History

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

anarchist

A person who opposes all forms of government.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

16th Amendment (1913)

Authorized the collection of a progressive income tax. "Progressive" means as you make a higher income, you pay a higher percentage. This tax does not apply to money made on investments or in the stock market. Today, this is the primary source of revenue for the federal government. Helped replace revenue lost after the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 (passed under Wilson) significantly lowered tariffs.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Cuba (Spanish-American War)

Cuba wanted independence from Spain. The US got involved by protecting Cuba and therefore getting into a war with Spain in order to expand the US.

17th Amendment (1913)

Established that senators were to be elected directly by voters (instead of by state legislatures as under the Constitution originally). This law was part of the Progressive Era effort to curb the power of political parties and open up the government with more democracy to the people.

What was sharecropping?

Farmed the land, but forced to give a share of the crop to the owner - never got ahead

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Ratification

Formal approval

"Bull Mouse" progressive party

Formed to support Theodore Roosevelt's presidency

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states.

What effects did the economic and social problems after the civil war have on society

How successful was reconstruction in dealing with the economic and social problems of freedmen? The end of the Civil War and the Reconstruction of the South attempted to address some of the social concerns of the freed slaves but in reality could do very little to make blacks economically and politically equal to whites. In fact, there was never any intention of making blacks equal. The results of slavery and lingering racism were devastating. Created racial tensions

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

When did most strikes occur

Late 1800s early 1900s

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

18th Amendment (1919)

The 18th Amendment (proposed by Congress on December 19, 1917) banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions. Contrary to common belief, it did not prohibit the purchase or consumption of alcohol. The Amendment was ratified on January 18, 1919, went into effect one year later, and was repealed by the 21st Amendment on December 5, 1933. Small-time operators were faced with competition from the organized crime and criminal gangs that fought each other for market control.

How did government encourage westward movement?

The Federal Government aided in the acquisition of land along with protection against Native Americans, the improvement of transportation to the west, and giving incentive for western settlement. ... The Federal Government passed the Morrill Act of 1862, putting forward funds toward agricultural institution programs.

Who is Frederick Jackson Turner and what is his Frontier Thesis about?

The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.

What were the Reconstruction Amendments and how did they impact society?

The Thirteenth Amendment, adopted in 1865, abolishes slavery or involuntary servitude except in punishment for a crime. The Fourteenth Amendment, adopted in 1868, defines all people born in the United States as citizens, requires due process of law, and requires equal protection to all people. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, prevents the denial of a citizen's vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

What were the economic and social problems America faced after the Civil War (reconstruction)?

The most difficult task confronting many Southerners during Reconstruction was devising a new system of labor to replace the shattered world of slavery. The economic lives of planters, former slaves, and nonslaveholding whites, were transformed after the Civil War. Planters found it hard to adjust to the end of slavery. Accustomed to absolute control over their labor force, many sought to restore the old discipline, only to meet determined opposition from the freedpeople, who equated freedom with economic autonomy. Many former slaves believed that their years of unrequited labor gave them a claim to land; "forty acres and a mule" became their rallying cry. White reluctance to sell to blacks, and the federal government's decision not to redistribute land in the South, meant that only a small percentage of the freedpeople became landowners. Most rented land or worked for wages on white-owned plantations. During Reconstruction, many small white farmers, thrown into poverty by the war, entered into cotton production, a major change from prewar days when they concentrated on growing food for their own families. Out of the conflicts on the plantations, new systems of labor slowly emerged to take the place of slavery. Sharecropping dominated the cotton and tobacco South, while wage labor was the rule on sugar plantations. Increasingly, both white and black farmers came to depend on local merchants for credit. A cycle of debt often ensued, and year by year the promise of economic independence faded.

What was the purpose of the Dawes Act 1887? What were the positive and negative impacts of this Act?

The objectives of the Dawes Act were to abolish tribal and communal land ownership of the tribes into individual land ownership rights in order to transfer lands under Native American control to white settlers and stimulate assimilation of them into mainstream American society, and thereby lift individual Native Americans out of poverty. The Dawes Act had a negative effect on Native Americans, as it ended their communal holding of property (with crop land often being privately owned by families or clans), by which they had ensured that everyone had a home and a place in the tribe.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Americanization movement

education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture

philanthropist

lover of humanity; person active in promoting human welfare

Socialist

person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

Philippines (Spanish American War)

surprise attack destroys entire Spanish fleet in 7 hours

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Bimetallism

the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

Haymarket Riot (1886)

violet incident at a workers' rally held in Chicago's Haymarket Square; political radicals and labor leaders called the rally to support a strike at the nearby McCormick Reaper works. When police tried to break it up, a bomb was thrown into their midst, killing 8 and wounding 67 others. The incident hurt the Knights of Labor and Governor John Altgeld, who pardoned some of the anarchist suspects.

Who is Thomas Nast and why is he significant?

was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He was the scourge of Democratic Representative "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine.