Histo Exam 1 LGT
sickle cell anemia
abnormal hemoglobin erythrocyte is crescent shaped
Thalassemias
abnormal hemoglobin reduction in or complete lack of one of the globin chains
mononucleosis
abnormal increase in number of lymphocytes, larger lymphocytes Epstein Barr virus.
leukopenia
abnormally low levels of leukocytes induced by various drugs (especially anti-cancer)
apocrine sweat glands location
axillary and anogenital areas
Where does hyaline cartilage get nutrition?
from perichondrium
where does elastic cartilage get nutrition?
from perichondrium
elastic cartilage function
maintain shape and flexibility
mast cell function
maintains or triggers immune or inflammatory response anaphylaxis, hives, urticaria
Wharton's jelly
mucous found in umbilical cord
root hair plexus
nerve endings that wrap around hair bulb
reticular cell function
type of fibroblast that secretes reticular fibers
medium arteries
up to 40 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
Epidermal layers
1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale
Long bone formation
1. zone of resting 2. zone of proliferation 3. zone of hypertrophy 4. zone of calcification 5. zone of ossification
Neutrophil nucleus
3-6 lobes
plasma cell origin
B-cells
what cells produce surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
basophils nucleus
U shaped
monocyte nucleus
U shaped
Does hyaline cartilage have a perichondrium?
Yes
simple squamous epithelium Location
alveoli, kidney glomeruli
apocrine sweat gland secretion
apocrine
goblet cells
appear pale secrete mucus
components of conducting portion of respiratory system
basal cavity and parnasal sinuses nasopharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
eosinophil nucleus
bilobed
transitional epithelium location
bladder
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
osteoclasts
bone resorbing cells surrounded by howship's lacunae (surface depressions)
stratum granulosum
cells begin to lose their nuclei and begin apoptosis
differences of bone from cartilage
cells cannot receive nutrients by diffusion canaliculi connect the lacunae
fenestrated capillaries
characterized by bores in cell wall, sometimes covered with a diaphragm incorporating a basal lamina
discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries
characterized by discontinuity or gaps between ends of cells. basal lamina is incomplete or missing entirely
zone of hypertrophy
chondrocytes become filled with matrix; the cells get larger
zone of calcification
chondrocytes fill further with matrix; chondrocytes begin to lyse
zone of ossification
chondrocytes have lysed; remnants of calcified cartilage; osteoblasts form osteoid on the calcified cartilage
zone of proliferation
chondrocytes stack up as they undergo mitosis
ciliated cells
ciliated cells act to propel debris and foreign substances out of respiratory tract
plasma cell morphology
clock face, visible ER
fibrocartilage structure
collagen type 1 throughout
stratum spingosum
contains karatinocytes and langerhans cells
stratum basale
contains stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells
external root sheath
corresponds to epidermal strata basale and spinosum
internal root sheath
corresponds to strata granulosum and corneum
what is spectrin?
cytoskeletal protein that maintains biconcave disk shape of erythrocytes
Neutropenia
decrease in neutrophil numbers associated with HIV/AIDS genetic or drug induced
basophils function
degradation and histamine release
thrombocytopenia
depletion of thrombocytes in blood
simple columnar epithelium location
digestive tract, uterine tubules
elastic cartilage structure
elastic fibers interspersed
Mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue. Gives rise to other connective tissues
hair bulb
end of follicle where melanocytes/stem cells are
Venule
endothelia lining, abscence of tunica media, collagenous adventitia functions in cell and fluid egress
elastic cartilage location
external ear and epiglottis
fibrocartilage: chondrocytes
fewer, scattered, may be in single rows
adipocyte morphology
flattened, peripheral nucleus
reticular fiber function
form supportive stroma and meshwork of many soft tissues and organs
continuous (tight) capillaries
formed by single layer of endothelium rolled back on itself with cell junctions and basal lamina
hyaline cartilage location
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
where does fibrocartilage get nutrition?
from blood vessels that surround the connective tissue
basophil structure
granules
eosinophil structure
granules
neutrophil structure
granules
hyaline cartilage: chondrocytes
groups of 2-4 inside lacunae
appositional growth of cartilage
growth from the inner layer of perichondrium widening done by chondroblasts
sebaceous glands secretion
holocrine
zone of resting
hyaline cartilage; chondrocytes trapped in lacunae
lymphocyte function
immune system
eosinophilia
increase number of eosinophils parasitic infestation, allergic reaction, certain malignancies.
eosinophil function
increases in allergies and parasitic infections
Blood doping
induces polycythemia
endocardium
inner layer composed of simple squamous endothelium, basal lamina, subendocardial layer of connective tissue thicker in atria
aplastic anemia
insufficient number of RBCs destruction or inhibition of hematopoietic components of red bone marrow
hemolytic anemia
insufficient number of RBCs erythrocytes broken down prematurely
hemorrhagic anemia
insufficient number of RBCs blood loss
adipocyte function
insulation, padding, fuel
What kind of growth does hyaline cartilage utilize?
interstitial and appositional
what kind of growth does elastic cartilage utilize?
interstitial and appositional growth
what kind of growth does fibrocartilage utilize?
interstitial growth only
fibrocartilage location
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
stratified squamous epithelium location
keratinized - skin nonkeratinized - cornea
simple cuboidal epithelium location
kidney tubules, ovaries
leukemia
large numbers of immature lymphocyte forms produced in bone marrow
Lymphocyte nucleus
large, round, compact, dense purple
interstitial growth of cartilage
lengthening division of mature chondrocytes growth from within cartilage
langerhans' cells function
macrophages, antigen presenting cells of skin
osteocytes
mature osteoblasts that maintain bone matrix located in lacunae surrounded by matrix have canaliculi (cytoplasmic process)
eccrine sweat gland secretion
merocrine discharge content via exocytosis
Interstitial bone growth, aka endochondral ossification
mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts which later replaced by bone occurs in long bones and the axial skeleton
intramembranous bone growth
mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts that directly lay down bone occurs in flat bones of skull, clavicle, and most cranial bones
Adipocyte origin
mesenchyme cell
fibroblast origin
mesenchyme cell
mast cell origin
mesenchyme cell
reticular cell origin
mesenchyme cell
myocardium
middle layer forms bulk of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle thicker in ventricles
macrophage origin
monocytes
elastic cartilage: chondrocytes
more numerous, packed closer together than hyaline cartilage
small arteries
more than 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media assist in BP control
eccrine sweat gland location
most numerous, abundant on palms, soles and forehead
Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?
no
lymphocyte structure
no granules
arterioles
no visible internal elastic membrane, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media function as control valves on capillary beds
pernicious anemia
normal number of RBCs but decreased hemoglobin deficiency of vitamin B12, reduced intrinsic factor. marrow produce macrocytes, cells grow but do not divide.
hypochromic anemia
normal number of RBCs but decreased hemoglobin content pale staining of erythrocytes
iron deficiency anemia
normal number of RBCs but decreased hemoglobin content inadequate iron
stratum lucidum
only in thick skin
similarities of bone to cartilage
osteocytes are located within lacunae both are firm tissues made of extracellular matrix contain collagen fibrils
epicardium
outer layer consists of 2 layers: deeper loose fatty connective tissue layer covered with mesothelium layer (pericardium)
Stratum corneum
outermost, keratinized cells, serves a protective role
fibroblast morphology
oval with long processes
reticular cell morphology
oval with long processes
sebaceous glands location
over most of the body except palms/soles
neutrophil function
phagocytize bacteria
macrophage function
phagocytize bacteria or damaged cells
stratified columnar epithelium location
pharynx, male urethra
monocyte function
precursors to macrophages
keratinocyte function
produce keratin and take up melanin granules from melanocytes
melanocyte function
produce melanin
clara cells
protect bronchiolar epithelium by secreting a club cell secretory protein
components of respiratory portion of respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts pulmonary alveoli (alveolar sacs and individual alveoli)
pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelium location
respiratory tract
macrophage morphology
round with indented nuclei and pseudopodia if active
merkel cells function
sensory receptor for touch and pressure
small veins
similar to venules but larger lumen and tunica media valves sometimes
arrector pili muscles
smooth that cause goose bumps when contracted
osteoprogenitor cells
stem cells
which layer of the epidermis might you find melanocytes?
stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis might you find merkel cells?
stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis might you find stem cells?
stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis only contains keratinized cells?
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis do cells begin apoptosis?
stratum granulosum
Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
which layer of the epidermis might you find keratinocytes?
stratum spinosum
which layer of the epidermis might you find langerhans cells?
stratum spinosum
Elastic fiber function
stretch
Collagen fiber function
structure
hyaline cartilage function
support, resilient cushion that can resist repetitive stress
stratified cuboidal epithelium location
sweat and mammary glands
fibroblast function
synthesizes fibers and amorphous ground substance
fibrocartilage function
tensile strength, shock absorption
medium veins
thick tunica media. tunica media is much thicker relative to size of lumen compared to large vein valves maybe
Polycythemia
too many RBCs malignancy of bone marrow
large veins
tunica adventitia is most prominent, tunica media is not well developed no valves
large arteries
tunica media is thick and has abundant elastic fibers tunica adentitia is well vascularized with small arteries and veins (vasa vasorum)
mast cell morphology
very basophilic lots of granules
Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium?
yes