History 202 H Unit 3
Tennis Court Oath
- 20 June 1789 - National Assembly prepares to meet, find meeting hall locked - Meet instead in a tennis court next door - Swear the Tennis Court Oath, agreeing not to disband until France had a constitution
Global empires of the 18th Century focused on
Competition between central powers State-building
Agricultural Revolution in Britain
Confronts food problem in larger population New crops and use of land, new farming technology, more commercially driven
Romanticism
Cultural and intellectual movement that stressed emotion over reason Love of nature and natural world
Working Conditions in Mines and Factories
New inventions lead to increased production and factories Rows of repetitive, specialized tasks, many employees Massive wealth for owners, hardships for workers Extremely low pay Women and children paid less than men 6 days a week, 12-16 hours a day Heavy reliance on child labor Dirty, unsafe working conditions Constant risk of injury
Constitution of 1848
November 1848 creates Second French Republic
Sans-culottes
("those without knee breeches") radical lower classes
Third estate
Burdened by high taxes, famine in mid-1700s Includes Bourgeoise and Peasants
July Revolution
(1830) - reaction against conservative Charles X Liberals + working class in Paris revolt Quickly spreads across France, fueled by discontent of people 1830 - Charles X (last Bourbon king of France) flees to great Britain
Abbe Sieyes publishes?
-"What is the Third Estate?" in 1789 -Growing political consciousness of the Third Estate
Louis XIV
-(r. 1643-1715) made France a model for absolutism -1715- Louis XIV dies, succeeded by 5-year-old grandson Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)
National Assembly
-17 June 1789 - Third Estate (with allies in other Estates) form the national Assembly -Goal: Give France a constitution -National Assembly wins support from French peasantry and people of Paris
Louis XVI's attempts to reform French monarchy with enlightenment ideals
-1774 - Louis XVI appoints Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) as minister of finance >Suggested the abolishment of guilds >New tax on landowners >Cut down on expenses at court -Attempts to alleviate financial crisis either rejected by French or fail
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
-1790 asserts state over religion -Makes clergy employees of the state -Requires oaths of loyalty to the state
Italian Campaign
-1796 -Goal: conquer territories in northern Italy for France -Clashes with Austrian forces -Uses propaganda in his speeches "only want to free you from our tyrant's chains, France is friend of the people" -Succeeds in conquering territory for France
Flight to Varennes
-21 June 1791 -Royal family plot escape from Paris in middle of the night >In disguise >Goal: Escape to Austria -Identified, captured near Varennes -Brought back to Paris, confined to Tuileries Palace -Significance >King loses sympathy >Will help force Louis XVI to accept new constitution of 1791 >Fuels early demand for a republic
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
-26 August 1789 -Inspired by Enlightenment ideology -"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" -Natural rights: "Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression " -Authority in the country comes from everyone, not just monarch -Louis XVI rejects Declaration of Rights
End of the Great Fear
-4 August 1789 - The National Assembly ends all noble privileges -Satisfies peasants
Women's March on Versailles
-5-6 October 1789 -Mob of Parisian women march on Versailles -Major grievances: bread, promote National Assembly -Force king to move closer to Paris in Tuileries Palace -Louis XVI forced to accept changes issued by National -Assembly and loss of power
National Convention
-Assembled to create a new constitution -France formally declared a republic -Dominated by Jacobin interests -Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) elected head of National Convention -Introduce republican calendar
Queen's Hamlet
-Commissioned in 1783 at Versailles -Idealized village, far from the real conditions of actual farmers
Emergence of civil cults
-Cult of Reason - no god but reason itself -Cult of the Supreme Being - started by Robespierre >Focused on a singular purpose if figure- "civic cults" >Hebert, another revolutionary, start cult of reason-no god >Robespierre creates Cult of SB in response, immortal souls, preach civic virtues of republican identity, supposed to replace Catholicism, propaganda rhetoric
Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)
-Daughter of Marie Theresa of Austria -1770 - marries future Louis XVI 14 years old (war/alliance 15 years ago) -Marriage based on recent alliance between France and Austria (traditional enemy)
5 May 1789
-Estates General convenes in Versailles -Third Estate demands that Estates General vote by head, not 1 vote per Estate
Constitution of 1795
-Goal: prevent future abuse of power (like Committee) -Moderate republicans assume direction -Represent interests of middle class, not working poor -Creates 2-house parliament -Executive branch called the Directory, consists of 5 men -Limits who has power to vote to mostly upper middle class -27 September 1795- goes into effect -Working poor dissatisfied with new government
Long term causes for Revolution
-Growth of absolutism in France -Financial trouble >France in extreme debt >Privileged orders (nobility, clergy) have majority of wealth but exempt from taxes -Voice of the people (Estates General) unsummoned since 1614 >No longer reflects socioeconomic realities >Bourgeoise demand greater political access -Enlightenment ideas provide an ideal that differs from reality >Growing demand for people's participation in government >Nobility resented lost political power to the king
Storming the Bastille (14 July 1789)
-Louis XVI rejects legitimacy of National Assembly >Prepares to bring troops to Paris >Spreads fears that king will retaliate against French people -14 July 1789 - mob of Parisian citizens storm the Bastille >Weakly guarded fortress garrison, symbol of royal power >Kill mayor and parade head on a pike >Couple thousand people in mob >Goals: free political prisoners, secure weapons
Great Fear
-Mid-July to early August 1789 -Revolts against nobility
Legislative Assembly
-October 1791 - National Assembly disbands -Excessive printing of paper money causes inflation -Treatment printing of catholic church alienates French Catholics -Tensions with Austria lead to War of the First Coalition (1792-1797) -France vs. alliance of European powers! -Increasing demand for a republic
10 August 1792
-Paris Commune leads revolutionaries to storm Tuileries Palace -Imprison royal family
Constitution of 1791
-September 1791 -Limited monarch's power in favor of a representative Assembly -Establish a constitutional monarch
elections for Third Estate representatives
-Spring 1789 -Bourgeoisie, not peasants, dominate Third Estate
louis XVI summons estate general
-Summoned 1788 -Third estate requests to elect more representatives -Approved, no big deal because each estate only gets 1 vote
Louis XVI (r.1774-1791)
-Supported American colonists when they rebelled against Britain -Fairly weak king, lacked charisma and skill of the sun king -Still heavily guided by absolutism
Louis XV
-Unpopular monarch, absolutism weakens -Lack of political command -Significant debt, relies on heavy tax burden on commoners -French nobles begin to restore powers they had lost to king -Costly foreign wars (including Seven Years War, 1756-1763) result in loss of French empire
Law of the 22 Prairial
10 June 1794-suspends right to trial witnesses
Law of Suspects
17 September 1793-orders arrest of anyone plotting against republic
Population growth
1700 Europe 110 million people 🡪 1800 Europe 190 million Why? - Better medicine (inoculation of smallpox) -Diverse diet People living longer
Assembly of Notables
1787- Louis XIV called an Assembly of Notables, meant to approve king's reforms They refuse; instead demand summoning of Estates General
Egyptian Campaign
1798-Goal: Conquer Egypt, disrupt British trade to hurt British economy -1 August 1798 - Battle of the Nile -Napoleon defeated by British navy (led by Admiral Horatio Nelson -Loss here signals inability to conquer Egypt -Napoleon highlights his scientific and historical discoveries instead! -1799 - Rosetta Stone
Napoleon's France
1802 - Proclaimed "First Consul for Life" Progressive reforms Financial reform to improve economy, including price controls and Bank of France Funds public primary and secondary schools The Civil Code of 1804 (aka, the Napoleonic Code) Concordat of 1801 - recognized Catholicism
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
1812 - Napoleon attempts to invade Russia Failure to conquer Russia Very costly campaign, drawn-out, exhausting Russians refuse to surrender French army forced to endure Russian winter: starvation, disease, and cold Significance: Napoleon gives up Russian campaign Defeat weakens war machine to allow Coalition victory
Charles X
1824-becomes king of France Supports tradition/conservatism Abolishes freedom of press Restricted the right to vote
Louis-Philippe
1830 -from Orleans, becomes king of France Recognizes liberal desires in France Portrays as a "citizen king", not an absolute monarch Reduces property qualifications to vote
Battle of Trafalgar
21 October 1805 Admiral Nelson sees French fleet near Spain, attacks Victory for Britain Loss of French fleet means Britain has supremacy at sea Significance: Loss limits Napoleon's conquests to continent
Constitution of the year VIII
24 December 1799 Declares Napoleon First Consul Maintains legislature but Napoleon with real governing power Beginning of the consulate (1799-1804), under Napoleon's direction
Napoleon's 100 days
26 February 1815 - Napoleon escapes Elba 20 March 1815 - Napoleon reaches Paris, assumes leadership for Hundred Days Raises an army June 1815 - Battle of Waterloo Defeated (for the final time) by Great Britain and Prussia British forces led by the skilled Duke of Wellington Exiled again on St. Helena in South Atlantic 1821 - Napoleon dies
Thermidorian Reaction
27 July 1794 - Robespierre overthrown Committee of Public Safety dissolved
Battle of Borodino
7 September 812-Long, costly battle Finally, Russians withdraw
Sixth Coalition
Britain Russia Prussia Austria Sweden October 1813 - Battle of Leipzig, allies defeat Napoleon Spring 1814 - Allies push into France, capture Paris Force Napoleon to abdicate throne and capture him Napoleon exiled to the Island Elba, off the coast of Italy
Battle of Austerlitz
December 1805 Napoleon defeats combined forces of Russia and Austrians Significance: leads Austria to surrender, make peace with France
Napoleon's Rise to Power
Director member Abbe Sieyes plans coup d'état Involves Napoleon in plot 9 November 1799 - Sieyes and conservative allies overthrow Directory Napoleon takes power for himself
People's charter of 1838
Drafted by working class Demanded universal male suffrage Removal of the property qualifications to hold political office Rejected by parliament but reflect growing awareness/activism of the working class
Social effects of the Industrial Revolution
Drastically increased distance between the wealthy and poor in society Women enter workforce in unprecedented numbers but face different treatment, lower pay, etc. Workers organize labor unions to voice grievances about safety, hours, abuse, etc. Luddism - revolts by workers that involve the smashing of machines that took away jobs in the early 1800's Named after Ned Ludd British government labels Luddism and industrial sabotage a capital offense
Socialism
Emphasizes cooperation, community, and public ownership Calls for a drastic reorganization of society, the removal of competition and class boundaries Inequality leads to suffering Recognizes the fact that the working class did not profit from the enormous wealth generated in the Industrial Revolution Karl Marx (1818-1883) - German philosopher and economist 1848 - The Communist Manifesto details scientific socialism Argues Economic interest drives human behavior, sees everything as a class struggle
Congress of Vienna
Fall 1814 - Victors over napoleon meet at Congress of Vienna Agenda: Discuss terms of peace for France and the future direction of Europe Hope to turn France into an ally, not a bitter enemy Restore order to France Minimal punishments 1814 - Restore monarchy in France, called the Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII (Louis XVI's brother) put on the throne Back to a constitutional monarchy 1815 - Four powers in Congress form an alliance, called the Quadruple Alliance, AKA the concert of Europe Goal: Ensure peace and stability in Europe
Confederation of the Rhine
Formed by Napoleon 1806 Collection off German states to provide buffer, protect France from European threats Pledge loyalty to France/Napoleon, not Holy Roman Empire
Expands French Empire
France Italy and Holland Spain (as a dependent state Russia and Austria forced into alliances
1804
French Senate declares Napoleon emperor Crowned by Pope Pius VII
21 September 1792
French monarchy abolished
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
From old, well-known family in Corsica Attended French military school 1786 - Becomes second lieutenant at age 16 1789 - French Revolution begins Sides with the revolutionaries 1795 - Counter-revolutionary revolt in Paris against new republic, the Directory Napoleon called in to suppress revolt Significance: seen as hero of new republic Wins allies within the Directory and new French government
16 October 1793
Marie Antoinette executed after speedy trial
France in the mid-1700s
Most populated country in western Europe Paris as Enlightenment center Tension between Enlightenment political ideas and unresponsive monarchy
Spring 1805
Napoleon crowned king of Italy
Napoleon's Problems
Napoleon over extended his empire, too difficult to control Great Britain resists Napoleon's empire, organizes counter blockade to cripple French commercial activity Growing resentment towards the French Spain rebels against French control Austria declares war
France under the National Assembly
Promote enlightenment liberties Freedom of speech, press, assembly, etc. Equality under the law Try to address financial crisis Confiscated church property to back new currency
Constitution of 1793
Provided for universal male suffrage, public education, abolition of slavery, etc. But threats to republic prevent its execution...
Conservatism
Refuted the ideas of the enlightenment (fuel for the horrors/disorder of French Revolution) Goal: preserve tradition Emphasis on social order and hierarchy Stressed the superiority of the elite, against Enlightenment ideas of equality Advocate the necessity of monarchy and nobility to maintain social and political order Defense of the church (Catholicism)
Liberalism
See merit in the promises of the French Revolution and Enlightenment (equality, freedom) Challenged tradition Reflects interests and hopes of middle class
Revolutions of 1848
Series of political revolts and uprisings across Europe in 1848 Reaction to long and short term causes Political and economic problems Growing class consciousness Industrialization and urbanization Specific regional grievances
The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
Series of wars in Europe to expand France's power, create French empire
The Reign of Terror (July 1793-1794)
Spring 1793 - Pro-monarchy revolt breaks out in Western France April 1793 - National Convention creates the Committee of Public Safety Restore public order Protect the new republic Begins purge of political enemies, dissenters, etc. Committee gains more power/authority 2/3 of people killed
Nationalism
Stresses the importance of national identity and the nation-state Desire to unify nations and create a national interest and community Leads to the unification of Germany and Italy but threatened the stability of Austria and the Ottoman Empire Endorses a government made by the people, not the monarch
Industrial Revolution
The emergence of modern industry in late 1700s to the mid-1800s Shift from traditional agrarian society/economy to "modern" industry Rise of factories, mines Begins in Great Britain Population growth Major materials: cotton, iron, and coal
Glory Days of France
Working class + liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe, especially over opposition to electoral reform 22 February 1848 - Parisians plan banquet (political rally) to celebrate democracy, thousands of working class plan to attend Government tries to stop event, violence erupts in Paris 24 February - Louis-Phillippe abdicates, forced into exile
Continental System
attempt to economically cripple Great Britain Massive blockade against British ships
Reform Bill of 1832
extends the right to vote to most of the middle class
Corn laws
imposed tariffs on grain imports 1846 in England repealed Had been harmful to working/middle class. Repealing would lower bread prices
Enclosure acts
large landowners that started to enclose fields, buying out land on mass, forcing small farmers to be tenant farmers and work for larger farms
Between 1833 and 1847
laws passed to ensure better working conditions in industrial jobs Women and children no longer allowed to work in underground mines Children under 9 no longer allowed to work in textile mills Women and children limited to 10 hours/day in factories
Estates General
legislative assembly with representatives from 3 estates First estate (clergy) Second estate (nobility) Third estate (commoners) Not summoned since 1614 (Louis XIII)
21 January 1793
louis XVI executed for treason (guillotine)
Bourgeoisie
middle class
Girondists
moderate republicans, mainly bourgeoise
Great Potato Famine in Ireland (1845-1852)
period of mass starvation and suffering (and emigration) in Ireland No assistance from England: government should not interfere with economy, coupled with disregard for Irish
Jacobins
radical republicans, mainly bourgeoise
1788/1789 Short term Cause of French Revolution
terrible growing season leads to widespread famine, outrageous bread prices