Hist 224 Exam 1 (BYUI)

The indigenous religions of sub-Saharan African were essentially

polytheistic, recognizing numerous local gods as well as a single creator god.

Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included all of the following except

population pressures in Europe.

The purpose of alliances such as the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente was to

provide mutual defense and support in case of attack.

One striking difference between the British and the French imperial models in Africa is that

the British preferred to use local institutions to control subject populations.

Which of the following could be considered an expression of enlightened ideas about government?

the Declaration of Independence

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of

the daimyo and samurai classes.

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities.

Portugal led Europe in maritime exploration for all the following reasons except

they had more people and a more advanced economy than the other states of Europe.

The battle of Gallipoli was significant in that

this British-directed debacle cost the lives of many Canadian, Australian, and New Zealander troops.

Although he called himself a Marxist, Lenin, unlike Marx, believed that the revolution

would be led by a small, highly-disciplined party acting on behalf of the workers.

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman Empire.

At the Paris Peace Conference

Britain and France were determined to strip Germany of military power.

The German people united behind King Wilhelm I because

The wars engineered by Bismarck generated strong nationalist sentiment

The most significant impacts of sugarcane production on global economies was

-widespread deterioration in diet and nutrition. -the increased demand for slave labor. -increased demand for tea and coffee. -increased demand for other luxury goods, such as porcelain.

In Spain, the process of state building and political centralization was accelerated by

the marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile.

The "white man's burden" proposed by Rudyard Kipling referred to the

the moral duty of the west to work to "civilize" the rest of the world.

Most African slaves went

the tropical and subtropical plantations of the Americas.

British rule undermined the Indian cotton industry by

undercutting the cost of Indian cloth with cheap British textiles.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers.

In China, a "sphere of influence" was a

district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

Olaudah Equiano's experience contributed to the abolishment of slavery because he

exposed the horrors of slavery, particularly the middle passage, to a European audience.

Which of the following was not a well-traveled trade route in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

from Portugal down the west coast of Africa.

In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of

furs.

The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty, and instead proposed that

governments are bound to the will of the people.

The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the catalyst that started World War I because

his death brought to a head the tensions underlying the alliances in eastern and western Europe.

Theodor Herzl's Zionism was the direct result of

his shock at the army's persecution of Alfred Dreyfus

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit.

Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of

lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity.

One advantage of the industrial corporation over the older joint-stock company was the

limited liability for investors

Which of the following was NOT an economic advantage enjoyed by Britain in the eighteenth century?

local sources of raw cotton

Compared to the western front, fighting on the eastern front was

more fluid, as the Germans made inroads into Russia.

In response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church

summoned a council to clarify doctrine and strengthen their spiritual commitment.

The Luddites were threatened by industrialization of what industry in particular?

textiles

The Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884-1885 established

that, if a European power indicated its intention to colonize and then proceeded to occupy an African territory, it could claim that colony.

An example of a syncretic cult combining elements of Christianity and African beliefs is

the Antonian movment.

One significant difference between the Portuguese settlement of Angola and the Dutch settlement of Cape Town was that

the Portuguese came to Angola as traders while in South Africa the Dutch settled on the land as farmers.

In spite of the ravages of the slave trade, the population of Africa actually increased in the eighteenth century due to

the introduction of new staple foods from the Americas.

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of

the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

The German Schlieffen plan called for

a swift knockout of France, combined with defensive action against Russia.

The key factor in the decision of the U.S. to enter World War I was

Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against the United States.

The first military use of gunpowder was mainly for

bombs lobbed by catapults into cities under siege

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

- was achieved at the tsar's insistence. - was intended to avert a revolution. - brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants. - did not significantly increase agricultural production.

The Peace of Westphalia, which ended of the Thirty Years' War, ensured that

-Germany remained fragmented. the nations of Europe would no longer go to war over religion. -each nation was permitted to direct its own internal affairs. -the balance of power was the new principle of European diplomacy.

Sunni Ali's administration of the Songhay was strengthened by

-a system of provincial governors. -an effective chain of military command. -an imperial navy to patrol the Niger River. -the profitable trans-Saharan traffic.

The rivalry between Germany and Britain up to 1914 included

-an expensive naval race. -competition for foreign markets. tariff wars. -competition for colonies in east and southwest Africa.

Which of the following improved communication between India and Britain?

-completion of the Suez Canal -use of steamships -laying of submarine cables

Richelieu and his absolutist theory heir, Louis XIV, managed to control the nobles of France and their activities by

-crushing the most powerful nobles in a civil war early in his reign. -heavily taxing the nobles' estates so they could ---no longer fund private armies. requiring the nobility to live at Versailles where he could distract them and keep an eye on them. -appointing hundreds of new nobles from the merchant class, who were loyal to him.

Martin Luther's work had an enthusiastic popular support because

-he attacked the sale of indulgences that the poor could not afford. -many Christians shared his concern about the corruption of the Church. -many German princes saw this as a way to break away from the Church. -he supported the translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular languages.

Ibn Battuta was able to travel extensively across Asia and Africa in the early fourteenth century because...?

-he was welcomed as an Islamic judge in many Muslim kingdoms. -new maritime technology made long-distance travel more common. -he was able to take advantage of existing trade routes. -the Mongol kingdoms provided safe passage for merchants and travelers.

Improvements in transportation, such as the railroads and steamships,

-lowered transportation costs. -linked industrial centers with overseas resources. -facilitated the movement of people as well as goods. -facilitated delivery of manufactured products to consumers.

Proponents of "scientific racism" argued that

-race could be biologically defined and characterized. -western dominance was justified on the basis on racial superiority. -the theories of Charles Darwin supported world dominance by the "fittest" races. -people of European descent were morally superior to other races.

By 1900, birthrates had sharply declined in most industrialized countries because

-raising children was more expensive in an industrial society than in an agricultural one. -declining infant mortality meant that more of the children born were likely to survive. -improved health and nutrition reduced overall death rates. -married couples actively practiced birth control.

African slaves were in demand for the New World because

-so many Native Americans died from imported diseases. -native peoples frequently escaped into the hinterlands. -sugar plantations in the Caribbean required considerable labor. -Spanish and Portuguese conquerors disdained manual labor.

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

-the Janissary corps was more interested in palace intrigues than in military training. -the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army. -many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies. -Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment.

One reason for the hysterical witch-hunts of the sixteenth century was that

-the conflicts of the Reformation contributed to a climate of suspicion and violence. -unusual natural phenomena suggested supernatural causes.

In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in

-the introduction of infectious diseases. -the staggering loss of indigenous populations. -the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. -the introduction of food crops such as wheat.

Which of the following could be considered a contributing cause of the Russian revolution of 1905?

-the lack of a representative legislative body -the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War -the Bloody Sunday massacre -the government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership

Which of the following might be a feature or effect of cultural nationalism?

-the study of your culture's language -the study of your culture's history -collecting folk songs and fairy tales of your culture -anti-Semitism

In response to socialist demands for social and economic reform, most governments

-treated trade unions as illegal organizations. -supported business and prosecuted strikers. -passed laws restricting child labor. -extended the vote to the working class.

Cecil Rhodes was

A leading British imperialist who founded a colony in South Africa

In addition to fighting off Allied forces, the Ottoman empire faced insurrection from the

Arabs.

By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce except

Australia.

The last country to abolish slavery was

Brazil

The first European power to abolish the slave trade was

Britain

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following except

Cape Town from the Dutch.

Chinese naval expeditions were abruptly ended in 1433 because

Chinese naval expeditions were abruptly ended in 1433 because

John Calvin's contribution to the furthering of the Protestant Reformation came from

Codifying Protestantism into a coherent and organized manner.

By the end of the nineteenth century, nationalistic movements resulted in independent sovereignty for all of the following EXCEPT

Ireland.

The Battle of Omdurman clearly demonstrated that

European troops with modern weapons could subdue a vast native army.

T/F: In contrast to modern stereotypes, nearly half of all accused witches were men.

False

T/F: Sufi Islam advocated a more rigid and dogmatic interpretation of true religious devotion than traditionally orthodox interpretations of Islam.

False

This government gave the most workers' rights, pensions, and social security than other industrializing nations of the in the late nineteenth century?

Germany

Choose the order in which these African empires arose:

Ghana, Mali, Songhay

One region relatively unaffected by the plague was

India

The population of the industrial world grew dramatically in the nineteenth century, in part because

Improved transportation networks resulted in cheaper food and therefore better diets.

In general, Napoleon championed

In general, Napoleon championed

Which region is incorrectly paired with a primary trade good?

Japan and spices.

The dynasty that succeeded the Yuan was the

Ming

The Yuan dynasty was dominated by which foreign culture?

Mongol

The Songhay Empire was toppled by

Morocco

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

The Portuguese slave trade began in the mid-fifteenth century with Portuguese raiders capturing African men and selling them in Europe. How had this trade changed by the mid-sixteenth century?

Portuguese merchants bought slaves from African raiders and sold them to Europe and the Americas.

Although relations between Portugal and the Kongo were initially friendly, the Kongo was ultimately destroyed because

Portuguese slave traders undermined the authority of the kings.

Which individual is incorrectly paired with a scientific discovery?

Ptolemy and the moons of Jupiter.

Which of the following is NOT a correct explanation of why the Haitian revolution succeeded?

The revolutionaries had the support of British and Spanish forces.

Match the two kingdoms involved in the Spanish Armada

Spain v. England

The Thirty Years' War began when

The Holy Roman Emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Catholicism.

Which of the following is not considered to be part of the Catholic Reformation

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Why had most European governments abandoned concessionary companies in Africa by the early twentieth century?

The brutal use of forced African labor by companies provoked a public outcry in Europe.

The example of Thomas Peters establishing the slave refuge in West Africa called Sierra Leone illustrates

The extensive linkages between lands in the Atlantic Ocean basin.

Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as

a military hero

What effect did World War I have on the status of women?

Women in many countries received the vote in the years after the war.

The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasca da Gama offered European merchants

a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using

a combination of square and lateen sails.

Which of the following was NOT one of the causes of the French revolution of 1789?

accusation of treason against Louis XVI

The colonization of the Belgian Congo is noted for the

brutal treatment of the Congolese people by King Leopold II.

The British maintained their head start in industrialization

by forbidding the export of machinery and expertise.

In World War I, "no man's land" was the

deadly territory between opposing trenches.

Unlike the British in India, the French in Indochina

encouraged conversion to Christianity

One social goal of the British authorities in India was to

establish English-style schools for children of Indian elites

In their critique of industrial capitalism, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that

only a communist revolution would overcome the abuses of capitalism and create a just and equal society.

Dreadnoughts were designed primarily to

protect merchant shipping and conduct high-seas battles.

The purpose of the Twenty-One Demands was to

reduce China to the status of a Japanese protectorate.

Which of the following was NOT a military technology used in World War I?

rocket-powered missiles

A Renaissance humanist is one who

seeks to reconcile Christian contemplation with public responsibilities.