History 202 H Unit 3

Tennis Court Oath

- 20 June 1789 - National Assembly prepares to meet, find meeting hall locked - Meet instead in a tennis court next door - Swear the Tennis Court Oath, agreeing not to disband until France had a constitution

Global empires of the 18th Century focused on

Competition between central powers State-building

Agricultural Revolution in Britain

Confronts food problem in larger population New crops and use of land, new farming technology, more commercially driven

Romanticism

Cultural and intellectual movement that stressed emotion over reason Love of nature and natural world

Working Conditions in Mines and Factories

New inventions lead to increased production and factories Rows of repetitive, specialized tasks, many employees Massive wealth for owners, hardships for workers Extremely low pay Women and children paid less than men 6 days a week, 12-16 hours a day Heavy reliance on child labor Dirty, unsafe working conditions Constant risk of injury

Constitution of 1848

November 1848 creates Second French Republic

Sans-culottes

("those without knee breeches") radical lower classes

Third estate

Burdened by high taxes, famine in mid-1700s Includes Bourgeoise and Peasants

July Revolution

(1830) - reaction against conservative Charles X Liberals + working class in Paris revolt Quickly spreads across France, fueled by discontent of people 1830 - Charles X (last Bourbon king of France) flees to great Britain

Abbe Sieyes publishes?

-"What is the Third Estate?" in 1789 -Growing political consciousness of the Third Estate

Louis XIV

-(r. 1643-1715) made France a model for absolutism -1715- Louis XIV dies, succeeded by 5-year-old grandson Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)

National Assembly

-17 June 1789 - Third Estate (with allies in other Estates) form the national Assembly -Goal: Give France a constitution -National Assembly wins support from French peasantry and people of Paris

Louis XVI's attempts to reform French monarchy with enlightenment ideals

-1774 - Louis XVI appoints Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) as minister of finance >Suggested the abolishment of guilds >New tax on landowners >Cut down on expenses at court -Attempts to alleviate financial crisis either rejected by French or fail

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

-1790 asserts state over religion -Makes clergy employees of the state -Requires oaths of loyalty to the state

Italian Campaign

-1796 -Goal: conquer territories in northern Italy for France -Clashes with Austrian forces -Uses propaganda in his speeches "only want to free you from our tyrant's chains, France is friend of the people" -Succeeds in conquering territory for France

Flight to Varennes

-21 June 1791 -Royal family plot escape from Paris in middle of the night >In disguise >Goal: Escape to Austria -Identified, captured near Varennes -Brought back to Paris, confined to Tuileries Palace -Significance >King loses sympathy >Will help force Louis XVI to accept new constitution of 1791 >Fuels early demand for a republic

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

-26 August 1789 -Inspired by Enlightenment ideology -"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" -Natural rights: "Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression " -Authority in the country comes from everyone, not just monarch -Louis XVI rejects Declaration of Rights

End of the Great Fear

-4 August 1789 - The National Assembly ends all noble privileges -Satisfies peasants

Women's March on Versailles

-5-6 October 1789 -Mob of Parisian women march on Versailles -Major grievances: bread, promote National Assembly -Force king to move closer to Paris in Tuileries Palace -Louis XVI forced to accept changes issued by National -Assembly and loss of power

National Convention

-Assembled to create a new constitution -France formally declared a republic -Dominated by Jacobin interests -Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) elected head of National Convention -Introduce republican calendar

Queen's Hamlet

-Commissioned in 1783 at Versailles -Idealized village, far from the real conditions of actual farmers

Emergence of civil cults

-Cult of Reason - no god but reason itself -Cult of the Supreme Being - started by Robespierre >Focused on a singular purpose if figure- "civic cults" >Hebert, another revolutionary, start cult of reason-no god >Robespierre creates Cult of SB in response, immortal souls, preach civic virtues of republican identity, supposed to replace Catholicism, propaganda rhetoric

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)

-Daughter of Marie Theresa of Austria -1770 - marries future Louis XVI 14 years old (war/alliance 15 years ago) -Marriage based on recent alliance between France and Austria (traditional enemy)

5 May 1789

-Estates General convenes in Versailles -Third Estate demands that Estates General vote by head, not 1 vote per Estate

Constitution of 1795

-Goal: prevent future abuse of power (like Committee) -Moderate republicans assume direction -Represent interests of middle class, not working poor -Creates 2-house parliament -Executive branch called the Directory, consists of 5 men -Limits who has power to vote to mostly upper middle class -27 September 1795- goes into effect -Working poor dissatisfied with new government

Long term causes for Revolution

-Growth of absolutism in France -Financial trouble >France in extreme debt >Privileged orders (nobility, clergy) have majority of wealth but exempt from taxes -Voice of the people (Estates General) unsummoned since 1614 >No longer reflects socioeconomic realities >Bourgeoise demand greater political access -Enlightenment ideas provide an ideal that differs from reality >Growing demand for people's participation in government >Nobility resented lost political power to the king

Storming the Bastille (14 July 1789)

-Louis XVI rejects legitimacy of National Assembly >Prepares to bring troops to Paris >Spreads fears that king will retaliate against French people -14 July 1789 - mob of Parisian citizens storm the Bastille >Weakly guarded fortress garrison, symbol of royal power >Kill mayor and parade head on a pike >Couple thousand people in mob >Goals: free political prisoners, secure weapons

Great Fear

-Mid-July to early August 1789 -Revolts against nobility

Legislative Assembly

-October 1791 - National Assembly disbands -Excessive printing of paper money causes inflation -Treatment printing of catholic church alienates French Catholics -Tensions with Austria lead to War of the First Coalition (1792-1797) -France vs. alliance of European powers! -Increasing demand for a republic

10 August 1792

-Paris Commune leads revolutionaries to storm Tuileries Palace -Imprison royal family

Constitution of 1791

-September 1791 -Limited monarch's power in favor of a representative Assembly -Establish a constitutional monarch

elections for Third Estate representatives

-Spring 1789 -Bourgeoisie, not peasants, dominate Third Estate

louis XVI summons estate general

-Summoned 1788 -Third estate requests to elect more representatives -Approved, no big deal because each estate only gets 1 vote

Louis XVI (r.1774-1791)

-Supported American colonists when they rebelled against Britain -Fairly weak king, lacked charisma and skill of the sun king -Still heavily guided by absolutism

Louis XV

-Unpopular monarch, absolutism weakens -Lack of political command -Significant debt, relies on heavy tax burden on commoners -French nobles begin to restore powers they had lost to king -Costly foreign wars (including Seven Years War, 1756-1763) result in loss of French empire

Law of the 22 Prairial

10 June 1794-suspends right to trial witnesses

Law of Suspects

17 September 1793-orders arrest of anyone plotting against republic

Population growth

1700 Europe 110 million people 🡪 1800 Europe 190 million Why? - Better medicine (inoculation of smallpox) -Diverse diet People living longer

Assembly of Notables

1787- Louis XIV called an Assembly of Notables, meant to approve king's reforms They refuse; instead demand summoning of Estates General

Egyptian Campaign

1798-Goal: Conquer Egypt, disrupt British trade to hurt British economy -1 August 1798 - Battle of the Nile -Napoleon defeated by British navy (led by Admiral Horatio Nelson -Loss here signals inability to conquer Egypt -Napoleon highlights his scientific and historical discoveries instead! -1799 - Rosetta Stone

Napoleon's France

1802 - Proclaimed "First Consul for Life" Progressive reforms Financial reform to improve economy, including price controls and Bank of France Funds public primary and secondary schools The Civil Code of 1804 (aka, the Napoleonic Code) Concordat of 1801 - recognized Catholicism

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

1812 - Napoleon attempts to invade Russia Failure to conquer Russia Very costly campaign, drawn-out, exhausting Russians refuse to surrender French army forced to endure Russian winter: starvation, disease, and cold Significance: Napoleon gives up Russian campaign Defeat weakens war machine to allow Coalition victory

Charles X

1824-becomes king of France Supports tradition/conservatism Abolishes freedom of press Restricted the right to vote

Louis-Philippe

1830 -from Orleans, becomes king of France Recognizes liberal desires in France Portrays as a "citizen king", not an absolute monarch Reduces property qualifications to vote

Battle of Trafalgar

21 October 1805 Admiral Nelson sees French fleet near Spain, attacks Victory for Britain Loss of French fleet means Britain has supremacy at sea Significance: Loss limits Napoleon's conquests to continent

Constitution of the year VIII

24 December 1799 Declares Napoleon First Consul Maintains legislature but Napoleon with real governing power Beginning of the consulate (1799-1804), under Napoleon's direction

Napoleon's 100 days

26 February 1815 - Napoleon escapes Elba 20 March 1815 - Napoleon reaches Paris, assumes leadership for Hundred Days Raises an army June 1815 - Battle of Waterloo Defeated (for the final time) by Great Britain and Prussia British forces led by the skilled Duke of Wellington Exiled again on St. Helena in South Atlantic 1821 - Napoleon dies

Thermidorian Reaction

27 July 1794 - Robespierre overthrown Committee of Public Safety dissolved

Battle of Borodino

7 September 812-Long, costly battle Finally, Russians withdraw

Sixth Coalition

Britain Russia Prussia Austria Sweden October 1813 - Battle of Leipzig, allies defeat Napoleon Spring 1814 - Allies push into France, capture Paris Force Napoleon to abdicate throne and capture him Napoleon exiled to the Island Elba, off the coast of Italy

Battle of Austerlitz

December 1805 Napoleon defeats combined forces of Russia and Austrians Significance: leads Austria to surrender, make peace with France

Napoleon's Rise to Power

Director member Abbe Sieyes plans coup d'état Involves Napoleon in plot 9 November 1799 - Sieyes and conservative allies overthrow Directory Napoleon takes power for himself

People's charter of 1838

Drafted by working class Demanded universal male suffrage Removal of the property qualifications to hold political office Rejected by parliament but reflect growing awareness/activism of the working class

Social effects of the Industrial Revolution

Drastically increased distance between the wealthy and poor in society Women enter workforce in unprecedented numbers but face different treatment, lower pay, etc. Workers organize labor unions to voice grievances about safety, hours, abuse, etc. Luddism - revolts by workers that involve the smashing of machines that took away jobs in the early 1800's Named after Ned Ludd British government labels Luddism and industrial sabotage a capital offense

Socialism

Emphasizes cooperation, community, and public ownership Calls for a drastic reorganization of society, the removal of competition and class boundaries Inequality leads to suffering Recognizes the fact that the working class did not profit from the enormous wealth generated in the Industrial Revolution Karl Marx (1818-1883) - German philosopher and economist 1848 - The Communist Manifesto details scientific socialism Argues Economic interest drives human behavior, sees everything as a class struggle

Congress of Vienna

Fall 1814 - Victors over napoleon meet at Congress of Vienna Agenda: Discuss terms of peace for France and the future direction of Europe Hope to turn France into an ally, not a bitter enemy Restore order to France Minimal punishments 1814 - Restore monarchy in France, called the Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII (Louis XVI's brother) put on the throne Back to a constitutional monarchy 1815 - Four powers in Congress form an alliance, called the Quadruple Alliance, AKA the concert of Europe Goal: Ensure peace and stability in Europe

Confederation of the Rhine

Formed by Napoleon 1806 Collection off German states to provide buffer, protect France from European threats Pledge loyalty to France/Napoleon, not Holy Roman Empire

Expands French Empire

France Italy and Holland Spain (as a dependent state Russia and Austria forced into alliances

1804

French Senate declares Napoleon emperor Crowned by Pope Pius VII

21 September 1792

French monarchy abolished

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

From old, well-known family in Corsica Attended French military school 1786 - Becomes second lieutenant at age 16 1789 - French Revolution begins Sides with the revolutionaries 1795 - Counter-revolutionary revolt in Paris against new republic, the Directory Napoleon called in to suppress revolt Significance: seen as hero of new republic Wins allies within the Directory and new French government

16 October 1793

Marie Antoinette executed after speedy trial

France in the mid-1700s

Most populated country in western Europe Paris as Enlightenment center Tension between Enlightenment political ideas and unresponsive monarchy

Spring 1805

Napoleon crowned king of Italy

Napoleon's Problems

Napoleon over extended his empire, too difficult to control Great Britain resists Napoleon's empire, organizes counter blockade to cripple French commercial activity Growing resentment towards the French Spain rebels against French control Austria declares war

France under the National Assembly

Promote enlightenment liberties Freedom of speech, press, assembly, etc. Equality under the law Try to address financial crisis Confiscated church property to back new currency

Constitution of 1793

Provided for universal male suffrage, public education, abolition of slavery, etc. But threats to republic prevent its execution...

Conservatism

Refuted the ideas of the enlightenment (fuel for the horrors/disorder of French Revolution) Goal: preserve tradition Emphasis on social order and hierarchy Stressed the superiority of the elite, against Enlightenment ideas of equality Advocate the necessity of monarchy and nobility to maintain social and political order Defense of the church (Catholicism)

Liberalism

See merit in the promises of the French Revolution and Enlightenment (equality, freedom) Challenged tradition Reflects interests and hopes of middle class

Revolutions of 1848

Series of political revolts and uprisings across Europe in 1848 Reaction to long and short term causes Political and economic problems Growing class consciousness Industrialization and urbanization Specific regional grievances

The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

Series of wars in Europe to expand France's power, create French empire

The Reign of Terror (July 1793-1794)

Spring 1793 - Pro-monarchy revolt breaks out in Western France April 1793 - National Convention creates the Committee of Public Safety Restore public order Protect the new republic Begins purge of political enemies, dissenters, etc. Committee gains more power/authority 2/3 of people killed

Nationalism

Stresses the importance of national identity and the nation-state Desire to unify nations and create a national interest and community Leads to the unification of Germany and Italy but threatened the stability of Austria and the Ottoman Empire Endorses a government made by the people, not the monarch

Industrial Revolution

The emergence of modern industry in late 1700s to the mid-1800s Shift from traditional agrarian society/economy to "modern" industry Rise of factories, mines Begins in Great Britain Population growth Major materials: cotton, iron, and coal

Glory Days of France

Working class + liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe, especially over opposition to electoral reform 22 February 1848 - Parisians plan banquet (political rally) to celebrate democracy, thousands of working class plan to attend Government tries to stop event, violence erupts in Paris 24 February - Louis-Phillippe abdicates, forced into exile

Continental System

attempt to economically cripple Great Britain Massive blockade against British ships

Reform Bill of 1832

extends the right to vote to most of the middle class

Corn laws

imposed tariffs on grain imports 1846 in England repealed Had been harmful to working/middle class. Repealing would lower bread prices

Enclosure acts

large landowners that started to enclose fields, buying out land on mass, forcing small farmers to be tenant farmers and work for larger farms

Between 1833 and 1847

laws passed to ensure better working conditions in industrial jobs Women and children no longer allowed to work in underground mines Children under 9 no longer allowed to work in textile mills Women and children limited to 10 hours/day in factories

Estates General

legislative assembly with representatives from 3 estates First estate (clergy) Second estate (nobility) Third estate (commoners) Not summoned since 1614 (Louis XIII)

21 January 1793

louis XVI executed for treason (guillotine)

Bourgeoisie

middle class

Girondists

moderate republicans, mainly bourgeoise

Great Potato Famine in Ireland (1845-1852)

period of mass starvation and suffering (and emigration) in Ireland No assistance from England: government should not interfere with economy, coupled with disregard for Irish

Jacobins

radical republicans, mainly bourgeoise

1788/1789 Short term Cause of French Revolution

terrible growing season leads to widespread famine, outrageous bread prices