History and role of media

History of Media: Beginnings(1600's-mid-1700's) - first newspaper ever?

-State of New English Affairs- Andrew Bradford (1689) -Publick Occurrences- Benjamin Harris (1690) -Boston Newsletter- John Campbell (1704)

Primary Role of media in Democracy

1) Advocacy role (support) 2) Market role (consumer driven) 3) Trustee role (expert)

History of Media, Objective Journalism (early to mid 1900's)- Good news reporting

1) Authoritative sources 2) Attributions

History of Media, 1st Amendment (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Prohibited by 1st Amendment

1) Censorship 2) Prior Restraint 3) Licensing 4) Taxation

History of Media, 1st Amendment (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Five Freedoms of the 1st amendment (RAPPS

1) Freedom of Religion 2) Freedom of Assembly 3) Freedom of Press 4) Freedom of Petition 5) Freedom of Speech

New trends/roles in media

1) Impact of technology a) Efficiency b) Ease c) Time Management d) Availability 2) Key value is service 3) Key challenge- Do not let the technology drive or dictate the quality of journalism

Role of School media: Primary Roles-challenges

1) News reporting (informing)- serving as gatekeeper. 2) Entertainment- Balancing priorities 3) Matter of Record (history)- ensuring accuracy 4) School spirit- Dealing with "kill messenger" syndrome 5) Community image- serving as PR ambassador 6) Educational skills- Journalism as learning experience 7) Reader Culture- Promoting diversity 8) Leadership- taking editorial stances 9) Public Forum- Provide opinion opportunities 10) Interpretation- Going beyond the facts

Role of School media: Other Roles

1) Paving your way (financial) 2) Honors (entering competitions) 3) Showcase (outlet for expression)

Role of media for high school staffs

1) Presenting problems AND solutions 2) Presenting a range of views 3) Consulting representatives not extremists 4) Focusing on values.

Problems that developed in response to excesses of primary roles?

1) Sensationalism (yellow journalism) 2) Trivialization (entertainment)

Roles and theories emphasize what characteristics?

1) Sense of community 2) Need for going beyond straight facts

Dominant Theories of media in democracy

1) Social Responsibility (for the good of society) 2) Public Journalism (to advance democracy) 3) Citizen media (to give a voice to all)

History of Media, Objective Journalism (early to mid 1900's)- Adolph Ochs (NYT)

Adolph Simon Ochs (March 12, 1858 - April 8, 1935) was an American newspaper publisher, and former owner of The New York Times. Under his leadership The New York Times became a pre-eminent American daily paper with sales of over one million, and is credited with winning ninety-four Pulitzer Prizes. Contrary to many of his peers at the time, he denounced yellow journalism and sensationalism, concerning himself only with trustworthy reporting and writing. He coined the paper's celebrated slogan, "All the news that's fit to print," widely interpreted as a jab at competing papers. Ochs' success with the Times remains his legacy and his continuing impact on the world. His descendants, members of the Sulzberger family, continue to maintain a dominant role in the operation of the paper and in maintaining its consistently high standard, detailed and broad coverage of international as well as American news. n 1896, at the age of 36, he borrowed money to purchase The New York Times, a money-losing newspaper that had a wide range of competitors in New York City. His focus on objective news reporting (in a time when newspapers were openly and highly partisan), and a well-timed price decrease (from 3 cents per issue to 1 cent) led to its rescue from near oblivion, increasing its readership drastically.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Edward R. Murrow

American radio and television news broadcaster Edward R. Murrow gave eyewitness reports of WWII for CBS and helped develop journalism for mass media. In 1935, Murrow was hired by CBS to serve as its director of talks. He moved to London, England, two years later to become the head of its operations in Europe. Nearly by accident, Murrow began his career in journalism. Germany invaded Austria in 1938, and he charted a plane to Vienna, Austria, where he covered the event for CBS. He soon developed a network of correspondents to help him report on the growing conflict in Europe. His team, sometimes called "Murrow's boys," included William L. Shirer and Eric Sevareid. Murrow became a fixture on American radio during World War II. During late 1939 to early 1940, he risked life and limb to report on the bombing of London. Murrow transmitted his reports from a rooftop instead of an underground shelter and was able to make the blitz real for listeners across the pond. As poet Archibald MacLeish said, according to The New Yorker, Murrow "burned the city of London in our houses and we felt the flames that burned it." He also was the first to incorporate ambient sound into his broadcasts, allowing listeners to hear the news happening. The following year, Murrow made history by taking on McCarthy directly. He did what many had been afraid to do. McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee had created an environment of fear. Those who were considered to be communists often ended up being blacklisted and unable to find work. Much to the chagrin of his network, Murrow showed McCarthy for the bully that he was using McCarthy's own words.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- PT Barnum

Barnum started a weekly paper in 1829, The Herald of Freedom, in Danbury, Connecticut. His editorials against church elders led to libel suits and a prosecution which resulted in imprisonment for two months, but he became a champion of the liberal movement upon his release. In 1853, he started a pictorial weekly newspaper Illustrated News and a year later completed his autobiography, which through many revisions, sold more than one million copies. Barnum became known as the Shakespeare of Advertising, due to his innovative and impressive ideas. He knew how to draw patrons in, by giving them a glimpse of something that had never been seen before. "Without promotion something terrible happens... Nothing!" he once said. He was, at times, accused of being deceptive and promoting false advertising. He simply indulged in the truth and made it seem more appealing. He knew what America wanted and he delivered. "Nobody ever lost a dollar by underestimating the taste of the American public," Barnum stated.

History of Media, Civil War and Reconstruction ( mid to late 1800's)- Key Development

Beginnings of modern news reporting techniques

History of Media: Beginnings (1600's-mid-1700's) - First successful Journalist

Benjamin Franklin (founded Pennsylvania Post, Poor Richard's Almanac, American Magazine and first free library in the US)

History of Media, Convergence Journalism (2000's)- Citizen journalism

Citizen journalism refers to any type of news gathering and reporting -- writing and publishing articles about a newsworthy topic, or posting photographs or video of a newsworthy event -- that is done by members of the general public rather than the professional news agencies commonly referred to as "mainstream media." Citizen journalism has been in existence at least since Thomas Paine wrote self-published pamphlets like Common Sense that stoked the fires of independence in 1776 [source: Glaser]. But any conversation about citizen journalism in the modern age is mostly a conversation about the transformative effect of the Internet on the democratization of information. The rise of citizen journalism has been controversial, because it raises the question: what does it mean to be a "professional" journalist if everyone is a journalist? Critics of citizen journalism argue that real journalists, professional or amateur, adhere to certain standards like fact checking, naming sources, searching out opinions on both sides of an issue and avoiding libelous statements [source: Hogg]. You don't need to have a degree in journalism or carry press credentials to practice these principles, but publishing a personal opinion about a politician or posting a grainy cell phone video of a celebrity does not necessarily make you a journalist.

History of Media, Penny Press era (early to mid 1800's)- Independent Journalism, Benjamin Day and the NY Sun (1833)

Day founded the first Penny Press in 1833. Day introduced The Sun, which appealed to a wide audience, using a simpler, more direct style, vivid language, and human interest stories. Day made advances in the written news by introducing a new meaning of sensationalism, which was defined as reliance on human-interest stories. He placed emphasis on the common person as he or she was reflected in the political, educational, and social life of the day. Day also introduced a new way of selling papers by putting into practice the London Plan. This plan included newsboys hawking their newspapers on the streets. Day's Sun was responsible for the story of Richard Adams Locke published in 1835 in which he wrote a story about life on the moon that was fictional, but was received by the general public as fact. The publicity of the article was widespread at that time and now is referred to as "The Great Moon Hoax". He is credited with stretching the truth that came to be known as SENSATIONALISM. Day is also credited for importing to the United States the London Plan, a largely antiquated system today of newspaper distribution in which the paper carriers buy newspapers in bulk from the publisher and sell the papers to the reading public for a profit.

History of Media, Objective Journalism (early to mid 1900's)- Good news writing

Does not hint at favoritism or bias

History of Media: Beginnings(1600's-mid-1700's) - 1640

First printing press in America is set up at Harvard

History of Media, Civil War and Reconstruction ( mid to late 1800's)- Advances Civil Rights and Women's Rights

Frederick Douglass, a former slave and eminent human rights leader in the abolition movement, was the first black citizen to hold a high U.S. government rank. He produced some abolitionist newspapers: The North Star, Frederick Douglass Weekly, Frederick Douglass' Paper, Douglass' Monthly and New National Era. The motto of The North Star was "Right is of no Sex - Truth is of no Color - God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." He was an active leader for the Abolitionist movement and went on to serve Susan B. Anthony was an American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. In 1868, Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton began publishing a women's rights newspaper called The Revolution. Lucy Stone became the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. Stone wrote extensively about a wide range of women's rights, publishing and distributing speeches by herself and others, and convention proceedings. In the long-running and influential Woman's Journal, a weekly periodical that she founded and promoted, Stone aired both her own and differing views about women's rights. Called "the orator", the "morning star" and the "heart and soul" of the women's rights movement, Stone influenced Susan B. Anthony to take up the cause of women's suffrage. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote that "Lucy Stone was the first person by whom the heart of the American public was deeply stirred on the woman question." Together, Anthony, Stanton, and Stone have been called the 19th-century "triumvirate" of women's suffrage and feminism.

History of Media: Beginnings (1600's-mid-1700's)- 1450

Gutenberg prints first mass-produced Bible (printing press)

History of Media, 1st Amendment (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Thomas Jefferson

He would prefer newspapers without government to government without newspapers. Newspapers (under free speech) are a check to the balance of power. They help to give voice to the people and to advocate for democracy and the truth. Political and demographic changes were also significant. Much of the success of the newspaper in the early United States owed itself to the attitude of the "founding fathers" toward the press. Many of them saw the free press as one of the most essential elements in maintaining the liberty and social equality of citizens. Thomas Jefferson said he considered the free press as even more important than the government itself: "Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate any moment to prefer the latter." It was because of his attitude that freedom of the press gained mention in the First Amendment to the Constitution, and though early politicians, including Jefferson, occasionally made attempts to rein in the press, newspapers flourished in the new nation.

History of Media, Partisan Press era (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Political Patronage

Historians indicate that newspaper patronage in Washington, DC, beginning with Jefferson, was critical for the emergence of federal political parties. This study systematically examines the empirical implications of that assumption and considers both the organizational and political processes that underlie establishment of newspapers in the Capital, contributing to the understanding that newspapers provided a model both for the civil service and for political parties.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Key Techniques: Hoaxes

Hoaxes, made up stories that run as real news events. The first journalistic hoax was the celebrated moon hoax which "made" the New York Sun of Benjamin Day. It consisted of a series of articles, allegedly reprinted from the nonexistent Edinburgh Journal of Science, relating to the discovery of life on the moon by Sir John Herschel, eminent British astronomer, who some time before had gone to the Cape of Good Hope to try out a new type of powerful telescope.

History of Media, Penny Press era (early to mid 1800's)- Horace Greeley and the NY Tribune (1841)

Horace Greeley, publisher of 1841's The New York Tribune, also had an extremely successful penny paper. He was involved with the first penny paper, Boston's Morning Post, which was a failure. Instead of sensational stories, Greeley relied on rationalism in the Tribune. His editorial pages were the heart of his paper and the reason for its large influence. Greeley is also known for using his newspaper as a platform to promote the Whig and Republican parties. Greeley ran unsuccessfully for the presidency

History of Media, Penny Press era (early to mid 1800's)- News as Marketing Concept, James Gordon Bennett, the New York Herald, and interviewing (1836)

James Gordon Bennett's 1835 New York Herald added another dimension to penny press newspapers, now common in journalistic practice. Whereas newspapers had generally relied on documents as sources, Bennett introduced the practices of observation and interviewing to provide stories with more vivid details. Bennett is known as redefining the concept of news, reorganizing the news business and introducing newspaper competition. Bennett's New York Herald was financially independent of politicians thanks to a large number of advertisers. Bennett reported mainly local news and instances of corruption, and strove for accuracy. He realized that "there was more journalistic money to be made in recording gossip that interested bar-rooms, work-shops, race courses, and tenement houses, than in consulting the tastes of drawing rooms and libraries." He is also known for writing a "money page", which was included in the Herald, and also for his coverage of women in the news. His innovations made others want to imitate him as he spared nothing to get the news first.

History of Media, Revolutionary War Period (late 1700's)- 1732 John Peter Zenger trial.

John Peter Zenger trial (New York Journal). Zenger was sued for libel by the governor of NY when he wrote about the governor (William S. Cosby) of an assortment of crimes, including election corruption. The jury found him not-guilty allowing journalists the freedom to print the truth even if it was anti-government giving them their first taste of freedom of speech. He was not guilty because what he printed was true.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Joseph Medill

Joseph Medill (April 6, 1823 - March 16, 1899) was the business manager and managing editor of the Chicago Tribune newspaper. He was a major factor in the creation of the Republican Party, the presidential election of Abraham Lincoln, and the start of the American Civil War. He was also briefly mayor of Chicago, his term in office occurring during two of the most important years of the city's history as the city tried to rebuild in the aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire. Medill took a strong stand with regard to the role of a good newspaper in society, arguing that the press must represent truth, and goodness in order to advance the intellectual, social, and moral welfare of the public. Although he rejected unproven news, abhorring rumor and gossip, especially in the form of attacks, he was vocal in his own opinions, even when they were not founded in fact. His legacy lies not only in having built the Chicago Tribune into a powerful force in moral journalism, his descendants also became major figures in the newspaper business: grandson Robert R. McCormick took over the Tribune, while grandchildren Joseph Medill Patterson founded the New York Daily News and Eleanor Medill Patterson the Washington Times-Herald. In an editorial printed on January 22, 1864, Medill summarized what he felt made a good newspaper. He argued that no paper should ever have a niche or a faction but that it should earnestly advocate right and combat wrong, rather than get involved in politics that may arise, in order to preserve its independence and unbiased nature. Social and personal relations, wealth, high position, and past service are nothing to the nature of a paper. He argued that independent press represent truth, progress, and patriotism to advance the intellectual, social, and moral welfare of the people.[

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Joseph Pulitzer

Joseph Pulitzer (April 10, 1847 - October 29, 1911), born Pulitzer József, was a Hungarian-born American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising. Pulitzer strove to make the New York World an entertaining read, and filled his paper with pictures, games and contests that drew in new readers. Crime stories filled many of the pages, with headlines like "Was He a Suicide?" and "Screaming for Mercy."[7] In addition, Pulitzer only charged readers two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information (the only other two cent paper in the city never exceeded four pages). While there were many sensational stories in the New York World, they were by no means the only pieces, or even the dominant ones. Pulitzer believed that newspapers were public institutions with a duty to improve society, and he put the World in the service of social reform. Just two years after Pulitzer took it over, the World became the highest circulation newspaper in New York, aided in part by its strong ties to the Democratic Party. Older publishers, envious of Pulitzer's success, began criticizing the World, harping on its crime stories and stunts while ignoring its more serious reporting — trends which influenced the popular perception of yellow journalism. Charles Dana, editor of the New York Sun, attacked The World and said Pulitzer was "deficient in judgment and in staying power."

History of Media, Penny Press era (early to mid 1800's)- Key development

Journalism becomes a worthwhile business venture

History of Media, Partisan Press era (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Key development

Journalism is key to a pluralistic society

History of Media, Revolutionary War Period (late 1700's)- Key Development

Journalism is recognized as important to American democracy

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Key Development

Journalism moves to the forefront of corporate opportunity and technology

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Key development

Journalism practiced to entertainment excess

History of Media, Objective Journalism (early to mid 1900's)- Key Development

Journalism professionalizes

History of Media, 1st Amendment (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Key development

Journalism provides the foundation for all other freedoms

History of Media, Convergence Journalism (2000's)- Key development

Journalistic mediums come together in the business of information. An emerging form of journalism, which combines different forms of journalism, such as print, photographic and video, into one piece or group of pieces. Convergence journalism can be found in the likes of CNN and many other news sites.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Magazines

Magazines become defined mainly by niche Leaders: Time Magazine: Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, making it the first weekly news magazine in the United States. They wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They used the slogan "Take Time-It's Brief". Hadden was considered carefree and liked to tease Luce and saw Time as important but also fun, which accounted for its heavy coverage of celebrities (including politicians), the entertainment industry, and pop culture—criticized as too light for serious news. It set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazine's cover depicted a single person. The 7 Sisters: The Seven Sisters are a group of magazines which have traditionally been aimed at married women who are homemakers with husbands and children, rather than single and working women.The name is derived from the Greek myth of the "seven sisters", also known as the Pleiades. Five of the magazines are still published:Better Homes and Gardens, Good Housekeeping, Family Circle, Redbook, Woman's Day. The sixth sister, Ladies' Home Journal ceased monthly publication in April 2014 as Meredith stated they would be "transitioning Ladies' Home Journal to a special interest publication". The seventh sister, McCall's, ceased publication in 2002.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Book-industry

Maintains traditions of respect. Textbooks become big business, superstores replace small sellers, e-Books gain foothold

History of Media, Civil War and Reconstruction ( mid to late 1800's)- Matthew Brady, photo journalism

Mathew Brady is often referred to as the father of photojournalism and is most well known for his documentation of the Civil War. His photographs, and those he commissioned, had a tremendous impact on society at the time of the war, and continue to do so today. He and his employees photographed thousands of images including battlefields, camp life, and portraits of some of the most famous citizens of his time including Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Brady sought to create a comprehensive photo-documentation of the war. At his own expense, he organized a group of photographers and staff to follow the troops as the first field-photographers. Brady supervised the activities of the photographers, including Timothy H. Sullivan, Alexander Gardner, and James F. Gibson, preserved plate-glass negatives, and bought from private photographers in order to make the collection as complete as possible. Brady and his staff photographed many images of the Civil War including the Fist Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Nellie Bly

Nellie Bly was an American journalist known for her investigative and undercover reporting. She earned acclaim in 1887 for her exposé on the conditions of asylum patients at Blackwell's Island in New York City, and achieved further fame after the New York World sent her on a trip around the world in 1889. Bly traveled around the world in an attempt to break the faux record of Phileas Fogg, the fictional title character of Jules Verne's 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days, who, as the title denotes and the story goes, sails around the globe in 80 days. Given the green light to try the feat by the New York World, Bly embarked on her journey from New York in November 1889, traveling first by ship but later also via horse, rickshaw, sampan, burro and other vehicles. She completed the trip in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds—setting a real world record, despite her fictional inspiration for the undertaking.

History of Media, Convergence Journalism (2000's)-Multi-media methods

Newspaper companies all over are also trying to embrace the new phenomenon by implementing its practices in their work. While some have been slow to come around, other major newspapers like The New York Times, USA Today and The Washington Post are setting the precedent for the positioning of the newspaper industry in a globalized world. News reporting is not limited to traditional media outlets. Freelance journalists can make use of different new media to produce multimedia pieces for their news stories. It engages global audiences and tells stories with technology, which develops new communication techniques for both media producers and consumers. Common Language Project is an example of this type of multimedia journalism production. Multimedia reporters who are mobile (usually driving around a community with cameras, audio and video recorders, and wifi-equipped laptop computers) are often referred to as Mojos, from mobile journalist. Stories will have print, internet, video photography elements embedded by one reporter, instead of being separate jobs.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Newspapers

Newspapers became defined mainly by geography (NY Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today)

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Public relations and advertising

PR and advertising are professionalized.

Penny Press

Penny press newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the United States from the 1830s onwards. Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible following the shift from hand-crafted to steam-powered printing. Famous for costing one cent while other newspapers cost around 6 cents, penny press papers were revolutionary in making the news accessible to working and middle class citizens for a reasonable price.

History of Media, Revolutionary War Period (late 1700's)- Isaiah Thomas and the shot heard 'round the world (1775)

Printer/Publisher of the Massachusetts Spy. Throughout this time he made many contributions to writings on human rights and individual freedom. His scathing criticisms of the ruling British authority had many times endangered his own life. The numerous gatherings of founding patriots and these writings earned his printing shop the deserved reputation as "The Sedition Foundry" (see below). Isaiah Thomas published his account of "The shot heard 'round the world" the musket shot by a British soldier that began the Revolutionary war. His underground paper printed throughout the revolution, as a voice for the Sons of Liberty which he was a member of., and supporting independence from Great Britian

History of Media, Revolutionary War Period (late 1700's)- Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" (1776)

Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Radio

Radio converts from drama to music, kids and talk. Key moments: Pearl Harbor and the Golden Age of Radio (1930s)

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Bernard Shaw

Renowned television journalist Bernard Shaw covered many monumental 20th century events, from the Jonestown tragedy to Tienanmen Square. He helped launch news network CNN as its chief anchor. Shaw began his broadcasting career as an anchor and reporter for WNUS in Chicago. He then worked as a reporter for the Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in Chicago, moving later to Washington as the White House correspondent. He worked as a correspondent in the Washington Bureau of CBS News from 1971 to 1977. In 1977, he moved to ABC News as Latin American correspondent and bureau chief before becoming the Capitol Hill Senior Correspondent. He left ABC in 1980 to move to CNN as its Principal Anchor.

History of Media: Beginnings (1600's-mid-1700's) Key development

Rise of a mass audience for information

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Key Techniques: Sensationalism

Sensationalism is a type of editorial bias in mass media in which events and topics in news stories and pieces are over-hyped to increase viewership or readership numbers. Sensationalism may include reporting about generally insignificant matters and events that don't influence overall society and biased presentations of newsworthy topics in a trivial or tabloid manner contrary to the standards of professional journalism. Some tactics include being deliberately obtuse, appealing to emotions, being controversial, intentionally omitting facts and information, being loud and self-centered and acting to obtain attention. Trivial information and events are sometimes misrepresented and exaggerated as important or significant, and often includes stories about the actions of individuals and small groups of people, the content of which is often insignificant and irrelevant relative to the macro-level day-to-day events that occur globally. Furthermore, the content and subject matter typically doesn't affect the lives of the masses and doesn't affect society, and instead is broadcast and printed to attract viewers and readers.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Recording industry

Sets mood and pace of modern living. Music variety explodes

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Television

Television becomes overnight success. Key moments: Kennedy assassination

History of Media, Partisan Press era (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Advocacy Role: Gazette of the US (John Fenno)

The Gazette of the United States (1789-1793) was an early American partisan newspaper first issued on April 15, 1789, as a biweekly publication friendly to the administration of George Washington, and to the policies and members of the emerging Federalist Party. The Gazette was originally published in New York City by editor John Fenno, but followed the United States Government in 1790 to its new temporary seat and capital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Throughout its history, The Gazette would function as a quasi-official Federalist publication.Contributors would write, often pseudonymously or anonymously, in support of various Federalist positions, politicians, or policies. Like many other publications of the day, the paper also hosted pieces containing personal attacks (in this case, largely on Federalist opponents). Among the paper's more famous and prolific pseudonymous contributors was Alexander Hamilton, who produced articles under many different noms de plume. John Adams, then Vice-President of the United States, published his famous Discourses on Davila, his last great text of political theory, in periodic installments of the Gazette between April 1790 and April 1791, when the series was suddenly interrupted. The Gazette played a notable role in the development of political parties and early partisanship. It also played a leading role in inspiring the creation of its rival paper, the National Gazette, which was founded at the urging of anti-Federalist leaders Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as a vehicle for their party's own political self-promotion and polemics.

History of Media, Partisan Press era (late 1700's- early 1800's)- Advocacy Role: National Gazette (Philip Freneau)

The National Gazette was a Democratic-Republican partisan newspaper that was first published on October 31, 1791. The National Gazette was founded at the urging of Republican leaders James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in order to counter the influence of the rival Federalist newspaper, the Gazette of the United States. Not unlike other papers of the era, the National Gazette centered on its fervent political content. The Gazette's political content was often written pseudonymously, and was directed against the Federalist Party. Many prominent Republicans contributed articles, often pseudonymously, including Madison and Jefferson. The Gazette is unique among early American partisan newspapers for being substantially supported by a major player within a sitting Administration (then Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson) while simultaneously attacking that Administration's own policies. Jefferson enticed Freneau to come to Philadelphia to edit the Gazette by hiring him as a translator at the United States Department of State for an annual salary of $250. Federalist writers, including Alexander Hamilton, attacked this as a conflict of interest. Hamilton and other Federalists also financially supported their own partisan newspaper, the Gazette of the United States, although their publication did not attack Washington and his policies, but praised them effusively.

History of Media, Revolutionary War Period (late 1700's)- Stamp Act (1765)

The Stamp Act required colonists to print things (such as newspapers) on stamped paper produced in London. The paper had to be paid for in British Currency and was supposed to help pay for British soldiers stationed in the Colonies. Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies. British merchants and manufacturers, whose exports to the colonies were threatened by colonial boycotts, pressured Parliament. The Act was repealed on March 18, 1766 as a matter of expedience, but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" by also passing the Declaratory Act. There followed a series of new taxes and regulations, likewise opposed by the colonists. The episode played a major role in defining the grievances and enabling the organized colonial resistance that led to the American Revolution in 1775.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Key Techniques: Rise of tabloids

The first successful "modern" tabloid was The New York Sun, started in 1833 by Benjamin Day. The Sun had a circulation of 20,000 readers and may have been the largest circulating daily paper up until that time. Tabloid journalism evolved from that point forward, becoming Yellow Journalism in the time of Hearst and Pulitzer. These publishers and their Penny papers were popular as they were affordable to the working class and featured stories that would be of interest (sports, human interest, crime, war, social reform, comics...). They also featured advertising.

History of Media, Civil War and Reconstruction ( mid to late 1800's)- Edwin Stanton and the Inverted Pyramid

The inverted pyramid becomes the standard news story model. News stories were previously told in a more narrative, slow form with the main point coming at the end of the story. That all changed with worldwide adoption of the telegraph, invented in 1845 by a portrait painter named Samuel Morse. A new and radically different story form dubbed 'the inverted pyramid' emerged, a product of new technology and a changing intellectual environment that embraced realism in art, science and literature. Due to the expense of sending a telegraph. One of the first charges was a penny a character. Newspapers spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in telegraph costs to report the Civil War. That economic pressure more than anything else influenced a new kind of writing that departed from the flowery language of the 19th century — it was concise, stripped of opinion and detail. Fueling the shift in writing style was a new type of news organization, named the "wire service" after the technology used to transmit the news. The fledgling Associated Press at one of its first meetings established the trend with an agreement that stories would be brief, tailored for a national audience and deliberately stripped of the partisanship that characterized American newspapers until that time. The first man to use this style was Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Early in the morning on April 15, 1865, as President Abraham Lincoln lay dying from an assassin's bullet, newspapers received a copy of a telegram written by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to the commanding general in New York City. Although he was a government official and not a journalist, many editors chose his official account to run on the front page of their newspapers.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- Key Techniques: Rise of Advertising

The urban tabloid was the first instrument to appear. It was pioneered by Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, and E.W. Scripp's St. Louis Post-Dispatch. These popular newspapers differed dramatically from the upper-class and staunchly partisan political newspapers that had dominated 19th century journalism. They featured banner headlines, a multitude of photographs and cartoons, and an emphasis on local news, crime, scandal, society news, and sports. Large ads made up half a paper's content, compared to just thirty percent in earlier newspapers. For easier reading on street railways, page size was cut, stories were shortened, and the text heavily illustrated. The founders of the nation's first mass-circulation magazines considered the older "quality" magazines stale and elitist. In contrast, their magazines featured practical advice, popularized science, gossip, human interest stories, celebrity profiles, interviews, "muckraking" investigations, pictures, articles on timely topics--and a profusion of ads. Instead of cultivating a select audience, the new magazines had a very different set of priorities. By running popular articles, editors sought to maximize circulation, which, in turn, attracted advertising that kept the magazine's price low. By 1900, the nation's largest magazine, the Ladies' Home Journal reached 850,000 subscribers--more than eight times the readership of Scribner's or Harper's.

History of Media, Penny Press era (early to mid 1800's)- Mark Twain, Walt Whitman, Edgar Allen Poe

These great American writers all began their careers as journalists

History of Media, Civil War and Reconstruction ( mid to late 1800's)- Thomas Nast (Illustration)

Thomas Nast is known as the "Father of the American Cartoon," having created satirical art during the 19th century that critiqued slavery and crime. In 1855 he landed his first illustration job, and several years later joined the staff of Harper's Weekly (worked there for 25 years). While there, Nast quickly made a name for himself as a political cartoonist, focusing on such topics as the civil war, slavery and corruption. Nast would also become known for the modern representation of Santa Claus as a jolly, rotund man living at the North Pole, and for the still-popular images of the Democratic Party represented by a donkey and the Republican Party by an elephant.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- Walter Cronkite

Walter Cronkite was a lifelong news man who became the voice of the truth for America as a nighttime anchorman. Walter Cronkite helped launch the CBS Evening News in 1962 and served as its news anchor until his retirement in 1981. The hallmarks of his style were honesty, impartiality and level-headedness, and "And that's the way it is" was his jaunty nightly sign-off. Identified in public opinion polls as the man Americans most trusted, he provided a voice of reason during the Vietnam and Watergate eras.

History of Media, Objective Journalism (early to mid 1900's)- Walter Lipmann (Public Opinion)

Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974) was an influential American writer, journalist, and political commentator. Like many intellectuals during his era, he began his career as a socialist while in school, but would quickly renounce these views in favor of a life-long, if sometimes cynical, commitment to the liberal, democratic idea. Lippmann struggled with his belief in democracy, expressing concern that the public was not up to the demands on an educated electorate required by a successful democracy. Lippmann was an early proponent of the role of "experts" to carry out the functions of government, but later came to question their effectiveness as well. In 1913, Lippmann, together with Herbert Croly and Walter Weyl, became the founding editors of The New Republic magazine. Lippmann saw the purpose of journalism as "intelligence work." Within this role, journalists are a link between policymakers and the public. A journalist seeks facts from policymakers which they then transmit to citizens who form public opinion. In his model, the information may be used to hold policymakers accountable to citizens. His theory was spawned during the industrial era and some critics have argued that the model needs rethinking in post-industrial societies. He had wide access to the nation's decision makers and was widely influential in the creation of modern journalistic practices. He examined the coverage of newspapers and saw many inaccuracies and other problems, an example of early media criticism.

History of Media, Yellow Journalism Era and Jazz Age Journalism (late 1800's to early 1900's)- William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World that led to the creation of yellow journalism—sensationalized stories of dubious veracity. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Through his newspapers and magazines, he exercised enormous political influence, and was famously blamed for pushing public opinion with his yellow journalism type of reporting leading the United States into a war with Spain in 1898. Pulitzer's approach made an impression on William Randolph Hearst, a mining heir who acquired the San Francisco Examiner from his father in 1887. Hearst read the World while studying at Harvard University and resolved to make the Examiner as bright as Pulitzer's paper. Under his leadership, the Examiner devoted 24 percent of its space to crime, presenting the stories as morality plays, and sprinkled adultery and "nudity" (by 19th century standards) on the front page.

History of Media, Convergence Journalism (2000's)-wireless technology

Wireless technology has changed the ways we've reported news. Cell phones, laptops, smartphones, recording devices, video cameras... these technologies have led to faster ways of reporting and more realtime abilities to report the news.

History of Media, Convergence Journalism (2000's)-Entrepreneur creations

World Wide Web, news aggregators, blogging, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter. These creations have allowed citizen journalism and journalists to crossover. News consumers have more ways to get news faster, but these have also created a need to be better news consumers. Media literacy has become more important as news feeds become more readily accessible, but not necessarily more accurate.

History of Media, Mass Communication Revolution (mid to late 1900's)- technology changes journalism

computers, offset printing and electronic news gathering change the nature of journalism. In the 1900's technology changed how news was distributed. Radio, news magazines, and tv news joined newspapers. Readers could get their news in a variety of mediums, and they became more timely in their reporting. EX. Times Magazine started, 1935, Roosevelt's fireside chats, Pearl Harbor attack announced via radio, Edward R. Murrow's live broadcasts, CBS & NBC first news broadcasts (1947), Harry Truman's inauguration televised, Murrow pioneers television news, QE II's coronation...