Histo Exam 1 LGT

sickle cell anemia

abnormal hemoglobin erythrocyte is crescent shaped

Thalassemias

abnormal hemoglobin reduction in or complete lack of one of the globin chains

mononucleosis

abnormal increase in number of lymphocytes, larger lymphocytes Epstein Barr virus.

leukopenia

abnormally low levels of leukocytes induced by various drugs (especially anti-cancer)

apocrine sweat glands location

axillary and anogenital areas

Where does hyaline cartilage get nutrition?

from perichondrium

where does elastic cartilage get nutrition?

from perichondrium

elastic cartilage function

maintain shape and flexibility

mast cell function

maintains or triggers immune or inflammatory response anaphylaxis, hives, urticaria

Wharton's jelly

mucous found in umbilical cord

root hair plexus

nerve endings that wrap around hair bulb

reticular cell function

type of fibroblast that secretes reticular fibers

medium arteries

up to 40 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

Epidermal layers

1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale

Long bone formation

1. zone of resting 2. zone of proliferation 3. zone of hypertrophy 4. zone of calcification 5. zone of ossification

Neutrophil nucleus

3-6 lobes

plasma cell origin

B-cells

what cells produce surfactant?

Type II alveolar cells

basophils nucleus

U shaped

monocyte nucleus

U shaped

Does hyaline cartilage have a perichondrium?

Yes

simple squamous epithelium Location

alveoli, kidney glomeruli

apocrine sweat gland secretion

apocrine

goblet cells

appear pale secrete mucus

components of conducting portion of respiratory system

basal cavity and parnasal sinuses nasopharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles

eosinophil nucleus

bilobed

transitional epithelium location

bladder

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

bone resorbing cells surrounded by howship's lacunae (surface depressions)

stratum granulosum

cells begin to lose their nuclei and begin apoptosis

differences of bone from cartilage

cells cannot receive nutrients by diffusion canaliculi connect the lacunae

fenestrated capillaries

characterized by bores in cell wall, sometimes covered with a diaphragm incorporating a basal lamina

discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

characterized by discontinuity or gaps between ends of cells. basal lamina is incomplete or missing entirely

zone of hypertrophy

chondrocytes become filled with matrix; the cells get larger

zone of calcification

chondrocytes fill further with matrix; chondrocytes begin to lyse

zone of ossification

chondrocytes have lysed; remnants of calcified cartilage; osteoblasts form osteoid on the calcified cartilage

zone of proliferation

chondrocytes stack up as they undergo mitosis

ciliated cells

ciliated cells act to propel debris and foreign substances out of respiratory tract

plasma cell morphology

clock face, visible ER

fibrocartilage structure

collagen type 1 throughout

stratum spingosum

contains karatinocytes and langerhans cells

stratum basale

contains stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells

external root sheath

corresponds to epidermal strata basale and spinosum

internal root sheath

corresponds to strata granulosum and corneum

what is spectrin?

cytoskeletal protein that maintains biconcave disk shape of erythrocytes

Neutropenia

decrease in neutrophil numbers associated with HIV/AIDS genetic or drug induced

basophils function

degradation and histamine release

thrombocytopenia

depletion of thrombocytes in blood

simple columnar epithelium location

digestive tract, uterine tubules

elastic cartilage structure

elastic fibers interspersed

Mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue. Gives rise to other connective tissues

hair bulb

end of follicle where melanocytes/stem cells are

Venule

endothelia lining, abscence of tunica media, collagenous adventitia functions in cell and fluid egress

elastic cartilage location

external ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage: chondrocytes

fewer, scattered, may be in single rows

adipocyte morphology

flattened, peripheral nucleus

reticular fiber function

form supportive stroma and meshwork of many soft tissues and organs

continuous (tight) capillaries

formed by single layer of endothelium rolled back on itself with cell junctions and basal lamina

hyaline cartilage location

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

where does fibrocartilage get nutrition?

from blood vessels that surround the connective tissue

basophil structure

granules

eosinophil structure

granules

neutrophil structure

granules

hyaline cartilage: chondrocytes

groups of 2-4 inside lacunae

appositional growth of cartilage

growth from the inner layer of perichondrium widening done by chondroblasts

sebaceous glands secretion

holocrine

zone of resting

hyaline cartilage; chondrocytes trapped in lacunae

lymphocyte function

immune system

eosinophilia

increase number of eosinophils parasitic infestation, allergic reaction, certain malignancies.

eosinophil function

increases in allergies and parasitic infections

Blood doping

induces polycythemia

endocardium

inner layer composed of simple squamous endothelium, basal lamina, subendocardial layer of connective tissue thicker in atria

aplastic anemia

insufficient number of RBCs destruction or inhibition of hematopoietic components of red bone marrow

hemolytic anemia

insufficient number of RBCs erythrocytes broken down prematurely

hemorrhagic anemia

insufficient number of RBCs blood loss

adipocyte function

insulation, padding, fuel

What kind of growth does hyaline cartilage utilize?

interstitial and appositional

what kind of growth does elastic cartilage utilize?

interstitial and appositional growth

what kind of growth does fibrocartilage utilize?

interstitial growth only

fibrocartilage location

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

stratified squamous epithelium location

keratinized - skin nonkeratinized - cornea

simple cuboidal epithelium location

kidney tubules, ovaries

leukemia

large numbers of immature lymphocyte forms produced in bone marrow

Lymphocyte nucleus

large, round, compact, dense purple

interstitial growth of cartilage

lengthening division of mature chondrocytes growth from within cartilage

langerhans' cells function

macrophages, antigen presenting cells of skin

osteocytes

mature osteoblasts that maintain bone matrix located in lacunae surrounded by matrix have canaliculi (cytoplasmic process)

eccrine sweat gland secretion

merocrine discharge content via exocytosis

Interstitial bone growth, aka endochondral ossification

mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts which later replaced by bone occurs in long bones and the axial skeleton

intramembranous bone growth

mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts that directly lay down bone occurs in flat bones of skull, clavicle, and most cranial bones

Adipocyte origin

mesenchyme cell

fibroblast origin

mesenchyme cell

mast cell origin

mesenchyme cell

reticular cell origin

mesenchyme cell

myocardium

middle layer forms bulk of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle thicker in ventricles

macrophage origin

monocytes

elastic cartilage: chondrocytes

more numerous, packed closer together than hyaline cartilage

small arteries

more than 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media assist in BP control

eccrine sweat gland location

most numerous, abundant on palms, soles and forehead

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

no

lymphocyte structure

no granules

arterioles

no visible internal elastic membrane, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media function as control valves on capillary beds

pernicious anemia

normal number of RBCs but decreased hemoglobin deficiency of vitamin B12, reduced intrinsic factor. marrow produce macrocytes, cells grow but do not divide.

hypochromic anemia

normal number of RBCs but decreased hemoglobin content pale staining of erythrocytes

iron deficiency anemia

normal number of RBCs but decreased hemoglobin content inadequate iron

stratum lucidum

only in thick skin

similarities of bone to cartilage

osteocytes are located within lacunae both are firm tissues made of extracellular matrix contain collagen fibrils

epicardium

outer layer consists of 2 layers: deeper loose fatty connective tissue layer covered with mesothelium layer (pericardium)

Stratum corneum

outermost, keratinized cells, serves a protective role

fibroblast morphology

oval with long processes

reticular cell morphology

oval with long processes

sebaceous glands location

over most of the body except palms/soles

neutrophil function

phagocytize bacteria

macrophage function

phagocytize bacteria or damaged cells

stratified columnar epithelium location

pharynx, male urethra

monocyte function

precursors to macrophages

keratinocyte function

produce keratin and take up melanin granules from melanocytes

melanocyte function

produce melanin

clara cells

protect bronchiolar epithelium by secreting a club cell secretory protein

components of respiratory portion of respiratory system

respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts pulmonary alveoli (alveolar sacs and individual alveoli)

pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelium location

respiratory tract

macrophage morphology

round with indented nuclei and pseudopodia if active

merkel cells function

sensory receptor for touch and pressure

small veins

similar to venules but larger lumen and tunica media valves sometimes

arrector pili muscles

smooth that cause goose bumps when contracted

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells

which layer of the epidermis might you find melanocytes?

stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis might you find merkel cells?

stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis might you find stem cells?

stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis only contains keratinized cells?

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis do cells begin apoptosis?

stratum granulosum

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

which layer of the epidermis might you find keratinocytes?

stratum spinosum

which layer of the epidermis might you find langerhans cells?

stratum spinosum

Elastic fiber function

stretch

Collagen fiber function

structure

hyaline cartilage function

support, resilient cushion that can resist repetitive stress

stratified cuboidal epithelium location

sweat and mammary glands

fibroblast function

synthesizes fibers and amorphous ground substance

fibrocartilage function

tensile strength, shock absorption

medium veins

thick tunica media. tunica media is much thicker relative to size of lumen compared to large vein valves maybe

Polycythemia

too many RBCs malignancy of bone marrow

large veins

tunica adventitia is most prominent, tunica media is not well developed no valves

large arteries

tunica media is thick and has abundant elastic fibers tunica adentitia is well vascularized with small arteries and veins (vasa vasorum)

mast cell morphology

very basophilic lots of granules

Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium?

yes