Historical Antecedents

waterclock

a conical earthen vessel with hours equally marked off on the inside and spout at the bottom.

India

mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.

Aristotle

proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify organisms.

earthquake weathercock

to detect earthquake occurrence

Iron pillar

______________ of Delhi-the world's first iron pillar.

Thales of Miletus

Father of Philosophy, taught that nature was composed of or convertible into water.

Hyksos

From the________, they learned military technology and system- horse driven light war chariots manned by warriors armed with bows, bronze swords and lances.

Greek Civilization

Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.

Egyptian Civilization

Library of Alexandria Obelisks and pillars

henna

Nobles, men and women wore wigs, they used a variety of preparations for the hair such as ________.

newspaper

One of the major contributions of the Romans is the ________ - Gazettes-contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.

Sumerian Civilization

Potter's wheel. seed plow sail boat intricate system of canals, dikes and reservoir. Fabrication of copper

Hippocrates

"Father of Greek Medicine" First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion. He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable of healing or repairing itself.

Ptolemy

- wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek astronomers about the universe. -postulated the geocentric theory of the universe.

Empedocles

According to ______________, nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.

29 and 1/2 days.

Another calendar was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of

Circus Maximus

Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were held at Rome's principal stadium, the ________________, which accommodated some 300,000 people.

Sumerian Civilization

Divided the circle into 360 degrees. Developed advances mathematical functions to permit accurately plot and forecast.

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology was developed, the most famous example being the _________________________ - a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported in Egypt.

Persian Civilization

Introduction of a uniform system of gold and silver coinage. The first regular postal system in the world

Ziggurats

Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god

hieroglyphics

The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as __________, representing individual objects or actions.

books or codex

The ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first ____________

Sirius

The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on their observations of the regular appearance and disappearance of _______ the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile river.

IMHOTEP

The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by

Pi Sheng

The first movable type printer made form pottery was developed by _____________.

Scientific and Technological

The most influential Muslim intellectual contribution to the modern world was their synthesis of the ______________________________ knowledge they learned from and transmitted to the various cultures they encountered.

Greek Civilization

Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the logical development of general principles or theories about natural phenomena.

Babylonian Civilization

They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and cuneiform. Their measurements made use of fractions, squares and square roots. Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. Jewelry making originated from the _________

Egyptians

They built pyramids such as Pyramid of Sakkara as Zoser's tomb and memorial and Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs and Great sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head and a lion's boy to guard the pharaoh's tomb..

Greek civilization

They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary motions and mechanical systems to explain the planetary positions and movements on geometrical determinations and logical deductions.

Indian civilization

They excelled particularly in medicine and mathematics. Traditional Indian medication had a very extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of herbal remedies and drugs. They introduced the negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic equations, mathematical implications of zero and infinity and value of pi up to nine decimal places. They also developed the steps in sine functions, spherical geometry and calculus

Arabic Civilization

They introduced the Arabic system of numbers . The ________ interest in the pseudoscience of alchemy encouraged them to mix and manipulate chemical elements and conduct experiments to transform base metals into gold. They were the first to use glass lens for magnification. First to manufacture the black powder They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube reinforced with iron that used a charge of black powder to shoot an arrow.

Egyptian Civilization

They used tweezers and razors to remove unwanted body hair. Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around the eyes to prevent or even cure eye diseases.

papyrus

They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of ________ reeds.

Iron Age

Transition from the Bronze Age to the________.

City of Uruk

a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world

Cuneiform

a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.

book-keeping

a simple but adequate system of double-entry accounting.

Great sphinx

a stone statue with a king;s head and a lion's boy to guard the pharaoh's tomb..

Taxation system

an important component of the Achaemenid state administration.

Babylonia

ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)

Anaxagoras

argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant substances such as water mixed with other random substances.

odometer

as being used for measuring distance around 27BC, but evidence points towards Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor.

Pantheon

as one of the world's greatest domed buildings and Colosseum, Rome's stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators.

Pharmacology

discovery of healing drugs and herbs.

Egyptians

invented and used many simple machines such as ramp and lever, to aid construction processes. They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships

Ancient Greeks

invented the alarm clock- used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water ( or sometimes small stones or sand). That dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.

Qanat

is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for drinking water and irrigation of crops.

Arabia

is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia.

Greece

is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe.

Chinese Civilization

it is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. It is also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east of Asia.

Egypt

located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country thriving on an agricultural economy.

Wheeled vehicle

made of solid wooden wheels on axles now regarded as the greatest mechanical invention of all time.

Galen

made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.

materia medica

made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients.

Nebuchadnezzar

ordered the construction of the famous "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" and the Isthar Gate.

Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid

perfected geometry, as a single logical system.

Archimedes

performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley. invented the science of hydrostatics- measurement and use of water-power. made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate the movements of the sun and planets around the stationary earth. discovered the concept of gravity

Ancient Egyptians

studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile river.

Indian surgeons

successfully performed various operations like repair of broken limbs, complicated bone setting, amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian section.

Code of Ur-NAmmu

the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text

Astrology

the science of studying the position of celestial bodies.

Sexagesimal

using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.

Sulfuric acid

was first discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi.

Anaximander

was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world.

Roman Empire

was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.

Stupa

was used as commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.

Zodiacal map of Sumer

was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes.

apothecaries and acupuncture

was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patient's body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain.

Roman government

were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, amphitheaters and even residential houses.

Watermills

were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing.

Olympics

were dedicated to the Olympian Gods.