histology reproductive system
what are the two layers of the corpus luteum
-theca lutein cells {TLC} -graunulosa lutein cells {GLC}
primary follicles have what type of "looking" cells
cuboidal
when does the LH "surge " begin
just before day 14
what cell produces testosterone
leydig cells
what hormone binds to leydig cells to prompt the secretion of testosterone
luteining hormone
what is the only section in the spermatozoon with mictochondria
middle section area of sperm
histologicaly late primary follice has
multiple rows of follicular cells "granulosa cells"
what are the three layers of the uterus
perimetrium myometrium {middle layer=circular, outer/inner layer=longitudinal} endometrium
what is the thick capsule of the ovary
tunica albuginea
what is the parietal layer of the testis
tunica vaginalis
what hormone is being secreted during the proliferative phase? what happens to the endometrium and what structure is causing this?
estrogen the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of estrogen secreted by ovarian follicle
how are primary oocytes formed
oogonia going through a serious of cell division
what are the four zones of the prostate
periurethral,central,peripheral,transitional
what forms the ovarian follicle
primary oocytes that are covered with follicular cells
what are intratesticular ducts? what do they contain
straight tubules that eventually becomes rete testis only contains sertoli cells
what type of feed back does testosterone cause and for what hormone? what type of feedback does inhibin causes and for what hormone?
testosterone cause negative feedback for LH inhibin causes negative feedback for FSH
what part of the ovary houses the oogonia
the cortex
what happens to the endometrium during the menstral phase? This occurs due to what?
the surface layer of the endometrium - statum functionale is peeling off from the stratum basale. This phase is due to the decline of both estrogen and progesterone
in what layer does the Ilioingual nerve lay in the ductus deferens? genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve?
Ilioingual is outside the fascia genital branch is within the muscle
describe the 2 points of spermatocyte phase
It is the meiosis phase Meiosis I: Primary spermatocytes >> secondary spermatocytes; Meiosis II: secondary spermatocyte >> spermatids.
what are the cells in the seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cell (SC); Type A (dark, Ad) >> Type A (pale) ; Type A (pale, Ap); Type B spermatogonia
what is a unilaminar primary oocyte
a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells
what is acrosome rxn? what is capacitation and where does it occur?
acrosome reaction=release of acrosomal enzymes as the sperm touches the egg capacitation occurs in the female tract to have glycocalyx components removed from the sperm membrane
what are the "parts" of the ductus deferens and what occurs at each part
ampulla:where duct of seminal vesicle joins ejaculatory duct:where it continues through the prostate
what does apocrine secretion add to milke? what does merocrine secretion add to milk? AF vs MP
apocrine=fatty component of milk merocrine=protein component of milk
what are the the features of the mucosus layer of the uterine tube when it comes to ciliated vs non-ciliated
ciliated: wave towards the uterus; nonciliated (peg cells): secrete fluid for the ovum
during pregnancy what does estrogen, progesterone sitmulate? E-LD vs PA think about females breast during pregnancy
estrogen stimulates growth of lactiferous duct progesterone stimulates growth of alveoli
what are the contents of the secretions of the prostate
fibrinolysin, citric acid, serine protease (prostate-specific antigen, PSA) and acid phosphate
what are the concentration of the semen of fluid? and sperm?
fluid=3ml sperm=100 million
what are the divisions of the endometrium? which layer changes during menstration? what is the changing layer arteriol supply?
functional and basal layer functional layer changes helicine {coiled} arteries
where are prostatic concretions frequently found
in the lumen of the prostate
what are the histological difference in an inactive vs active mammy gland
inactive= more connective tissue, less lobules,epithelial cells of ducts are columnar, visible lymphocytes and myoepithelial cells active=less connective tissue, more lobules, secretory alveolar cells are cuboidal, visible myoepithelial cells and plasma cells
what is the function of prolactin
induces leydig to express LH receptors
what muscles of the ductus deferens is responsibile for ejaculation "IOC"
inner longitudial muscle outer longitudial muscle circular muscle
what is another name for leydig cells
interstitial cells
what happens to the corpus luteum when egg doesnt implant
it becomes corpus albicans
what is a secondary follicular cell
it has the following: - granulosa cells {GC}; - antrum {A}; - theca interna {TI}; - theca externa {TE}
what are the bulbourethral gland "cowpers gland" made of? what does it secrete?
-compound tubuloalveolar gland -simple columnar mucus secreting cells -secretes preseminal fluid
what part of the ductus deferens join with the seminal vesicle
ampulla
what is the epithelium that covers the tunica albuginea of the ovary? what is it histological make up?
-germinal epithelium -simple squamous to cuboidal
why is panpanicolau "pap"smear performed and what is done/evaluated?
-performed as part of routine gynecological examination to examine stained exfoliative cells of the lining of the cervix and vagina
what are the three layers of the uterine tubes and describe each?
-serous {peritoneum} -muscularis {inner circular & outer longitudinal smooth muscles} -mucosus {folds with simple columnar epithelium w/o cilia}
what is the clinical correlation of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
-urethral lumen constricted due to the proliferation of the glandular epithelial cells -proliferation is related to the action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
what are the functions of sertoli cell
- nourish the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - act as phagocytes, consuming the residual cytoplasm during spermatogenesis.
describe the 4 points of spermatid phase "G-CAM"
-Golgi phase: form acrosomal vesicle; -Cap phase: form acrosomal cap; -Acrosome phase: form manchette; -Maturation phase: Sertoli cells phagocytose excess cytoplasm and release sperm cells.
describe the 4 points of spermatogonial phase
-Stem cells divide to keep population (mitosis); -Type A dark (Ad): stem cells; -Type A pale (Ap): after mitotic divisions; -Type B: ready to be the primary spermatocyte after another mitotic division.
what are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis "I'm gonna, I see it my sights, I did it kid"
1)Spermatogonial phase {mitosis} 2)Spermatocyte phase {meiosis} 3)Spermatid phase {spermiogenesis}
what substance does sertoli secrete and describe
1)anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) - secreted during the early stages of fetal life to develop male characteristics. 2)inhibin secreted after puberty, and work together to inhibit FSH secretion 3)androgen binding protein (also called testosterone binding globulin) - maintain the level of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis
what are the stages of follicular development
1)primordial cell 2)primary follicular cell with one row of follicular cell around primary oocyte 3)secondary follicular cell: priamry oocyte with antrum, corona radiata and zona pellucida apparent 4)vesticular cell: secondary oocyte with antrum,corona radiata and zona pellucida 5) ovulated oocyte is release with a "shell" of zona pellucida and corona radiata 6)corpus luteum maintains if fertilization occurs 7)corpus albicans takes over if NO fertilization occurs
how many cycles are required for a spermatogonium to complete the process? how many days?
4.6 cycles 74 days
what hormone causes sertoli to secrete androgen binding protein?
FSH
what is the most clinically important tumor markers for prostate? what secretes it
PSA prostatic gland alveoli and then incorportated into seminal fluid
In prostate cancer what increases? what are the ranges and significance?
PSA concentration 4-10=25% cancer risk factor greater than 10= grater thatn 67% cancer risk
what secretes zona pellucida and what is it rich in?
Secreted by growing oocyte;Rich in glycosaminoglycons and glycoprotens;
what cells of the testis seminiferous epithelium goes through mitosis to form the primary spermatocytes
Type B
what hormone is being secreted during the secretory phase what is happening to the endometrium and what structure is causing this?
progesterone The endometrium becomes more than twice as thick as in the follicular phase.The uterine glands (arrow) increase in length and become tortuous and sacculated. corpus leuteum is secreting the hormone
what hormone regulats the proliferative stage? secretory phase? what is the menstrual phase?
proliferative=estrogen {days 5-14} secretory=progesterone (days 14-28} menstral phase becomes ischemic due to decline in progesterone and estrogen {days 1-5}
what contained in semen may influence sperm transit and implantation of a fertilized ovum
prostaglandins
what type of epilthelium does the ductus deferens have? how many smooth muscle layers " ducts walk in a column"
pseudostratified columnar epithelium 3 smooth muscle layers
what type of epithelium does the epididymis have
pseudostratified columnar with sterocilia -sperm cells in the middle, the "dark points" are the head, the "strings" are the stereocilia
what is the histological make up of the epididymis epithelium
pseudostratified stereociliated epithelium
what cells in the males are considered true epithelium? false epithelium
sertoli cells {sustentacular cells} sperm cells
what forms the blood testis barrier
sertoli to sertoli junctional specialization
what is the epithelium of the uterus made of
simple columnar
what is the epithelium of the cervix made of
simple columnar {SCE} and stratified squamous {SSE}
what is leydig cells rich in?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
primordial follicles have what types of "looking" cells
squamous looking
what zone of the prostate is most likely to have benign prostatic hyperplasia
transitional "middle" zone
what type of epithelium does the urethra have
transitional epithelim
what is the visceral layer that covers the testis
tunica albuginea
