HIST 220 Midterm
Deism
17th and 18th centuries World set up by God and worked by natural law Man is mere machine without free agency Human actions predetermined by God No miracles, no providence, no right and wrong, no hell
Francis Cabot Lowell and Lowell, Massachuesetts
1813, created power loom Biggest town of textile Labor force = women Celebrity status
Celia, a Slave
Raped by Newsom on the way home from purchase Raped for the next 5 years 2 children, 3 pregnancies George demanded Celia stop her sexual relationship with Newsom Celia tried going to Virginia (Newsom's daughter) Pleaded Newsom to stop raping her because of her hard pregnancy and warned him that she would hurt him
Rise of Anti-Slavery
American Revolution and gradual Northern Emancipation: Colonists "enslaved" by British so hypocritical to not address slavery The Second Great Awakening and the rise of anti-slavery: religious critique, make U.S. holder, free slaves back to Africa
Jacksonian "Democracy"
Andrew Jackson established a democracy that helped only white men 1830s
Methodism (include: Second Great Awakening)
Rapidly growing evangelical protestant group Emotional preaching and conversion experience through rebirth/revivals Dramatically expanding in earth 19th century in the context of the Second Great Awakening—waves of evangelical revivals, 1800-1840 Harnessed newness (itinerancy) Failed Cornell Religious disestablishment (separation of church and state) meant churches had to use persuasion
What historical developments / historical processes led to the murder of John Sassamon?
Prolonged assault / encroachment on Indian land, culture, and sovereignty Conversion Intertribal conflicts and intertribal alliances Pequot War (event)
Cause Celebre
Public attention and excitement, highly partisan courtroom Widespread controversy and heated public debate Touches upon a nation's conscience or social values
Lewis Powell
Lewis Powell would kill Sec of State William H. Seward in his home injured him but not killed
Jefferson's "Empire of Liberty"
Looked west and saw inconceivable fertile land, open territory for white settlement Only if you are economically independent (own your own land) could your vote not be persuaded—foundation upon which founding fathers dared to start a new nation During Am. Rev.
Two Plots: Kidnapping and Murder
March 1865: failed kidnapping meant to turn war around at last minute April 3: Confederate capital of Richmond fell April 9: General Robert E. Lee surrendered April 11: Lincoln's impromptu speech suggesting giving the suffrage to former slaves April 12: Booth tells friends he will do one final performance April 14: shooting at Ford's Theater April 15: Lincoln dies, nation rejoiced at victory and then within days is divested, national trauma
Cornell & Avery
Met in 1830 in Lowell, MA Cornell charged with sexual misconduct and dismissed by mills Cornell asked for certificate of good standing in the Methodist church, Avery said yes, had her confess all her sins in writing, and then expells her from the church and warned others Met at camping meeting 1831 Give letters back in exchange for sex
Robert Newsom
Migrated from Virginia to Missouri, 1819-1822 —part of the westward migration / Missouri frontier Settled in Callaway county, prosperous Pursuit of the Jeffersonian Dream of land ownership and economic self-sufficiency (yeoman farmer) Purchased Celia at age 14 in 1850 after his wife died Installed her in the kitchen and built a brick cabin about 50 yards from the family house
What was Williams' opinion on Methodism? What does McLoughlin mean when he writes (summarizing Williams' argument) that "Methodism was the alcoholism of the factory girl" (83)
Mistaken for devotion Needed community, purpose, looked for collectivism Dislikes Methodism Prays on the lost souls of factory girls Boarding houses required girls to attend church, more exciting option One of the one places women could go unchaperoned—freedom is intoxication Cornell's way out Ministers are attractive, mesmerizing
What are at least three reasons why modernization undermined the stability of small town, rural life in New England in the early 19th century (why do we consider modernization a rupture)?
Mobility/itinerancy (no grounding or community surveillance) Home economy → world economy (men left home) Gender roles, work (productive labor) vs. home (not seen as productive labor), productive labor shift Transformation of household economy Systems of surveillance change (world becomes unsafe) Home = temple, virtue World = evil Production of mills
Cult of Domesticity / True womanhood
Moral responsibility of women to save the world / counteract the evils of the world Gender prescription: piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity Colonial household economy → 19th century modernization separated productive labor from the household (Home vs. World) Exclusively with upper / middle class Factory girls not true women
Fifth Murder: The Lincoln Assassination & Reconstruction
Murder of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth (1865)
First Murder: Indians & Colonists in Early America
Murder of John Sassamon (1675)
Fourth Murder: Slavery & Anti-Slavery in the 1850s
Murder of Robert Newsom by Celia, a Slave (1855)
Third Murder: Religion, Gender, & the Early Industrial Revolution
Murder of Sarah Cornell by Rev. Ephraim Avery (1832)
Familicide
Organized/orderly criminal—everything planned out, multiple attempts, contemplated killing himself and his family for three years Killed wife, son, and three daughters with axes to head and slit throats Hung them over the sides of their beds to bleed on the floor (ceremonial blood ritual), covered wife's face with handkerchief (sign of respect, intimacy, guilt), laid daughters in a row like lambs, covered them with blankets Went downstairs, put two pistols in his ears, and shot himself Followed by public viewing—lots of people of both sexes toured the house and were shocked and outraged
What does the case suggest about the legal anomalies of a system that treated human beings as things?
Paradox
Patriarchy and Revolution (Historical Context) (family metaphor)
Patriarchy authority declining, marital relationships more about love, child discipline shifting Familicide occurs one year after Charles Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown (1781), which didn't end war but turned tides toward Americans Connection between Beadle as father/husband and colonial revolt against British authority Foundation of monarchical power was patriarch: God (father of universe) → King (father of his people) → Man (father of his family) Overthrowing King as a symbolic act of patricide (sovereign power from king → people) Family imagery of the colonial relationship to Great Britain Britianna, the "mother country" King George III, the "father" of the colonies Colonies, the youth coming of age Tories or royalists and aristocracy: believed in punishment of colonies (like father) Whigs or liberal reformers: believed in parental affection to receive willing obedience (like mother) Radicals or revolutionary sympathizers: believed children had come to maturity and independence
Paradox of American Slavery
Person or property Treated like property yet could be held legally accountable for breaking the law Newsom family decision: execute themselves or turn to court. Commitment to law, but not justice: all white jury, slaves can't testify against white person
Southern Defense
"Necessary evil" --> "positive good" Religious argument: justified by bible Racial argument: study with skill "proved" white race superior Cultural argument: slavery took African heathens and offered them white civilization
Booth on the Run
$100,000 reward (just for information) Fled south through Maryland Virginia farm of Richard Garret (hid at tobacco farms) David Herold surrendered, but Booth said he would not be taken alive Soldier shot Booth Last words: "Tell my mother I died for my country" Diary: didn't understand why Brutus was honored, but he wasn't Booth's body treated badly, while Lincoln put in a coffin and shipped
Our Three Myths of National Origin
(1) "New World" Easier to take over the land if the Pilgrims don't recognize that it has been inhabited for 12,000 years (2) "Howling wilderness" The land was settled territory Ex: roads, trade networks, deer runs, burial grounds, planted fields, government, culture, religious systems (3) Immediate Indian surrender Fueled by the fact that Indians helped the English survive that first winter (brought them food and taught them to grow food) Native Americans never consented to conquest and weren't awed by the superiority of English colonists
Assissination
(1) Booth shoot Lincoln and stab Grant in theater box (play lead role) One last performance Grant not their because wives dislike each other Waited for funniest line Jumped on stage and said Brutus' famous lines Booth as actor and confederate coming together First successful president assassination in U.S. history
Pequot War (date? led by? reason?)
1636-1638 Colonists of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Narragansett allies Led by Capt. John Mason War based on land conflict Colonists used religious justifications for taking land and pressured Indians into signing quitclaims
Mystic Massacre (when? who? where? impact?)
1637 During Pequot War Englishmen and Narragansetts set fire to Pequot village near the Mystic River. 500 women, children, and old men killed—warriors were somewhere else preparing for war Established years of peace between colonists and Indians
King Philip's War
1676 Brief but devastating Pan-Indian: Narragansetts, ~⅔ of all native New Englanders, ~⅓ of praying Indians came together to help Philip Huge decline in Native peoples Biggest war in American history in terms of population (10% of able bodied adults) War caused a new era of English-Indian relations, ended Indian resistance, lasting English hatred of all Indians (even Christian ones)
American Revolution (Historical Context)
1765-1783 Declaration of Independence, 1776 American Revolution involved radically new ideas about political authority Causes: population growth, self-confidence, success of resistance (ex: Stamp Act, 1765) of colonies
Catherine Williams
1787-1872 Education, middle-class woman Raised by very religious aunts (because her mom died) Divorced Writing success admitted her to upper social circles Fall River: An Authentic Narrative Attacks Methodism (clerical sex appeal, exploitation of poor, etc)
Samuel Slater and Slatersville Rhode Island
1792, Slater built a spinning mill, first textile mill (after visiting Britain), where it all began, weaving thread into cloth possible as an industrial process War of 1812 (importation of textiles cut off) Where Cornell had her second conversion with Methodists
Missouri Compromise
1820 In late 1818, the territory of Missouri submitted a request to be admitted with full statehood status in the union AND to be a slave state Many members of Congress object because power in Congress would shift towards slave states Compromise reached: admit Missouri as a slave state on the condition that Maine also admitted as a free state Jefferson considered it the death of the union (empire of liberty was going to continue to be a major battleground of people for and against slavery) 36° 30' Parallel through the Louisiana Territory: northern limit of slavery in the west, territory above Arkansas will always be free
John Wilkes Booth
1838-1865 Born illegitimate and poor in Maryland to a well known British Shakespearean actor named Junius Brutus Booth Brutus = lead assassins in the Shakespeare tragedy Julius Caesar Athletic, popular, theatrical, handsome, successful shame of past and non-enlistment in the Confederate Army Hated abolitionists and Lincoln (biggest threat to slavery, a tyrant) Both born in log cabins Maryland wanted to become part of the confederacy but Lincoln wouldn't let it because then DC would be entrapped by states in confederacy
The War with Mexico and the Compromise of 1850
1846-1848—U.S. fought war with Mexico, won, and annexed a lot of Mexican territory Compromise of 1850—the core of the Mexican annexation (Utah and New Mexico) would be open to slavery by "popular sovereignty" (people can vote) Voided a critical part of the compromise of 1820
Violence in Missouri and "Bleeding Kansas"
Abolitionists John Brown murdered 5 pro slavery farmer Anti-slavery forces won fight, Kansas entered union as a free state Violence gave birth to new political party (Democratic Party breaking up --> new Republican Party emerged and elected Abraham Lincoln)
What is a "flashpoint" (murder)?
A tipping point when historical tensions and conflicts heat up and explode or erupt in a single moment (often in violence / act of homicide) that transforms the course of history in that context. Murder arises from a broader historical crisis Significance extends beyond the moment of murder Sheds new light on a major development in our historical past Widespread change/debate after Interpretable
Show Trial
A trial arranged by the government for political purposes to score political points Verdict is determined before trial even begins Symbolic assault on Booth (other 8 served as stand ins for Booth) Confederacy being tried for political crimes of succession, rebellion, terrorism
Motives
According to Steven Miz Mitchell and Rev. John Marsh: (1) economic failure and shame, (2) pride and insecurity, (3) deism Deeply distressed by revolutionary revolt against patriarchy (government by father) embedded in the American Revolution Took personally the decline of patriarchy in American Torn between being a loving father/husband and seizing complete control over the life and death of his family as their rightful leader Striking a blow to reassert authority Claiming the power of the supreme father, God himself. Just as God's greatest power in Deism is creation, Beadle claimed for himself the power of creation and the power of destruction.
Patuxet (include: Tisquantum / "Squanto")
Band of Wampanoag Native American tribal group wiped out by disease (smallpox) brought by Europeans Tisquantum / "Squanto": The one survivor of Patuxet
Southern entrenchment and expansion of Slavery
Before 1793 seemed like slavery might fade from south because land was tired from tobacco. BUT, in 1793, southern states became deeply committed to slavery because of cotton / cotton gin. Instead of shrinking, expands westward Many southerns still troubled by slavery: slavery = necessary evil ("not my fault that my whole economic wellbeing depends on slavery")
Beadle's Paradox
Believed his actions were fatalistic motions guided by a superior power. However, claimed the power and authority (usually attributed to God alone) to kill wife, children, and himself. From a state of powerlessness, he asserted power over life and death and claims that power in political terms (murders are a political act and uses political analogies). Wants the power (free will) without the responsibility (all God).
William Beade (Biography)
Born near London, England ~1730 Moved to Wethersfield, Connecticut ~1773 Likely came from humble background (illegitimate?), but very ambitious Successful colonial merchant until American Revolution altered his economic status (England pound → Continental Currency) Sold all his goods for Continental Currency to support the revolution and it dropped in value Descended into poverty, but kept up appearances, very self conscious Journal writings reflect his ideas about political authority on three different but interrelated levels (1) authority of God as Creator of universe (theology) (2) authority of kings and other political heads of state (political) (3) authority of fathers as governors of their families (domestic)
Senator David Atchison and the "Border Ruffians"
Pro-slavery senator urged political followers to arm themselves, cross border, go to polls in Kansas, and threaten free Kansas voters (free soilers)
Prosecution
Circuit attorney R. G. Prewitt Hearsay and the legal prohibition against slaves testifying against white (legally voiceless) Newsom was allowed to have hearsay because he was "unavailable" (dead) Celia had no legal rights to physical autonomy or self-ownership Newsom acting within his legal rights when he had intercourse with her
How is Cohen's argument similar or different to Professor Halttunen's?
Cohen: more focused on the ways social changes (increased freedom, geographic mobility, economic opportunity) impact mental health. However, many people with mental health issues don't kill their families. Halttunen: more in depth on one specific topic (patriarchy)
Plymouth
Colony founded by Pilgrims in 1620
Massachusetts Bay
Colony founded in 1630
Modernization
Commercial revolution Transportation Industrial (textile manufacture) Communication Urbanization Westward migration Second Great Awakening All these things undermined the stability of small-town rural life in New England Rootlessness, no community surveillance, ruptures
"Fall River Fever"
Committee of Vigilance and Committee of Investigation Appointed important figures in Fall River society Excited mob taking justice into their own hands, responsible for initial suspicion of death, arrest, and extradition of Avery, united behind cause, Harvy Harden tracked down Avery Industrial interests moved this case
Why are English colonists writing so much about King Philip's War during and after it?
Control over narrative Justify atrocities Rewrite history in their favor Very literate society Pride Describe Indians negatively
Dr. Thomas Wilbur
Cornell's doctor Cornell told him that a married Methodist minister got her pregnant and refused to provide for the baby and gave her a lethal dose of an aborticide Came up with suicide theory and then murder theory
Rev. Ira Bidwell
Cornell's minister First person to identify her dead body Refuses to bury her
Death of John Sassamon (include: Assawompset pond, Tobias, Patuckson)
Dead body found in Assawompset pond, MA Could have died of natural causes, but they determine he had been murdered Bring Tobias, one of the three suspected murderers, to the body to see if the body would bleed afresh Patuckson claims he witnessed murder, suspicious because he owes gambling debt to three suspected murderers
The Murder Trial and Wampanoag Sovereignty
Defendants: Tobias, Tobia's Son Wampapaquan, Mattashunnamo English claimed legal jurisdiction over a crime from a different community that had their own system of punishment English disregarded Wampanoags' self determination Tried the defendants by English law, but broke their own standards (1) no one was allowed to speak on behalf of the defendants, no representation (2) only one eye witness, even though court usually required two for capital cases (3) One of the Wampapaquan's rope broke during execution (sign of innocence) but shot still shot a week later
Narragansetts & Massachusetts
Powerful warrior group that constantly competed with Wampanoags
According to Professor Halttunen, what is "Beadle's paradox"?
Deism vs. free will Claimed he had no free will, that everything was already planned by God, but also claimed power in his familicide and referenced the king and other political power Didn't want the responsibility/burden of killing his family, but wanted the power associated with taking their lives
Murder of Newsom
Demanded sex, she warned him to leave her alone, came at her, picked up stick she had armed herself with in advance, hit him once, and then hit him again even harder (because the devil got into her) Burned body in the fire place, asked grandson to clean out the fireplace George is question first, implicates Celia
What is Cohen's argument?
Economic instability, assault on patriarchy, religious freedom, more independence, mental health (acute psychosis, depression, delusional jealousy) "Conditions of freedom"
Rev. Ephraim Avery
Father was farmer Ambition, but no college education Methodist minister Charges people who threaten him with bad character Bristol 1832 Tried for murder and acquitted Left ministry and dies as farmer
Violence of Slavery
Forced labor Sexual violence (NOT criminal offense because slaves defined as property) Economic benefits, form of BC Thomas Jefferson hypocrisy "soul by soul" but we often forget about individuals because of their statuses Voices and silences in the historical record Celia escaped permanent historical anonymity by using force
George Atzerodt
George Atzerodt would assassinate Vice president Andrew Johnson at his residence (Kirkwood Hotel) But got too drunk and went home
Ousamequin / "Massasoit"
Head chief of Wampanoags Signed peace treaty with English Became an unlikely and, in some ways, unwilling hero of English colonization Formed a strategic alliance because of deadly plague that had weakened his people and made resistance impossible and he had seen too many of his people enslaved, raped, killed, diseased
How do the death of Robert Newsom and the trial of Celia illuminate BOTH the experience of slavery by slaves, AND by the white families that claimed to own them?
Her illuminates larger instituion of slavery, does so in a time when anti-slavery was becoming a more powerful movement and in a place that played important role in sections of slavery
Why was John Sassamon's murder a flashpoint murder?
His split identity led to his death which was a tipping point in Indian-English relations that led to King Philip's War Trial was a slap in the face to Native sovereignty Sassamon was a physical embodiment of the tension between the English and Native Americans, an emblem of what was happening writ large
Aftermath
His suicide meant the public couldn't try, convict, or execute the murderer Angry mob demanded his body Strapped his body to a sled pulled by his horse, dragged him to a river bank, and chose a spot between high and low tide Buried three different times—the people trying to process their emotions Corpses of victims, on the other hand, were treated with a lot of respect
Samuel Arnold
Involved in failed kidnapping
Defense
John Jameson, Nathan Kouns, Isaac Boulware Fought hard for Celia, even though they were white and slave owners Arguments: self-defense against rape, unintentional (manslaughter), couldn't have done it alone, self-defense against murder Missouri law 1846: felony "to take any woman unlawfully against her will, and by force, menace or duress, compel her to be defiled."
Mary Surrat
Keeping of boarding house where plan was created First woman executed by the U.S. government
John Surratt, Jr.
Kidnapping and participating in Sec of Sate Escaped to Canada Papal guard at the Vatican Tried but ended in mistrial
In her article, "Mad Enough to Kill," Dr. King notes that "The outcome of these cases, specifically Celia and America's, who killed their owners, along with Nelly and Letty, who killed their offspring, suggest that the lives of whites were priceless, while the lives of enslaved neonates were worthless. This indeed was "madness" of a different kind. What do you think she means by this?
Killing whites is a lot worse than killing blacks Argument: Celia got possessed by rage/devil. She went mad. Slavery passed through the mother. Madness related to the murder of newborns Postpartum madness incited by rape
Madness or one-woman revolt?
King argues it was in a moment of madness, calls her irrational and hysterical Undermines the possibility that Celia was engaged in rebellion. Celia was caught between a violent master and the demands of her slave lover. Attacks her rapist in self-defense, has reached a breaking point.
Military Trial (reasons? problems?)
Reasons: speedy trial, increased odds for conviction (only required 5/9 / 2/3 for death sentence), killing commander-in-chief before war was officially over = act of war Court martial - controversial Herold, Powell, Atzerodt, Surrat executed in 1865 In 1866, SCOTUS ruled this kind of trial unconstitutional, despite war time status there were civil courts that could have tried them Problems - not tried in normal court - sketchy evidence - minimal time for defense to prepare - protection withheld evidence - commission ruled against prisoners testifying on their own behalf
Why did the Cornell murder become so sensational, or, as McLoughlin puts it, a "cause celebre" (a controversial event or subject that attracts a lot of public attention)?
Reflected worst results of the changes going on in England A lot at stake (women, justice, order) Questioning integrity or Methodism Sex, death, private life, religion, moral character Involved two important groups One of the first trials to put a minister on trial for murder Pregnant and unmarried Who she was—a factory girl Raises fear, anxiety Secularism on the rise Women attracted to miniter Threatening to strict puritans Women's issues Slandering moral character after death → private life disclosed Prurient More communication
Abolition
Reformers turn to more radical abolition Sin against God and crime against natural law Slavery = violence, cruel, destroys family, bad for whites, sexual abuse of women/children William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator
Sarah Cornell
Rich mother married father against her parents' will, ended in divorce, family breakup Becomes tailor, shoplifts, turns to factory labor (mill worker / factory girl) Reputation as a fallen woman (stealing, lying, and sexual immorality) Congregationalist → Methodist Fall River 1831 Unstable/unsettled existence
Why was John Sassamon murdered?
Sassamon was a spy and an informant Caught between two worlds (Wampanoags and English / Praying Towns) and two leaders Cultural broker, divided allegiances, divided self/identity
What is Professor Halttunen's interpretation or argument about Beadle's case? What are the underlying historical processes that undergird his familicide?
Shift away from father, attack/assault on patriarchy Monarch → democracy
Factory Girls
Social dilemma / moral challenge Single women living away from home making money Didn't fit anywhere
Edmund Spangler
Stageman, probably did nothing but held horse
How should we interpret the historical connection between that murder and King Philip's War?
The Sassamon murder didn't exactly cause King Philip's war, but it was a catalyst We do not know for sure that Sassamon was murdered and we do not know if King Philip ordered his murder Sassamon represented a connection between the Indians and the English, his death and the war that followed represented an end to the relationship between Indians and English The trial was one of many instances of the English disrespecting Indian sovereignty
Farmer John Durfee
Tiverton, RI, near MA Found Cornell hanging in haystack Buried her on his own family plot
Dr. Samuel Mudd
Treated Booth's broken leg
John Eliot and the "Praying Indians" (include: Natrick, Cockenoes, Algonquian)
Tried to convert Indians to Christianity and "civilized" them Gathered converts, who became known as "Praying Indians," and put them in "Praying Towns" (quarantine them from their people) Natrick, Massachesetss: 1st of 14 praying towns established in 1651, where Sassamon was placed Found Cockenoes to help him translate bible to Algonquian (Sassamon was one of those people) Failed to convert King Philip
Camp Meetings
Used by Methodist churches Outdoors, intense emotional excitement Reputation for sexual immorality Gave women more freedom
In lecture on Thursday, Professor Halttunen posed the question: Why did Celia's white defense work so hard to get her exonerated or to shield her from a conviction in the first degree. What do you think explains this?
Validating her, but as a slave Abolitionist lawyers Slavery apologists Exonerate her is a way to redeem slavery Slavery is legitimate because we've subjected it to the law They may have actually wanted to save the institution of slavery, so they were taking this one hit Slavery = necesary evil Southern law is upheld as civilized
Capt. Mile Standish
Wampanoags asked him for help Cut off head of Massachusett sachem, 1623 Wampanoags horrified—this was not how they did war
Natives of the Northeast before English Settlement (include: Wampanoags, Wetus, Eastern Woodlands, sachem, Cautantowwit, Manitou, Shamans and Powwows)
Wampanoags lived in settled villages in Wetus in the Eastern Woodlands, and used a gendered and seasonal labor system. Each local community had its own local sachem or chief. Believed in a nature religion with a God named Cautantowwit. Manitou: spiritual force that adhered in natural objects, certain places, and certain people (Shamans or Powwows)
Second Murder: The American Revolution and the Problem of Patriarchy
William Beadle Familicide (1782)
Trial
Women vs. men (midwives vs. male physicians) Methodists vs. Industrialists Methodists actively searched for witnesses and suppressed harmful testimony, assassinated Cornell's character Social stakes of institutions and their reputations
Metacom
Younger son of Ousamequin Known as "King Philip" Torn between new generation and the older ones of peace keepers
Themes
gender, class, religion, social transformation
Themes
gender, class, religion, war, politics, social (think of Cohen's argument)
Themes
gender, race, class, war, political and social shifts
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of ______ —"Popular Sovereignty"
of 1854 Popular sovereignty introduced the possibility that Kansas might be made free New England Emigrant Aid Society funded many anti-slavery settlers (free smilers) to head to Kansas to vote Proslavery Missourians and the fear of free Kansas (undermine stability of slavery in Missouri)
Themes
race, religion, war
John Sassamon
~1620-1675 Wampanoag but after parents died from smallpox adopted by English family, taught English, and converted to Christianity Served under English in the Pequot war Serves under Metacom but then proves untrustworthy Went back and forth between the praying town and the Wampanoags Informs the English that King Philip has been meeting with other native groups in preparation for a war with the colonies