HIST302 Exam 2

Bloody Shirt politics

"Waving the Bloody Shirt" was a term used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats who brought on the war. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. Johnson's Plan (May, 1865) Offered amnesty upon simple oath t all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over 20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson). Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Radicals criticized his plan for its neglect of black voting rights. Moderates waited, knowing northern opposition to enfranchising black people. Johnson also granted 13,500 special pardons. Creation of the joint committee on reconstruction. February 1866: Johnson vetoes the Freedman's Bureau Bill. March 1866:Johnson vetoes the Civil Rights Bill designed to give rights basic protections of citizenship. Congress passed the bills over Johnson's veto (A first in U.S. history).

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take an "iron clad" loyalty oath of allegiance- swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. Required a Constitutional convention before the election of state officials

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime". Required the continuance in office of any government official dismissed by the president until the senate confirmed the new appointee(including cabinet members and the general of the army.) Designed to protect radical appointees of the Lincoln administration, namely Sec. of War Edwin Stanton. The firing of Edwin Stanton in February of 1868 led up to the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Commutation

After the Enrollment Act (Civil War Military Draft Act) was passed in 1863, the goal was initially to provide the Union military with fresh manpower. Commutation was a way for these drafted citizens to avoid battle and war. To qualify for this commutation, citizens needed to pay 300 dollars to escape the draft. This action has good intent as it raises money for the war effort while also providing fresh manpower for battle. This actually proved to be a much better way of fund raising the war as many citizens were unwilling and provided poor service to the military.

"March to the Sea" (Geog.)

Began in Northern Georgia, continued down to Savannah, GA, then climbed through South Carolina and up to Raleigh where it ended.

William T. Sherman (Geog.)

Began in Northern Georgia, continued down to Savannah, GA, then climbed through South Carolina and up to Raleigh where it ended. Born in Ohio

Benjamin Butler

Benjamin Butler was a Union general. He had a large role in the controversy of the "contraband of war". Many slaves took advantage of policy written on May 30th, 1861. General Butler is also famously known for his role in New Orleans as he directed his troops off the Mississippi coast and conducted the capture of New Orleans in May of 1862. After conquering New Orleans, Butler demanded oaths of allegiance from anyone who wanted any privilege from the government and he confiscated weapons.

Bread Riots

Bread riots occurred in the spring of 1863 in Richmond, Mobile, Atlanta, Macon, and elsewhere due to the shortage of food, in particular, bread. Other reasons for these riots included inflation making the prices soar too high, and women's lack of money. These wives and widows of soldiers blamed the government and speculators went into the streets and took food and clothing from various businesses.

conscription

Conscription is a military draft. In the south the conscription act triggered protests across the Confederacy. Passed by the Confederate congress on April 16, 1862, many believed drafts were considered a violation of individual liberties by the government. A provision of the initial act allowed for a draftee to hire a substitute to take his place. This rescinded in December 1863 due to the conflict potentially becoming "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight." The draft required that white men between 18-35 serve. This number was later broadened to 18-45, and later was extended to 17-50.

Lincoln's 10% plan

December 8, 1863 *Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with "malice toward none, with charity for all." *Lincoln's "10% Plan" allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery *When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed *This plan was not accepted by Congress

Exemptions

Exemptions were given to a large amount of Confederate citizens. These included teachers of twenty pupils or more, one master who owns twenty or more slaves, ministers, druggists, mail carriers or postmasters, civil officers of state or national government, workers on railroads, ferries, or telegraph operators, employees in cotton mills, mines, furnaces, and foundries, shoemakers, blacksmiths, tanners, millers, or salt makers. This is important because many wealthy southerners did not have to fight even though they fought to defend slavery, many wealthy slave owners did not even fight.

Appomattox

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. In Grant's terms of surrender, he made sure to show both his and President Lincoln's desire that the Confederates be neither humiliated nor punished. Rather the Rebels were to just "lay down arms", return home as paroled prisoners, and promise to obey the laws of the United States. Grant did not require Lee to hand over his sword and southern officers could retain their sidearms. Officers were able to keep their horses and mules as well. Grant stressed that the Rebels are now fellow countrymen once again.

Cold Harbor

Fought during the American Civil War from June 1 to June 3, 1864, near Cold Harbor, Virginia, it culminated in the slaughter of more than 13,000 Union soldiers attempting to advance to the Confederate entrenchment. The Confederates lost fewer than 2,000 men, and even they were shocked by the carnage caused by the folly of the Union commanders. Another part of the overland campaign

Atlanta Campaign (Geog.)

Georgia

Chickamauga (Geog.)

Georgia

15th Amendment

In 1867, radical reconstruction gave black men the right to vote in the south. This was important for northern republicans because ensuring the black vote would definitely help the party in years to come.

Presidential reconstruction

In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office. This was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

John C. Fremont

John C. Fremont is famously known as the first candidate for the Republican Party where he ran in 1856. In this election he lost to Democratic candidate James Buchanan and became the first presidential candidate that strongly advocated for the emancipation of slaves. In the Civil War John C. Fremont was a Union Major General and commander of the Western Department. Fremont sparked lots of controversy for pressuring emancipation in areas under his control. He went beyond the Lincoln Administration's policy of contraband by emancipating the slaves of Missouri on August 30, 1861. Lincoln feared that this would anger residents of slave-holding border states due to his unauthorized action. Lincoln ordered him to revoke it on September 11.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant Confederate General Lorenzo Thomas. The 11 week trial began in March The senators acquitted Johnson 35 to 19 (one vote short of the necessary 2/3) 7 republicans were among the nays Johnson remained in office as a "lame duck"

New York City draft riots

July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. Due to the drafts, unhappy Democrats across the United States did not like the idea of being forced into service to free enslaved black people. The New York City Draft Riots on July 13-16, 1863 were some of the most violent oppositions. Mobs of mainly working-class men who were angered over the draft initially took to the streets and began the violence. The riots later turned into a race riot that targeted black men, women, and children. They targeted these black people primarily because they feared that once the war was over, they would take their jobs for cheap labor. More than one hundred people died during the four day riots and the citizens remained unhappy with conscription and emancipation.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War. Black codes' purpose was to keep African Americans subordinate in order to reassemble labor to harvest cotton and other crops. These codes enforced labor contracts requiring African Americans to work a full year. Some areas made whipping a legal form of punishment as well as black unemployment a crime.

Tax-in-kind

Like the Union, the Confederacy relied on taxes, loans, and paper money to fund the war. We see a large surge in taxes as we reach 1863 as the Confederacy is now low on money and resources. A "tax-in-kind" was implemented in 1863 and southern farmers, after reserving certain amounts for their own use, Confederate law required farmers to pay the government one-tenth of their major food crops, including wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, hay, beans, and bacon.

Vicksburg (Geog.)

Mississippi

Impressment

On March 26 of 1863, congress passed an Impressment Law that allowed for officials of the War Department to purchase animals, food, and fuel at prices set by the government. This law also stated that slaves could be impressed to work on fortifications and other war-related projects. This brought up lots of debate especially in terms of the governments war time power. Farmers complained that the prices were set way too low of a true market value, the government disrupted normal agricultural production, and they believed the military mistreated their slaves.

Siege of Petersburg

Only Lee's Army of Northern Virginia remained as a substantial military force to oppose the Union Army. For nine months, Grant and Lee had faced each other from 53 miles of trenches during the Siege of Petersburg. Lee's forces had been reduced to 50,000, while Grant's had grown to over 120,000. The Southern troops began to melt away as the end became clear. On April 2, Grant ordered an attack on Petersburg and broke the Confederate line. Lee and his shrinking army were able to escape. A main focal point in the siege of Petersburg was that Petersburg held the key to the control of Richmond. There was a large series of railroads and roads that kept Lee's army supplied.

Civil Rights Bill

Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property, and guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law. Signed in 1866

Gettysburg (Geog.)

Pennsylvania

Confiscation Acts

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy These confiscation acts were passed in 1861 and allowed Union forces to seize and confiscate any property (including slaves) of Confederate property.

Atlanta Campaign

Sherman's attack on Atlanta... destroyed railroads, businesses; burned Atlanta to the ground. 1864 A series of battles fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864; a Union military campaign led by William T. Sherman from May 1864-September 1864 with the Atlanta as the ultimate objective; Sherman's army marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta. Included the battles of Dalton (Union victory), Resaca (Union victory), and Kennesaw Mountain (Confederate victory; only Union loss during the campaign). The Union ultimately won the campaign while suffering 31,000 casualties, and the Confederates suffered 35,000 casualties.

"March to the Sea"

Sherman's march from Atlanta, Georgia, to Savannah, Georgia which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea. They wanted to destroy the Southern economy and morale, leading to Southern surrender. This march also used Grants strategy of exhaustion by destroying a vast amount of war-related material on a front 60 miles wide. It spanned from November 15- December 21, 1864. Sherman wrote to Lincoln saying that he would like to present him a Christmas gift of the city of Savannah.

substitution

Substitution was another way a drafted soldier could get out of battle. A drafted man could hire a substitute if there were any available. This was an option until December 1863 because conflict could potentially become "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight." This was good for many drafted citizens who were pacifists and did not wish to indulge in fighting.

Siege of Chattanooga (Geog.)

Tennessee

Greenbacks

The name given to paper money. Along with taxes, and loans, greenbacks were essential to both the Union and Confederacy see they were able to pay off their war debts. Near the end of the war, nearly 450 million dollars in greenbacks had been placed in circulation and were legal tender.

Was the civil war a "total war"

This heavily debated topic in my opinion is that the Civil War was a total war. A total war in my opinion is mainly classified as a country making no distinction between combatants and noncombatants, no discrimination between taking the lives of enemy soldiers and those of enemy civilians; it is war "without any scruple or limitations". Given this, I think it is important to recognize that the Civil War at first was not a total war but this changed with key figures such as General Sherman, General Sheridan, and even Abraham Lincoln all demonstrating what total war is through actions and words. In Sherman's famous march, he did not abide by the rules of war. He killed many civilians, burned towns, farms, and many other places that he suspected of having Rebels in it. Total war was demonstrated in the south by the use of violence and words as well. It is also important to think about the homefront when classifying a total war because during a total war, the entire country has an "all in" approach. This remained true during the Civil War because we saw many women joining the work force as well as children, and younger enlistment ages.

Appomattox (Geog.)

Virginia

Battle of the Crater (Geog.)

Virginia

Cold Harbor (Geog.)

Virginia

Siege of Petersburg (Geog.)

Virginia

Wilderness (Geog.)

Virginia

Paper Money

Paper money was first introduced as a legal tender form of currency in the United States during the Civil War. They came in two forms: Demand notes (1861-1862), and United States Notes (1862-1865). The Legal Tender Act of February 25, 1862, authorized the Treasury Department to issue 150 million in notes (commonly known as greenbacks). Although paper money has been used for a long time, this was the first time they were considered legal tender. People who opposed paper money believed that no one would accept greenbacks as a substitute for gold and silver. They were proven wrong as by the end of the war nearly 450 million in greenbacks had been placed in circulation. Paper money became a major issue as Confederates dealt with large amounts of inflation because Confederate Treasury Secretary, Christopher Memminger, fueled inflation by printing 1.5 billion dollars in paper money backed by faith alone. By early 1865, these notes were worth only 1.7 cents on the dollar.

Reconstruction Acts

Passed in 1867. The key points were that it divided the south into five military districts and were governed by military governors until the state constitutions could be written and approved by congress. It made All males, regardless of race, but excluding former Confederate leaders, were permitted to participate in the constitutional conventions that formed the new governments in each state. New state constitutions were required to provide for universal manhood suffrage (voting rights for all men) without regard to race. States were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in order to be readmitted to the Union.

Freedman's Bureau Bill

Passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to create an organization to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment in the South. The Freedman's Bureau Bill was designed to help poor whites and blacks in the south after the civil war. The bill provided housing, medical aid, schooling, and legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on confiscated and abandoned land during the war. Although Congress approved this act over President Johnson's Veto, it could never reach full potential due to lack of funds and personnel, along with the politics of race and reconstruction. The Freedman's Bureau Bill pathed the way for sharecropping.

Emancipation Proclamation

President Abraham issued the Emancipation proclamation on January 1, 1863. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." This proclamation only freed slaves in the 10 southern states. The four slave-holding Union states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) did not have to free their slaves until a later separate federal action. The actions of Benjamin Butler, John C. Fremont, and David Hunter shed light on the issue of emancipation and inspired many debates on the pros of emancipation.

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts The fourteenth amendment was passed in June 1866 as republican leaders feared the president's sabotage of the Civil Rights Act.The amendment denied black people as citizens, assured all citizens equal protection under the law, and declared that a state could not "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of laws." It also barred some prominent Confederate officials from holding public office. Lastly the amendment repudiated all national debt from the Confederacy. States would also be punished for denying black citizens the right to vote by giving them less representation in congress.

Battle of the Crater

A battle that was part of the Siege of Petersburg. The Union dug under the Confederate troops and planted a bunch of dynamite, which exploded and created a gap in the enemy line. However, the Union troops fell in the hole in created and couldn't get out, and the Confederates were firing at them. It oddly enough became a massacre of the Union soldiers. part of the siege of Petersburg. A part of Grant's army were coal miners who volunteered to dig under the confederate army and set up an explosive. Blew a huge crater in the ground and several confederates died. Union army, however, was not organized and the people who were trained to go in and finish off the Confederates didn't go and instead another group went...right into the crater. Huge failure.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War This group was most represented in the Butternut region of southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. They are also strong in towns with heavy working class influence. The Copperhead wing of the Democratic Party believed that emancipation was detrimental to the north as it tore apart and split the north up. They also believed that Lincoln cared more about freeing the slaves rather than salvaging the work of the founding fathers.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Gettysburg also marks a major, if not the most major turning point in the war. Although the Union did win the battle, Lincoln was not happy about general Meade's inactivity to continue attacking Lee's troops while they were retreating. Due to this, Lincoln knew that the war will definitely be prolonged.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in Tennessee, 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. They held many shootings as well as public lynchings as a form of intimidation to black southern voters.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. On May 5-6 this battle resulted in 18,000 northern casualties and 12,000 southern casualties. The Battle of the Wilderness was part of Lee and Grant's overland campaign which held frequent battles while each side trades heavy blows on each other.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Sharecropping came about because blacks struggled to find work in the new south. Land owners would give blacks a spot of land and they could receive tools, seeds, a house, and even a horse/mule to help them farm. They would then have a share of the crops harvested. Due to the lack of funds in the Freedman's Bureau Bill, many black southerners had to resort to sharecropping because many were illiterate and could not work other jobs.

Who freed the slaves?

Abraham Lincoln is known today as the "great emancipator". I believe this is true but it would be wrong to not recognize all aspects of "who freed the slaves". To answer this question we need to look at what led up to the emancipation proclamation. The Contraband of war act was first brought up due to Benjamin Harris and his fugitive slaves that fled the south and their masters. Also, the illegal actions of both John C. Fremont and David Hunter also brought up controversy as they attempted to emancipate areas of Union control in multiple states. Then the emancipation proclamation, passed by Abe Lincoln, officially freed the slaves but I think it would be wrong to not acknowledge the acts of Harris, Fremont, and Hunter and their influence on emancipation. It is also important to recognize the soldiers and their role in fighting against the south which ultimately resulted in a Union victory and freed the slaves. The last group I think it is important to acknowledge would be the slaves themselves. Many slaves ran away and escaped to the north. Many also rebelled against their owners in the process. African Americans also played a large role in the fighting itself during the war whether they were laborers or fighters. I believe it can be fair to say that African Americans played just as big of a role in emancipation as Lincoln did. I think it is wrong to place the question of "who freed the slaves" onto one specific person or groups of people as we saw many individuals and groups contribute to the cause of freeing the slaves.

Siege of Chattanooga

After the loss at the Battle of Chickamauga, General Ulysses S. Grant was given command of union forces in the West. The Siege of Chattanooga spanned from October to November 1863 and resulted in a Union victory with the Union casualties number being about 5,800 and southern casualties at about 6-8,000. This victory marked the third key victory in turning the tide of the war after both Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

Clement Vallandigham

Clement Vallandigham was an Ohio politician and the leader of the Copperhead faction of the anti-war Democrats during the civil war. He served two terms in the House of Representatives between 1858 and 1863. Vallandigham tried to form a "Northwest Confederacy" where Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois would overthrow their governments and secede from the Union. He was later convicted at an Army court martial of opposing the war and was exiled to the Confederacy. He later relocated Canada where he still practiced Ohioan politics where he lost the governor election in 1863 while living in Canada.

David Hunter

David Hunter was a Union general during the Civil War and got in trouble with the Lincoln Administration because of similar reasons of that of John C. Fremont. Hunter issued an emancipation of southern slaves in the states of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina on May 9, 1862. Both Hunter and Fremont's unapproved emancipation sparked lots of controversy and debates between supporters and opponents of emancipation.

Lincoln Assassination

In Ford's Theater, April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in his presidential box while watching "Our American Cousin". President Lincoln died April 15, 1865. The south was worried of a northern retaliation. Booth, with a broken leg, escaped to the south and while expecting a heroes welcome, he was trapped in a barn in Virginia and was shot and killed.

Siege of Vicksburg

In the west the Confederacy focused most closely on the Mississippi River as they had a strong hold at Vicksburg, and this has become Ulysses S. Grant's main target for many months. Vicksburg was a key city to defeat as it would fulfill one of the steps to Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan, giving them complete control over the Mississippi River. Grant executed many well-played movements and he won 5 victories, and pinned General Pemberton's 32,000 men army inside the defenses of Vicksburg from May 1-May 18. From here, the six week siege ensued from May 18- July 4. During the battle, both civilians and soldiers suffered terribly due to the round-the-clock bombardment. On July 4th, General Pemberton surrendered his troops and Grant and the Union won the victory and gained control over the entire Mississippi River. This victory for Grant gave Lincoln a lot of confidence in him. The lopsided victory resulted in about 5,000 Union casualties and about 33,000 Confederate casualties.

Chickamauga

The battle of Chickamauga was fought on September 18-20, 1863 in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia. The leaders of this battle were Major General Braxton Bragg (CSA), and Major General William Rosecrans (Union). The Confederate victory resulted in the second highest number of casualties in the Civil War behind the Battle of Gettysburg. The Union had 16,000 casualties and the Confederates had 18,000 casualties.

"Contraband of war"

This marked the beginning of congressional action regarding slavery. This began in 1861 when three Virginia slaves who were building Confederate fortifications escaped to Fort Monroe at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula. After the slaves request for asylum, Union general Benjamin F. Butler declared the fugitive slaves "contraband of war" and refused to send them back to be used to help the Confederacy. This was controversial because in international law, enemy property can not be stolen or it falls under the category of contraband and could be seized or destroyed. Due to this northerners realized the power these slaves had in helping the Confederacy through their slave labor. These slaves built Confederate fortifications as well as provided many other essential services for the enemy. Northerners saw this as a way of getting free labor while hurting the Confederacy and their speed of production and other essential services. On May 30th, Secretary of war Simon Cameron announced a change in policy that advised Butler to provide a safe space for black people escaping the south and they could work as laborers for the Union.

war bonds

War bonds are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war. During the civil war, Greenbacks, both excise and income taxes, and war bonds were key factors in funding the war. In the north, 1 in 4 northerners bought bonds. During the civil war, the CSA desperately sought to secure international recognition of the Confederacy as a nation and to gain European allies. Confederate government officials believed that starving Europe of cotton through a trade embargo would incentize European countries to buy war bonds from the Confederacy. This strategy did work at first, but later failed because of the cotton imports from Egypt and India.

William T. Sherman

general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resources, beginning of total warfare. Sherman is known for his very tough thoughts on war and although he did have more bark than bite, he still was a general you would not like to mess with. "We cannot change the hearts of those people in the South, but we can make war so terrible.... [And] make them so sick of war." Known mainly for his famous "March to the Sea" and his scorched Earth warfare, his "March to the Sea" campaign lasted from Nov. 15- Dec. 21. During this he began in Northern Georgia, continued down to Savannah, GA, then climbed through South Carolina and up to Raleigh where it ended

"self-liberation"

the act or process of freeing someone or something from another's control : the act of liberating someone or something. : the removal of traditional social roles in society. Also referred to as Self Emancipation. For most white Americans, the Civil War was a war for the Union. But for black Americans, it was a battle for freedom. Determined to end slavery, tens of thousands of enslaved African Americans used the war to escape their bondage. As the Union Army drove into the Confederacy, enslaved people stole away and entered Union lines. These thousands of African Americans made their freedom a fact. Within two years, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and made ending slavery government policy.