History 1201

Jesuit "rites controversy"

1640-1742, chinese habit of worshiping thier ancestors, civil or spiritual matter, by 1640s Dominicans and Fransiscans are competitive and refer the rites question to Rome, the catholic church. Issue comes to a head around 1700. Jesuits at peking persuade emperor Kwang and pope thought he was the only one who could speak. Pop condemned Christian participation in the ancesteral worship rights. Sent Millard de Tournon who was expelled to Macao.

Battle of Somme River

60,000 casualties in the first day. 22,000 killed first day.

Venizelos Agreement

Allies concerned about greece. If allies win the war we'll support the greater Greece and intall Venizelos as Prime minister

Boxers

Anti foreign and anti christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901. The militia united in righteousness, known as the Boxers in English. Killed foreigners and Chinese Christians. Besieged foreign district of Beijing until an international force subdued the uprising. China had given territory to foreigners and boxers blamed their poor living standards on foreigners.

Zamindars

Aristocrat, typically hereditary, holding enormous tracts of land and held control over his peasants, from whom the zamindars reserved the rights to collect tax oftern for military purposes.

Code of 47

Banned Indian courts, replaced with British courts, laws and judges.

largest slave state in the world

Brazil, nearly half of all slaves 5.8 million

McMahon Husein Correspondence

British government promises creation of Arab states if the Arabs revolt against the turks.

Raj

British rule, job was to protect those who tilled the land.

Doctrine of Lapse

Brits take control of more land. Must be blood heir of British will take land.

Treaty of London

Brought italy into the war, weren't alwayys on side of France and England.

Newton, Leibniz: impact on math

Brought the sciences of Copernicus and Galileo to their culmination. Early contribution was calculus, developed at the same time as Leibniz. Newton combined physics and astronomy establishing the so called newtonian synthesis. Mathematical Principles of Natual Philosophy published in 1687 was towering achievment of the New Sciences.

Canary Islands

Castilians and spanish began century long conquest of the Canary Islands. Berber inganbitants, the Guanches, put up a fierce resistance. Enslaved the Guanches to work in sugarcane plantations.

calcutta

Center of modernization.

columbian exchange and china

China was very rural and many people either relied upon or were sustained on crops brought to china from the new world. Sweet potato, and maize which added to the chinese daily caloric intake which helped prolong the lives of the chinese.

Commissioner Lin Zexu; destruction of Opium Chests

Chinese scholar and official of the Qing dynasty. Opposed to the opium trade and a primary catalyst for the First Opium War.

Lesseps

Completed Suez Canal

Hideyoshi

Daimyo, warrio, general, samurai and politician of the Sengoku period who is regarded as Japan's second "great unifier." He brought an end to the Warring States. Tried to invade mainland china, executes European missionaries and converts.

caravel

Developed in the early fifteenth century, small ship with high, upward extending fore and aft sides. Fast and utilized by spanish or portuguese during 15th-17th century

Indian National Congress

Elites, educated and upper class meet in Bombay, became mouthpiece for nationalist movement.

Islamification; Aurangzeb

Emperor of India from 1658-1707, the last of the Great Mughal emperors.

Charter act of 1833

End of monopoly on all items. India becomes land of opportunity.

Cornwallis

Established a permanent Zamandari Settlement.

Battle of Plassey

European army with Sepoys defeat the Nawah.

Indian councils act

Extend number of indians involved in local legislation

Ram Roy

Father of Hindu Renaissance, several publications published by Ram Roy.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Finds modern turkey, nationalism is born.

vasco da gama and trade

First person to sail directly form Europe to India

Ieyasu

First shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled japan from battle of sekigahara in 1600o until the meigi restoration in 1868. Proscrived Christianity from Japan, drove most of missionary's out.

treaty of Nerchinsk

First treaty between Russia and China. RUssians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Mountains and kept the area between the Argun River and Stanovoy mountains lasted until the Amur Annexaion in 1860. For background see History of Sino ussian relations.

Sino-Japanese War (1894)

Fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan primarly over control of korea. Japanese won, demostrated the failure of the Qing empire to modernize its military and fend off threats oto its sovereignty.

Otto Von Bismarck

Founder of Germany

Constantinople Agreement

France, Britian and russia. Stay in war because you're going to get the city of Constantinople. Russians can close the straits.

Transvaal

Gold discovered by Dutch, racism developed in South Africa.

centralization of government

Growing use of firearms. A pattern emerged where rulers created centralized state to finance their stratiegic shift to firearm bearing infantries. Resumed policy of conquest and imperialiam, in order to obtain silver, gold, all to be spent on cannons, muskets, and ships for achieving world rule. Land grants given to military members in exchange for service. Also taxed, Military lords conquer land and tax inhabitants. Money taxes utilized by charles v.

Chinese Gordon

Head cut off by Mahdi

Robert Clive

Head of British India. Became mansabdar.

Sati

Hindu widows would throw themselves on deceased husbands.

charles V of Hapsburg

Holy Roman Emperor, inherited castile and aragon, merged them and called it spain, and the habsburg territories but also became the ruler of the Aztec and Inca Empires in the Americas. Victory over france in 1519, won title of emperror from the pope, made him overlord of all german principalities, made titular political head of western Christianity and thereby the diect counterpart of Sultan Suleyman. Renewed Islamic-Chrisitan imperialism.

Eugenics

Improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

Indian Councils Act 1892

Intro legislative coucil, member nominated by governmor, brings indians closer to seat of power.

Matteo Ricci

Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. Map of the world in chinese characters introduced the findings of European exploration to East Asia. Arrived in Macau in 1582 where he began his missionary work in China.

Treaty of St. Jean de Maurine

Italians get zone of econ and political influence in Turkey. Grab on and expand Turkish railway system, export surplus labor in hopes of extracting natural resources

Paris Peace Conference

Italians leave conference. Brits, french and the Amerians oversaw and permitted a greek disembarkment from turkey.

tokugawa and gunpowder weapons

Last feudal japanese military government, which existed between 1603-1867.

Woodrow Wilson 14 Points

Liiberalism, tamed nationalism, national self determination, disarmament, freedom of the seas, free trade, resurect poland, collective security, the league of nations, democratic government, popular sovereignty.

first colony in china

Macao

Japanese industrialization; raw materials

Meiji restoration accelerated industrialization in Japan. massive increase in production and infrastructure. Domestic companies became consumers of Western technology and applied it to produce items that would be sold cheaply in the international market. Zones grew and there was massive migration to industrializing centers from the countryside. Modern communications and national railways.

Mansabdars

Member of the imperial bureaucracy of the Mughal Empire in India. The mansabdars governed the empire and commanded its armies in the emperor's name. Though they were usually aristocrats, they did not form a feudal aristocracy, for neither the offices nor the estates that supported them were hereditary.

new science and women

Met in scientific sociteties or residential salons. Sophie Brahe and Maria Cunitz were the first to make contributions to the new astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler. The salon public meeting place for urban social elite to engage in conversations, presentations, and experiments.

Mansabdar

Military officers, involved in collecting taxes

Hindus, conversion, and caste system

Mughal empire majority Hindu, believed in a caste system. Sufi branch, more moderate style of Islam faith was appealing to Hindus. Thus, conversion occured where those of the Hindu faith were converted to Islam.

India Telegraph

Now you could know what the price of goods are.

The Sick man of Europe

Ottoman empire. Powers wanted to get rid of empire after the war.

Commodore Perry; attempt to impress Japanese

Played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

Mughal; population and expansion; food supply

Population grew over time. Rice, very labor intensive

Odo Nobunaga and unification of Japan; means

Powerful daimyo of Japan in the late 16th century who attempted to unify Japan during the late Sengoku period.

Treaty of Nanking; Hong Kong

Qing government agreed to make Hong Kong a crown colony, ceding it to the British, to provide British traders with a harbour where they could unload their goods.

Seepoy Mutiny

Refused to load rifles due to animal fat. End of mutiny we see beginning of crown rule.

Meiji; meaning

Restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868. Restored practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan.

Mughal rule; source of India's revenue

Revenue came from the working class, peasants, rulers demanded a share of income.

Khedive

Ruler of Egypt

peter the great; method of service payment

Russian Czar, extensive reforms in an attempt to reestablish Russia as a great nation. Strong navy, reorganized army, secularized schools, into new admin and territotial divisions. High taxes often accompanied his reforms which led to revolts among citizens.

Japan; interests in Korea and Manchuria

Russo Japanese War. Japan-Korea Treaty of 1904. Annextion of Korea in Japan Korea Annexation treaty. Korean Empire absorbed into empire of Japan. More than 100,000 koreans were forced to serve in the Imperial Japanese Army.

Wahabi

Saudi Arabia

Mitte Europa

September program of 1916. Middle European empire, railroad built from berlin to Baghdad.

British Act of Abolition

Slavery abolition act 1833, with the exceptions of the territories in the possession of the East India company.

disease in the new world

Small pox, wipes out the native populations, demographic disaster, of the first order. The columbian exchange resulted in disease from Africa; influenza, typhus, measles, and from south america; syphilis.

cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain.

dutch in japan after tokugawa seclusion

Still had trade, no religion, just business but japan by and large becomes secluded.

Suez Canal

Strategic and took money from Brits and French to build.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Syria and Lebanon would go to France. Iraq and Saudi Arabia would go to Great Britain. Palestine great britian.

european drink and china, 18th century

Tea was exported from China in exchange for opium. The british would ship opium from Calcutta and trade with China for tea.

Meiji constitution

The Charter Oath. Five articles. Set legal state of japans modernization. Set up a process of urbanization as people of all classes were free to move jobs.

Government of India Act

Transfer all rights of the company to the government, coucil in india set up. Dndian office set up in England.

Greco Turkish War

Turkish nationalism born

Lenin

WWI wasnt war for democracy, war for imperialism.

Kangxi and Jesuit science

Warrior/expansionist. Incorporation of taiwan (1683). Invasion of Tibet, installs new Dalai Lama. Good at expansion but not domestic affairs.

Banerjee

Went to london got degree, took india civil service exam. Disqualified, and founds the Indian Association.

Moriscos

a Moor in Spain, especially one who had accepted Chrisitan baptism. Expelled by Philip and successors, expulsion in 1580 of some 300,000.

ripartimiento system

a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines

encomienda and critics

a grant by the Spanish crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

philip II and ottomans

champion of the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation, spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent and influence. Ruled empire through his personal control of official appointments and all forms of patronage. All work was done on paper, on the basis of consultas (memoranda, reports and advice presented to him by his ministers). Major naval war with the ottoaman empire. Defeated the great ottoman offensive in the mediterranean ath the battle of lepanto.

Onin War's destructiveness

civil war that lasted from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period in Japan. A nationwide war. Initiated the warring states period, a long, drawn out struggle for domination by individual daimyo, resulting in a mass power struggle.

British East India Company

formed for the exploitation of trade with east and Southeast Asia and India incorporated by royal charter on Dec 31, 1600. Origianally monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid 19th century. Activities of the company in China served as a catalyst for expansion of British influence there.

Assam Clearance Act

gave 3000 acres to anybody who promised to grow tea.

dorgon and queue edict

hairstyle most often worn by men. hair on top of the scalp is grown long and is oftern braided while front portion is shaved. Han chinese and others under Manchu rule gave up traditional hairstyles and was subsequently met with resistance.

galileo

italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution

T.E. Lawrence

leads arab revolt against turks.

Daimyo

local territorial lords in a highly feudal society

slavery; how defined

made money, taxes, money was made, trip took four to six weeks, down to 3 wks over time.

Muhammad Ali

military guy, modernizer, gets government involved in economy

Infidel

non believer

mercantilism

political theory according to which the wealth derived from the mining of silver and gold and the production of agricultural commodities should be restricted to each country's market, with as little as possible expended on imports from another country. Colony seen as a source of wealth, lead to more wealth, more armaments, fixed amount of wealth in the world.

1853 Railway

rapid commercial development, social change, intention to link the 3 centers of the empire.

reconquista

reconquest of the Iberian peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iveraia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

dutch in south africa

regional kingdoms then portuguese got involved, cape colony, cape of good hope. Others followed suit. The dutch, struggle with portugal to get to India, set up Cape town. Hottentots, forced to work by the dutch, there until Napoleonic wars in 1800s, Napolean conquers Holland, possesions controlled by france, france and brits beefing at this time, were able to control water routes to India.

canton system

served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton.

Jagir

tax free land grant

Jizya

tax levied by Islamic states on certian non-Muslim subjects-dhimmis-permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law.

popular drink

tea

ottoman use of land grants

timar, land grant b/w 14th and 16th centuries, tax revenue produced from land acted as compensation for military service.Revenue of a conqured territory was distributed in the form of temp land grants to members of the military class. Relief from having to pay the army.

Mahdi

trying to purify Islam

labor in south america

very rough, cruel and hard work on the sugar plantations

Welt Politic

world power