations in Haiti; as a result, many emigrated to Haiti.
#13 After abolition in the North, slavery had become the "peculiar institution" of the South. Identify the statements that describe this "peculiar institution" in the antebellum American South.
CORRECT -In the South as a whole, slaves made up one-third of the total population, and in the cotton-producing states of the Lower South, around half. -The Old South was the largest and most powerful slave-holding society in the modern world. -The slave economy in the South revolved around the region's monopoly on cotton, which was referred to as "white gold." INCORRECT -While important, slave labor contributed only a small proportion of the total economic investment in the American economy, far less than the nation's factories, railroads, and banks.
#17 As more Americans moved westward in the early nineteenth century, a rush to claim land emerged. Identify the methods in which one staked a claim on land in the West by dragging the correct descriptions to the image below.
CORRECT -Some Americans purchased titles from land speculators. -Some western migrants simply "squatted" on unoccupied land without seeking a clear legal title. -Some Americans headed for the frontier purchased land from the federal government. INCORRECT -Some settlers purchased land directly from Native American peoples who were moving farther westward. -Settlers moving into the Louisiana Territory purchased land from French fur traders still populating the area.
#11 Identify the statements that describe the Marbury v. Madison decision and its significance.
CORRECT -The decision in the case found part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional for allowing courts to order executive officials to deliver judges' commissions. -The decision in the case demonstrated the Court's power to review laws of Congress to make sure they are constitutional. INCORRECT -The decision in the case established the right of outgoing presidents to make "midnight" appointments to the Court. -The decision in the case demonstrated the president's ability to veto all decisions of the courts.
#9 In what ways did public life become democratized throughout the 1790s?
CORRECT -The general public engaged in bitter debates over economic policy. -Ordinary citizens formed political societies to discuss political issues and to criticize the government. INCORRECT -Citizens were more concerned with issues in the private sphere, and as such did not engage in conversation about issues of national interest. -Citizens were not allowed to speak out against Congress and faced jail time for engaging in political debate.
#4 Gabriel's Rebellion never transpired because the plot was discovered and its leaders arrested; nevertheless, the threat of the slave uprising inspired a couple of outcomes. Identify the consequences of Gabriel's Rebellion
CORRECT -the Virginia legislature tightened control over the black population. -The Virginia legislature restricted the ability of slaveowners to voluntarily emancipate their slaves. INCORRECT -Changes to Virginia law forced plantation owners to emancipate their slaves and settle them outside of the state. -Changes to Virginia law forced plantation owners to emancipate their slaves and settle them outside of the state.
#7 Slaves developed a distinct version of Christianity that offered solace in the face of hardship and hope for liberation from bondage. Identify the statements that describe the religious life of slaves.
CORRECT -Although it was illegal for slaves to gather without a white person present, every plantation appeared to have its own black preacher who would hold church services exclusively for the slave population. -Slaves identified themselves as a chosen people who, in time, would be delivered from bondage by God. -Slaves sometimes worshiped in biracial congregations with white ministers. INCORRECT Slave religion followed strict Anglican guidelines.
#9 After analyzing the following presidential election map, determine which statements accurately reflect the election of 1860.
CORRECT -Among the states that the Republicans lost in 1856, but won in 1860, were California and Pennsylvania. -Upper South states, such as Tennessee and Virginia, supported a moderate candidate like John Bell. INCORRECT -Stephen Douglas, the northern Democratic candidate, gained Missouri and Virginia in the election. -Lincoln carried every single northern state.
#1 What does this map reveal about the transportation revolution of the early nineteenth century and its effect on travel times?
CORRECT -Between 1800 and 1830, travel time between New York City and Florida decreased by one week. -By 1830, a traveler could get anywhere along the Atlantic coast in two weeks or less. -Between 1800 and 1830, travel time between New York City and the meeting point of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers decreased by three weeks. INCORRECT -By 1830, a traveler could get from the Atlantic coast to anywhere in Ohio in six days.
#17 Identify the statements that describe Frederick Douglass's critique of slavery.
CORRECT -Douglass said that the enslaved had a better understanding of American values in their quest for freedom than slaveowners in their attempts to maintain slavery. -Douglass put forward a powerful critique of slavery by pointing out that the practice of slavery went against America's professed value of liberty. INCORRECT -Douglass advised slaves to commit "day-to-day" rebellions, including stealing food, breaking machinery, and pretending to be sick. -Douglass urged slaves to rise up and revolt.
#14 Review the following video with author Eric Foner titled "Racial Division Between Slaves and Free Men." Afterward, choose the statement that best summarizes the author's argument.
CORRECT -Following the Revolution, racial difference became the primary argument for the continuation of the practice of slavery. INCORRECT -Prior to the Revolution, inequality existed in a number of ways: gender, race, class status, legal status, and so on. After the Revolution, all of these distinctions were eliminated. -Slavery was the primary reason behind the development of racial science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. -The practice of indentured servitude increased after the Revolution.
#16 The development of factories changed the production of goods and the use of human labor. Identify the statements that describe how the market revolution changed society and the ways people worked.
CORRECT -Instead of a focus on individual craftsmanship, people worked together to assemble a finished product. -The labor process was specialized into jobs that required less skill and training. -Entrepreneurs pushed their workers to produce more for lower wages. INCORRECT -Individuals used their homes as part of the process to complete an item.
#23 The Bill of Rights is a supremely important part of the Constitution. Identify the statements that describe its legacies.
CORRECT -It established the belief that federal power represented the greatest threat to personal freedom. -It established freedom of expression at the very foundation of political democracy. INCORRECT -It has mostly been ineffective in ensuring the personal liberties of citizens, despite the universal popularity of the personal liberties called for in its amendments. -It has served as impenetrable protection against violations of American civil liberties throughout history.
#10 Which of the following statements correctly describe the changes from this time period that supported the growth of business?
CORRECT -Legal decisions handed down by the courts protected new companies from liabilities. -Corporations, or firms that protect their investors from debts, became popular and profitable. INCORRECT -Courts frequently sided with "the little guy" versus large corporations, especially in relation to environmental damage from factory construction. -The courts consistently supported corporations' efforts to monopolize and suppress competition.
#6 Why did Abraham Lincoln oppose Senator Crittenden's plan to save the Union?
CORRECT -Lincoln refused to compromise on the issue of the expansion of slavery. -Lincoln did not want to surrender his principles to those he had very recently beaten in the election. INCORRECT -Lincoln did not like that federal tax money would be used to study the suitability of newly acquired territory to slavery. -Lincoln supported the right of states to secede and felt that was a better resolution.
#11 Identify the statements that describe life before the nationalization of the American market during the market revolution.
CORRECT -Many Americans were tasked with sustaining their own lives since consumer goods and services were not readily available to them. -Most Americans lived isolated lives not much different from the lives of their colonial forebears. -Cash was not widely distributed throughout the country and was utilized mainly in coastal cities. Many Americans bartered for what they needed. INCORRECT -Americans lived only to the east of the Appalachian Mountains; the mountains provided a natural border between Anglo-Americans and native peoples. -Most Americans lived nomadic lives, traveling from town-to-town in search of work.
#16 The Free Soil Party wanted to stop the expansion of slavery into the West. Identify the reasons people supported the Free Soil Party platform.
CORRECT -Northerners saw moving West as a form of economic betterment, so if the Free Soil Party blocked slavery's expansion, ordinary Americans wouldn't have to compete with plantations to have access to the land. -The Free Soil platform appealed to racist thinking in the North as it did not include emancipation or equal rights. -The Free Soil Party would create more free states, which would break southern domination of the federal government. INCORRECT -The Free Soil Party expanded its platform to include immediate emancipation and black equality in 1848.
#3 Senator Stephen A. Douglas hoped to apply the principle of popular sovereignty to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Identify what "popular sovereignty" means and how it was used in Douglas's reasoning.
CORRECT -Popular sovereignty was seen as a political middle ground on the issue of slavery. -Popular sovereignty is the principle that people should rule, and as such, the status of slavery should be determined by the votes of local settlers and not Congress. INCORRECT -Popular sovereignty opened the issue of slavery in the new territories to a nationwide referendum. -Popular sovereignty left the issue of slavery in the hands of an international court sitting in London that included judges from all over Europe.
#13 Identify the statements that describe the Second Great Awakening and its impact.
CORRECT -Preachers stressed that individuals were "free agents" able to make their own choices, and stressed industry, sobriety, and self-discipline. -Alarmed by low church attendance, religious leaders organized religious revivals where they preached, warning of hell and promising salvation to converts. -It was massively popular and thus it democratized American Christianity. INCORRECT -As a result, many individuals were left feeling defeated by the preachers' messages and helpless to change the direction of their predetermined fate.
#4 The Republican Party of the 1850s stood for "free labor" and "free soil." Which of the following statements describe the Republican stance on slavery and labor?
CORRECT -Republicans were not abolitionists; they focused on preventing the spread of slavery, not attacking it where it already existed. -Republicans acknowledged that it was difficult for some white northern laborers to improve their lives and promised to help create more opportunities for them. INCORRECT -Republicans believed that all white men—including immigrants—should have the same opportunities to improve their lives. -Republicans were staunch abolitionists that believed slavery needed to be abolished as quickly as possible.
#10 By 1856, the Republican Party was a coalition of antislavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings. The Republicans were a mixed group, but they quickly rose as the major alternative to the Democratic Party throughout the North. What was the Republican Party's platform and beliefs regarding slavery?
CORRECT -Slavery spawned a social order consisting only of degraded slaves, poor whites with no hope of advancement, and idle aristocrats. -"Free labor" northern society offered opportunity to move up in life by allowing the laborer to move up to the status of landowner or craftsman. -Republicans were against the spread of slavery, but did not support ending slavery where it already existed. INCORRECT -Republicans believed slavery should be allowed to expand westward.
#13 The Dred Scott decision challenged the very heart of the Republican Party platform. What events occurred as a result of the Dred Scott decision?
CORRECT -Slavery, according to President Buchanan, henceforth existed in all the territories "by virtue of the Constitution." -The question of black citizenship was brought to the center of the national political agenda. INCORRECT -Stephen Douglas formed an alliance with congressional Republicans to admit Kansas as a slave state. -James Buchanan became one of the most popular presidents in U.S. history because of his handling of the Dred Scott case.
#15 How did southerners view slavery and its expansion in the mid-nineteenth century?
CORRECT -Southerners believed that slavery was like any other form of property and therefore could expand into newly acquired territory. -Southerners argued that they fought in the Mexican War and therefore earned the right to take their slaves into the newly acquired territory. INCORRECT -Southerners accepted the power of the federal government and recognized its ability to ban slavery from newly acquired territories. -Southerners believed that slavery degraded free labor and sought to contain it.
#21 Identify the statements that describe the early labor movement.
CORRECT -The "family wage" was the idea that, as the head of the household, a man should command a wage that would support his whole family. -The conviction of twenty New York tailors of "conspiracy for combining to seek higher wages" illustrates that the established order did not accept early bids for workers' rights. INCORRECT -Workers' protests also included abolitionist claims for the emancipation of enslaved laborers. -The fight for fair wages aligned with the Transcendentalist idea that each individual must rely upon himself to advance in the world.
#29 Artisans like the pewterers, represented in the image below, supported ratification of the new Constitution for which of the following reasons?
CORRECT -The Constitution would protect the commerce on which sales of their crafts depended. -Federalists argued that adoption of the Constitution would stimulate and improve the economy. INCORRECT -Urban artisans like the pewterers supported the Constitution's limitations on democracy. -Artisans were dependent upon slave labor to produce their goods, and the Constitution protected slavery.
#2 Identify the statements that describe westward migration and the factors that contributed to the movement in the 1840s.
CORRECT -The United States did not fully control Oregon or Utah at the time. -Between 1840 and 1860, hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children emigrated to Oregon and California. INCORRECT -There was little interest in moving to Oregon until after the Civil War. -Most settlers to Oregon traveled to the region by boat and then took the railroad to the Willamette Valley region.
#8 Review the following video in which author Eric Foner discusses the Cotton Kingdom. According to the textbook, and the video with Dr. Foner, which of the following statements regarding the growth of the Cotton Kingdom are true?
CORRECT -The growth of cotton production in the South was tied to commerce in the North, as cotton export involved northern merchants, financiers, and craftspeople. -Native Americans were forced to cede land in order to provide space for settlement of white planters. -Slavery expanded westward INCORRECT -Cotton production became more widespread because the cotton gin made slave labor easier.
#14 What does the table reveal about the free black population?
CORRECT -The largest number of free blacks remained in the South. -The entire black population in the North was free. INCORRECT -Although Washington, D.C., was in the South, 100 percent of the black population there was free because it was the nation's capital. -The majority of free blacks in the South lived in Virginia.
#9 The table on the left illustrates how many slaves there were in the antebellum South. The table on the right indicates not population, but the relative proportions of yeoman farmers who owned fewer than twenty slaves per family, and the elite planters who owned more than 100. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the information provided by these tables?
CORRECT -The members of the elite planter class were outnumbered by their slaves on the plantation as well as in society at large. -In the year 1850, there were almost ten times as many slaves in the South as there were slaveholders. -The elite planter class was a small proportion of antebellum society. INCORRECT -There were roughly twenty-five slaves per white person in the antebellum South. -Most white southerners owned slaves.
#8 Identify the statements that describe the U.S. railroad system in the 1850s.
CORRECT -The railroads completed the reorientation of the Northwest's trade from the South to the East. -Most of the new railroad construction in the 1850s occurred in Ohio, Illinois, and other states in the Old Northwest Territory. -Between 1848 and 1860, railroad workers added thousands of miles of new tracks. INCORRECT -By 1860, 60 million bushels of western wheat now passed through the South on the new railroads on its way to eastern and world markets.
#5 Drag the statements that describe the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints to the image of the temple below.
CORRECT -The religion was founded by Joseph Smith, and the followers are often referred to as Mormons. -Joseph Smith, founder of the Church, introduced doctrines such as the rejection of alcohol, family as the basis of social order, and polygamy. -The religion emerged from upstate New York and migrated westward to Illinois and eventually present-day Utah. INCORRECT -Members followed astrict, traditionalreading of the Christian Bible.
#25 Analyze the image below. What does it reveal about the ratification of the Constitution?
CORRECT -There were states in both the North and the South that did not support ratification of the Constitution. -Although two states did not support the Constitution, the majority of states supported ratification. INCORRECT -New York was the eleventh state to reject ratification of the Constitution. -While the northern states unanimously supported ratification, all states in the South were unanimous in their refusal to support ratification of the Constitution.
#9 The Erie Canal, illustrated in the watercolor image below, is typical of engineering improvements at this time. Drag the statements that correctly describe the projects completed during this time to the image below.
CORRECT -Towns grew around roads and canals, and isolated farms became connected to transportation services. -By the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had constructed more miles of railroads than the rest of the world combined. -New transportation infrastructure was often financed by state governments. INCORRECT -New canals and roads obliterated towns and forced communities to relocate. -Infrastructure improvements encouraged western settlers to return to the major cities in the east.
#19 Review the following video featuring author Eric Foner. Identify the statements that describe westward expansion.
CORRECT -Westward expansion had been happening since the first settlers arrived and moved inland. -The West emerged as its own distinct region, with its own culture, different from the South and New England. -By supporting the West, politicians gained power. INCORRECT -It was not until the nineteenth century that Americans began to push westward.
#14 Which of the following are valid statements about the election of 1844?
CORRECT -Whig candidate Henry Clay rejected annexation of Texas because he did not want to inflame sectional tensions. -President John Tyler used Texas annexation to facilitate his campaign and gain support from southerners. INCORRECT -Clay's defeat of Polk underscored the bitter feelings between northerners and southerners over Texas annexation and slavery's expansion. -Democratic nominee James K. Polk argued against the acquisition of Oregon, believing it would further incite sectional tensions.
#19 Slavery had a disruptive impact on the traditional political parties and immediately caused political transformation in the mid-1850s. Identify the economic and social changes that led to the rise of the Republican Party.
CORRECT -completion of the market revolution and industrialization -mass immigration from Europe -industrial economy
#13 Identify the basic political principles outlined in the Constitution.
CORRECT -federalism, or the division of power, which is the relationship between the state and the national government -a system of checks and balances that prevents any branch of national government from dominating the other two INCORRECT -the three-fifths clause, which outlines how the slave population would be counted toward state representation -the New Jersey Plan, which called for a two-house Senate
#7 Identify the statements that describe the American system of manufactures.
CORRECT -led to the wide dispersion of mechanical skills throughout northern society -introduced the mass production of parts that could be rapidly built into standardized products INCORRECT -established a system that privileged skilled craftsmen over the mass production of products -leveraged slave labor to build specialized products for international trade
#30 Thomas Jefferson dispatched Lewis and Clark to explore the West. Identify the objectives Jefferson established for this team.
CORRECT -locate a water route to the Pacific Ocean -identify possible commercial opportunities -extend diplomatic efforts with natives INCORRECT -negotiate with Native Americans to acquire more land
#16 Which of the following issues contributed to Jefferson's victory in the presidential election of 1800?
CORRECT -southern votes made powerful from the three-fifths apportionment of electors -the Federalists' failure to mobilize voters through pamphlets, newspapers, and public meetings -voter anger over the Alien and Sedition Acts INCORRECT -the passing of the Twelfth Amendment ensuring that electors cast separate votes for Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr -Alexander Hamilton's withdrawal from the race -northern votes from the commercial class
#28 Identify the groups of people who were most commonly Anti-Federalists.
CORRECT -state politicians -small farmers INCORRECT -urban Americans -wealthy landowners
#1 According to the map below, in which of the following regions were slave populations primarily concentrated around 1860?
CORRECT -the South Carolina coast -along the Mississippi River INCORRECT -the Appalachian Mountains -the Hudson River Valley
#22 Identify the demands of the early labor movement.
CORRECT -the limit of working hours to ten hours a day -the end of imprisonment because of debts owed -the opportunity for free public education INCORRECT -the limit of working hours to fourteen hours a day
#15 The most widespread expression of hostility to slavery as an institution was "day-to-day resistance" or "silent sabotage." Identify examples of the forms of "day-to-day resistance" that the slaves performed.
CORRECT -theft of food -breaking tools, doing poor work, abusing animals INCORRECT -coordinating rebellions -refusing to work
#11 Slaveowners employed a variety of means in their attempts to maintain order and discipline among their human property and persuade them to labor productively. Identify the methods used to control slaves and force them to work for their masters.
CORRECT -whipping slaves and other physical punishments -the threat of sale -prohibiting relations between house servants and field hands to prevent collaboration against the master INCORRECT -promising the opportunity to purchase their freedom if they work hard
#5 As the nineteenth century progressed, some southern states enacted laws to prevent the mistreatment of slaves, and their material living conditions improved. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the improvements.
Compared to slaves in Brazil or the West Indies, American slaves had ______BETTER________ diets. This was because the South had _______ABUNDANT_______ food supplies and wild game. The slaves supplemented the food provided by their masters by _________HUNTING IN THE FOREST________ and cultivating vegetables themselves
#4 Identify the escapes or contributions to escapes made by the following individuals.
HARRIET TUBMAN: It is estimated that she saved seventy-five men, women, and children from slavery. HENRY BROWN: He packed himself into a crate and had it shipped from Richmond to Philadelphia. JOHN QUINCEY ADAMS: argued to the Supreme Court that the slaves aboard the ship the Amistad should be freed
#5 Thomas Jefferson was a staunch advocate to free trade and he promoted the ability of American vessels to trade at any port in the world. In December 1807, however, he persuaded Congress to enact the Embargo Act to ban American vessels from sailing to foreign ports. Categorize the statements below between the deliberate intentions for the embargo (what Jefferson hoped to achieve), and what actual effects the Embargo had. Not all options will be used.
INTENTION -stop European interference with American shipping -decrease incidences of impressment EFFECT -decrease exports from America to Europe -devastation of the economies of American port cities
#19 Identify how the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was similar to the American Revolution.
Pennsylvania farmers were protesting a tax, similar to taxes protested in the revolution
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#17 The Texas Revolt of 1835 was a chaotic affair that eventually led to the independent Republic of Texas in 1836. Identify the main battles and protagonists in relation to the Texas Revolt.
SAM HUSTON: -general of the Republic of Texas army GENERAL ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA: -president and general of the Mexican Republic BATTLE OF THE ALAMO: -Mexican victory over the forces of Texas BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO: -Texan victory over Santa Anna
#2 The culture of slavery in the antebellum South was different from the culture of slavery in Brazil and the West Indies. Determine whether the statements below better describe antebellum slave culture in the United States or the patterns of slave-keeping in South America and the Caribbean.
THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH: -There were few free blacks in this society; those who were free had few rights. -Slave rebellions were fairly rare. -Enslaved persons in this society had better living conditions and longer life expectancies.Brazil or the BRAZIL OR THE WEST INDIES: -Plantation owners in this society would occasionally free their slaves as reward for good work or in honor of rites of passage like marriage. -Slave rebellions were common and large-scale. -Plantation owners tended not to live on their plantations.
#15 A lithograph titled The Industrious Man shows a man returning from work and being greeted by his wife and children. A caption reads, "It is Saturday night. The industrious man returns from his labour in peace. He is welcome to an humble home. Pleasant smiles and happy voices greet him. Let him fear and serve God and God will bless him and his household forever." Using information from the chapter, drag the following statements to the portions of the image they best describe.
THE MAN: Men moved freely between thepublic and private spheres. THE WOMAN CARRYING THE BABY: Women were associated withvirtue, domesticity, and the privaterealm of the family. THE FIREPLACE: The home was increasingly strippedof its economic functions and associatedwith the pleasures of docile domesticity.
#24 The First Amendment faced its first major challenge during the presidency of John Adams when the Federalists passed laws in an attempt to silence their critics. The Alien Act and the Sedition Act both set limitations on citizenship or free speech. Review the following video from author Eric Foner titled "Alien and Sedition Acts."
THE SEDITION ACT -resulted in numerous newspaper editors being put on trial, some of whom were jailed -made it a crime to criticize the federal government THE ALIEN ACT -allowed for the deportation of persons deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities
#20 As George Washington settled into his presidency, factions argued about the role of the new government. Which of the following represents the views on government held by the "strict constructionists"?
The government could only exercise powers written in the original US constitution
#21 The election of 1800 caused confusion for Americans when the House of Representatives was tasked with choosing between Thomas Jefferson and his vice-presidential running mate due to a tie. Identify the action taken by Congress in order to avoid this problem in the future.
They passed the 12th amendment, requiring separate electors to cast separate votes for President and Vice President
#20 North American slave culture drew very little on African heritage. This was due to the fact that so many American slaves were American born and heavily influenced by white Christianity, political beliefs, and music.
false
#19 An estimated 75 percent of enslaved women and 90 percent of enslaved men worked in the fields of the American South. The organization of their labor varied, but two main organizations were the task system and the gang system. Match each statement below to the type of labor organization it describes.
gang labor: -This system of field work was known to be more violent than the other. -Groups of slaves were supervised as they did their work. -common on plantations in southern Louisiana where sugarcane was cultivated task labor: -common on plantations producing rice along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia -Slaves were given a series of daily jobs to be done at their own pace.
#18 Identify the following slave rebellions and revolts in the nineteenth-century Atlantic World.
slave ship Creole: a ship seized by 135 slaves being transported from Norfolk to New Orleans; they changed its course to the British Bahamas where they were given refugeslave ship Creole Gabriel's rebellion: the first of four major slave conspiracies in the beginning of the nineteenth century that was led by a literate blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion around RichmondGabriel's rebellion Louisiana: an uprising that occurred on sugar plantations north of New Orleans; some 500 men and women marched on New Orleans shouting "Death or Freedom"Louisiana slave ship Amistad: a celebrated incident in which fifty-three slaves took control of their ship and tried to redirect it to Africaslave ship Amistad
#20 Analyze the Voices of Freedom document in the chapter, titled Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession (1860). Then, complete the following statement. South Carolina's Declaration of Secession argued that South Carolina seceded from the Union because northerners have __________encouraged______________ runaway slaves, elected a president _________hostile____________ to slavery and its expansion, and worked to __________minimize_____________ the power of slave-holding states.
-encouraged -hostile -minimize
#18 Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the Know-Nothing Party's political stance on immigration. The Know-Nothing Party seemed to be one of contradictions: it wanted to ______limit___________ the rights of immigrants, while promoting an ________antislavery__________ agenda. Ultimately, the Know-Nothings actually accomplished very little in this regard. All European immigrants benefited from being white. These groups had the advantage of being able to ________vote_________ , whereas free blacks could not.
-limit -antislavery -vote
#3 Settlers of the frontiers were challenged by the Native Americans already living in those lands. What options did the government see for the future of native tribes in the West?
CORRECT -they would be killed -They would be forced onto lands farther to the West. -Their assimilation into American society was a long-term possibility. INCORRECT -They were unfit to ever become American citizens.
#11 Texas annexation was not at the forefront of American politics until President John Tyler used it as a rallying cry for his bid for reelection in 1844. Identify the statements that correctly describe the reactions to the annexation of Texas.
CORRECT -A letter by Secretary of State John C. Calhoun to President Tyler linked the idea of absorbing Texas directly to the goal of strengthening slavery in the United States. -Prospective presidential candidates, Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren, met and agreed to reject the immediate annexation of Texas on the grounds it might lead to war with Mexico. INCORRECT -Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren fought a duel over the issue of Texas. -John C. Calhoun believed that Texas should not come into the Union as a slave state.
#6 Identify the statements that describe the experiences of free blacks in the nineteenth century.
CORRECT -Blacks faced widespread discrimination and were unable to find work as craftsmen or store clerks. -Blacks constructed their schools and churches. INCORRECT -Blacks benefited from the market revolution and were able to take advantage of new economic opportunities. -Many free blacks moved West to take advantage of access to public land.
#14 Historians estimate that around 1 million slaves were shifted from older slave states into the expanded Lower South between 1800 and 1860. Which of the following are trends that historians associate with this time period?
CORRECT -Cotton became the most important export of the entire United States. -State-to-state trading of enslaved persons developed within the United States. -Enslaved persons were forced to march across the country in coffles—large groups chained to one another. INCORRECT -Enslaved persons were imported into the United States through the Port of New Orleans. -The South established large urban areas as a result of the burgeoning cotton industry.
#27 Despite his own personal and intimate relationship with Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson articulated a variety of claims about race in his book Notes on the State of Virginia. Identify Jefferson's beliefs below.
CORRECT -He believed African-Americans were inferior to whites in intellect in a way that no democratic society could change. -He believed the bitter experience of slavery made blacks incapable of being loyal to the nation. -He believed blacks lacked the capacity for self-control and reason. INCORRECT -He believed that blacks and whites would eventually merge into a single people.
#6 Identify the statements that describe the Old South.
CORRECT -In 1860, the South produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods. -Slaves and slaveowners were a smaller part of the population in the Upper South than in the Lower South. INCORRECT -Large numbers of immigrants were attracted to settling in the South. -There were no industrial centers in the South.
#7 Identify the statements that describe the population at the time of Mexican independence from Spain in 1821.
CORRECT -In California, thousands of Indians lived and worked on land owned by religious missions. INCORRECT -The population of the United States was approximately half of Mexico's population. -Missionaries in California greatly outnumbered Indians. -California, New Mexico, and Texas were among Mexico's most densely settled provinces.
#12 Identify the statements that describe the life and career of Andrew Jackson.
CORRECT -Jackson was a strong nationalist, but believed in the power of the states. INCORRECT -Jackson firmly believed in the abolition of slavery. -Jackson was born into a wealthy Boston merchant family. -Jackson remained humble and poor throughout his life even after achieving fame and political power.
#8 Identify the statements that describe the Second Middle Passage.
CORRECT -Many commercial districts in southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, complete with signs reading "Negro Sales" or "Negroes Bought Here." -Slave trading within the United States between 1820 and 1860 was a visible, established business. -Virginia played a key role in the Second Middle Passage. INCORRECT -The slave trade between Africa and the United States saw a resurgence, which resulted in more than 2 million slaves making the journey to the new country.
#12 The U.S. Constitution was a unique combination of political principles. Identify the features below that describe the principles embodied in the Constitution.
CORRECT -checks and balances -federalism INCORRECT -"One Nation Under God" -the New Jersey Plan
#12 Analyze the presidential election of 1856 map, and then match each political party to its correct description(s). Please note that some labels or targets may not be used.
DEMOCRAT: -captured the recently admitted state of CaliforniaDemocrat -gained 174 electoral college votes -captured support in both northern and southern states AMERICAN: -gained only one state
#26 The XYZ affair resulted in a "quasi-war" between the United States and __________. When a representative from the United States visited Paris to negotiate a new trade agreement, the individual was met by officials demanding ____________ before the negotiations could move forward. As a result, America's relationship with its former ____________ was severely strained, and the U.S. and French navies clashed at sea.
France, bribes, ally
#18 What does this map reveal about why Jefferson referred to his victory as the Revolution of 1800?
Jefferson won almost all the electoral votes in the South
#23 Identify the following key terms.
--Force Act: passed by Congress to enforce the federal tariff of 1832 --Exposition and Protest: justified South Carolina's arguments for nullification by drawing on the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798. --Tariff of abominations: raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool, as well as raw materials such as iron --Nullification Crisis: represented a conflict between the federal government and South Carolina that eventually led to well-developed political philosophy
#20 Review the following video featuring author Eric Foner. Identify the statements that describe the internal borderland along the Ohio River.
CORRECT -Cultural connections, trade connections, and family connections transcended the border. -There was more trade between people across the Ohio River than in the most northern parts of their own states. -It was the boundary between free and slavery societies. INCORRECT -The northern side was deeply antislavery, whereas the people on the southern side were proslavery.
#5 Identify the statements that describe the results of the election of 1860.
CORRECT -The Constitutional Union Party, which was quickly organized prior to the election, managed to come in third in the electoral college vote. -Stephen Douglas, running as a northern Democrat, won the second-largest share of the popular vote. -Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge carried most of the South with 18 percent of the popular vote. INCORRECT -Abraham Lincoln won more than 50 percent of the popular vote.
#7 What were the reasons for Thomas Jefferson's decision to purchase the vast Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte?
CORRECT -to increase the amount of land available for farmers -to minimize French interference with the expansion of his "empire of liberty" -to ensure access to the port of New Orleans INCORRECT -to counter the rebellious slaves of Saint Domingue -to gain access to California
#10 On the eve of the Civil War, nearly half a million free blacks lived in the United States, the majority of them in the South. Identify the statements that describe the restrictions under which free blacks lived.
CORRECT -They had to carry a certificate of freedom. -Many southern states prohibited free blacks from entering whatsoever. -They were not allowed to testify in court against whites. INCORRECT -They could not marry.
#3 Slaveowners attempted to prevent slaves from learning about the larger world around them. How did slaves acquire knowledge of current events?
Many owners were unaware that slaves created neighborhood networks that transmitted news of local and national importance between plantations.
#24 Identify the statement that describes the shift from the ideology of "republican motherhood" to the cult of domesticity in the mid-nineteenth century.
The idealized image of a woman shifted from that of a mother of future citizens to that of a virtuous and obedient person dependent on her husband.
#2 Identify the initiatives that led to the Democrats' success at the national level.
CORRECT -reduced government expenditures -lowered the tariff INCORRECT -expanded the national bank -increased the national debt
#3 Identify the contributions of John Deere and Cyrus McCormick to the expansion of the market economy in the United States.
They both invented equipment that increased farm production
#10 Using information provided by the table below, select the two states with the largest proportion of enslaved persons per total population in 1790.
Virginia, South Carolina
#16 With the price of slaves rising dramatically after the closing of the African slave trade, it made economic sense for slaveowners to pay less for their slaves' health care and shelter.
false
#25 Jackson's Democrats were firm believers in using the power of the government to legislate a unified moral vision on society, especially "temperance" laws that restricted alcohol use and production.
false
#2 American leaders believed the success of the new government depended on maintaining political harmony. What were they most concerned would lead to conflicts?
political parties
