History Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages

Medieval Europe was what kind of society?

An agricultural society

Define Money Economy.

An economic system based on money, rather than barter

Economic system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits

Commercial Capitalism

the greatest shrine, but also the most difficult to reach

Jerusalem

What did the village priest teach the peasants?

The basic ideas of Christianity so that they would gain Christians' final goal - salvation

Define Assisi.

The place where Francis of Assisi was born

What was the Chanson de Geste?

"Heroic Epic", a type of vernacular literature

What was a very likely view that peasants had toward God?

He was an all-powerful force who needed to be appeased by prayer to bring good harvests

Who was King Edward III?

He was king of England, the duke of Gascony, and a vassal to the French king. He declared what became the Hundred Years' War

What did Pope Gregory's decree state that he issued in 1075?

It forbid high-ranking clerics from receiving their investiture from lay leaders

How was the longbow better than the crossbow?

It had greater striking power, longer range, and more rapid speed of fire

Secular or lay rulers choosing nominees to church offices & giving them the symbols of their office

Lay Investiture

Means "to read" in Latin

Lecture

What did students study at universities?

Liberal arts, such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy

Agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants

Manor

What were most towns closely tied to and why?

They were closely tied to the land around them because they depended on the food grown in the surrounding manors. Towns were also often part of the territory belonging to a lord, and therefore, subject to his authority

What were some things women were expected to do in medieval cities?

They were expected to supervise the household, prepare meals, raise the children, and manage the family's finances

Who were the saints?

They were men and women who, because of their holiness, had achieved a special position in Heaven

Other than bread, what other foods were in a peasant's diet?

Vegetables from the household gardens, cheese from cow's or goat's milk, fruits, eggs, and sometimes meat

The language of every day speech

Vernacular

the most highly regarded saint in the High Middle Ages

Virgin Mary

What did the peasants do in early summer?

Weeding and sheep shearing, but other than that it was a fairly relaxed time

Define Journeymen.

What an apprentice becomes after 5-7 years of service, during which they learned their craft

What made the Great Schism situation worse?

When an effort to resolve the problem in 1409 resulted in the simultaneous reign of three popes

How did the Great Schism damage the Church?

When the popes denounced one another as the Antichrist, people's faith in the papacy and the Church were undermined because it was widely believed that the pope was the true leader of Christendom.

What two things did the people of the Middle Ages harness the power of to do jobs that were once done by human or animal power?

Wind and Water

What was the drink of choice for the upper classes? What about for the poor?

Wine; Ale

What was an individual given when they became a Church official?

A ring and a staff

What was the study of theology strongly influenced by?

Scholasticism

What does Bourgeoisie mean?

"A walled enclosure"

What does university mean?

"Corporation" or "Guild", from the Latin word universitas

A person who wanted to learn a trade

Apprentice

A walled enclosure

Burghers (bourgeoisie)

When did the popes reach the height of their power?

The 1200s

Craft guilds directed almost every aspect of the production process by...

...setting the standards for the quality of the articles produced, specified the methods of production to be used, and even fixed the price at which the finished goods could be sold. They also determined the number of people who could enter a specific trade and the procedure they must follow to do so.

What did the Concordat of Worms state?

1. A bishop in Germany was first elected by Church officials 2. After election, the bishop paid homage to the king as his feudal lord (he became the king's vassal) 3. The king would invest in this new vassal the symbols of temporal (earthly) office. A representative of the pope then invested the new bishop with the symbols of his spiritual office

How did Henry VII, the first Tudor king, create a strong royal government?

1. Ended the wars of the nobles by abolishing their private armies 2. He did not overburden the nobles and the middle class with taxes, thus winning their favor and support

How did Louis create a strong monarchy?

1. He strengthened the use of the taille as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority, creating a regular source of income 2. Relied on support from the lower nobility and middle class to curb the power of the great French nobles 3. He added many regions to his kingdom 4. He consolidated power 5. Promoted industry and commerce

What were some beliefs going around on what caused the Black Death?

1. It was a punishment from God 2. It was caused by the devil 3. Jews caused it. Some say they poisoned the town wells

What problems did European rulers face in the 1300s?

1. Many hereditary monarchies or dynasties were unable to produce male heirs 2. Groups of nobles supporting the opposing candidates for the kingship 3. Financial problems

Which two pilgrim centers were especially popular in the High Middle Ages on the continent of Europe?

1. Rome, which contained the relics of Peter and Paul 2. The Spanish town of Santiago de Compostela, supposedly the site of the tomb of the Apostle James

Describe some of the legal rights a lord had over their serfs.

1. Serfs could not leave the manor without the lord's permission 2. They could not marry anyone outside the manor without the lord's approval 3. Lords had the right to try peasants in their own courts 4. Peasants were required to pay lords for certain services, such as having their grain ground into flour in the lords' mills.

What were some factors that led to an increase of food production?

1. The increase in peace and stability following the end of the invasions of the Early Middle Ages 2. The climate change during the High Middle Ages and improved growing conditions 3. Peasants cultivating more land by cutting down trees and draining swamps 4. Shifting from a two-field crop rotation to a three-field crop rotation

What were some benefits of being a serf?

1. The lord usually cannot take your land away 2. The serfs' responsibilities to their lords was fairly fixed (it did not change) 3. It was the lord's duty to protect his serfs, giving them the safety to farm the land

What two basic innovations made Gothic cathedrals possible and why?

1. The replacement of the round barrel vault of Romanesque churches with a combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches. This enabled builders to make Gothic churches higher than Romanesque churches and gives an impression of upward movement as if the building is reaching to God 2. The flying buttress (a heavy, arched support of stone built onto the outsides of the walls). This made it possible to distribute the weight of the vaulted ceilings outward and down. Because of this, The heavy walls were eliminated

Describe some of the rights that townspeople had from local lords by 1100.

1. The right to buy and sell property 2. Freedom from military service to the lord 3. A written law that guaranteed townspeople their freedom 4. The right for an escaped serf to become a free person after living a year and a day in the town 5. The right to govern themselves by choosing their own officials and having their own courts of law (Only some new towns received this)

Describe some of the practices and environment of the Cistercians?

1. They ate a simple diet 2. Each only had a single robe 3. All decorations were eliminated from there churches and monastic buildings 4. More time for prayer and manual labor was gained by spending fewer hours at religious services

Though Castile and Aragon remained distinct political kingdoms with separate councils of state and parliaments, how did Isabella's and Ferdinand's marriage change Spain?

1. They worked together to strengthen the royal control in the dual monarchy 2. They pursued a policy of strict conformity to Catholicism, involving the expulsion of all Jews who did not convert and later Muslims as well

What were some economic consequences of the Black Death?

1. Trade declined 2. A shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in the price of labor 3. The decline of people lowered the demand for food, resulting in falling prices

What were some of the labor services that serfs were expected to perform?

1. Working the lord's land 2. Building barns 3. Digging ditches

By 800, about what percent of Western Europeans were serfs?

60%

By 1500, how many universities did Europe have?

80

Who was King Philip IV?

A European king who claimed the right to tax the clergy

Who was Aristotle?

A Greek philosopher who reached conclusions by rational thought, not by faith. His ideas sometimes contradicted Church teachings

How did the Great Schism end?

A council met at Constance, Switzerland, and ended it in 1417. The popes then either resigned or were deposed. A new pope was then elected

Henry IV is described as what kind of person?

A determined person

What was the Great Schism?

A divide in the church resulting from a disagreement on whether Poe Urban VI's election was valid or not. This lasted from 1378 to 1417 and divided Europe.

What would students earn after about 10 more years of studies at a university?

A doctor of law, medicine, or theology

Define Masterpiece.

A finished piece of a person's craft

Define Carruca.

A heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

What did the demand for gold and silver slowly create?

A money economy

Define Serf.

A peasant who is legally bound to certain land. These people had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subjects to the lord's control

Define Apprentice.

A person who wanted to learn a trade from a master craftsperson

Define Scholasticism.

A philosophical system which tried to reconcile faith and reason or show that faith was in harmony with reason and experience

What did medieval Christians believe would produce a spiritual benefit?

A pilgrimage to a holy shrine

What was Avignon?

A place located in southern France where Clement V took up residence

What was Orleans?

A place seized by the French after being inspired by Joan's faith

Who was Pope Boniface VIII?

A pope who argued against King Philip IV that taxing the clergy required the pope's consent because popes were supreme over both Church and state. Boniface escaped after being brought to France for trial but died soon afterward.

What is Ockham's Razor?

A principle stating that when faced with opposing theories, the simplest explanation is preferred

Define Franciscans.

A religious order founded by Francis of Assisi, where followers would take vows of absolute poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for their food

Define Dominicans.

A religious order founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. These people wanted to defend Church teachings from heresy

What did this wave of religious enthusiasm lead to?

A rise in the number of monasteries, the emergence of new monastic orders, and both men and women joining religious orders in increasing numbers

Even though apprentices were not paid, what did they receive?

A room and board from their masters

Though the Hundred Years' War left France exhausted, what did it develop in the kingdom's favor?

A strong degree of French national feeling toward a common enemy

What was natural light believed to be?

A symbol of the divine light of God

What were peasants obliged to pay?

A tithe (tenth of their produce) to their local village church

At it's height, what did the League hold?

A trade monopoly in the region

On individual estates, what did the lords have over their serfs?

A variety of legal rights

How long did serfs usually work for their lords?

About 3 days a week

How many people would a large medieval trading city have?

About 5,000 inhabitants

How were Joan's achievements decisive?

After her death, the French defeated the English armies in Normandy and Aquitaine, leading to a French victory in 1453

What was grain important for making other than bread?

Ale

Who was Henry V?

An English king who achieved victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415

What was Venice?

An Italian city that developed a mercantile fleet (a fleet of trading ships) and became a major trading center in the Mediterranean

The Gothic cathedral, with its towers soaring toward Heaven, bears witness to what?

An age when most people believed in a spiritual world

Define Manor.

An agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

Define Taille.

An annual direct tax usually on land or property

What was Flanders?

An area along the coast of present-day Belgium and northern France, which was ideally located for Northern European traders.

Define Commercial Capitalism.

An economic system in which people invested in trade and goods for profit

What did Pope Clement IV request of Roger Bacon in the late 1260s?

An encyclopedia advocating a reformation of all sciences including logic, mathematics, physics, experimentation, and philosophy

What did John Hus and a group of Czech reformers call for?

An end to corruption of the clergy and to excessive papal power within the Church

He arrived at his conclusions by rational thought (not by faith)

Aristotle

When was harvest time?

August and September

From 1305-1377, where did the popes live?

Avignon

What did Bacon's revolutionary ideas result in after Clement's death?

Bacon's imprisonment

City authorizes came under increasing pressure to close what?

Baths due to moral concerns about public nudity

What were the chief events described in heroic epic poems?

Battles and political contests. The epic world is one of combat, which knights fight courageously for their kings and lords

Why did peasants not face a life of constant labor?

Because of feast days, or holidays, of the Catholic Church

Why was the Battle of Crecy not decisive?

Because the English did not have enough resources to conquer all of France

Why did Romanesque churches require massive pillars and walls to hold them up? What was a result of this?

Because the stone roofs were extremely heavy. Because they were so heavy, there was little room for windows, so the Romanesque churches were dark on the inside

Why did cities suffer from water pollution?

Because the tanners, butchers, and other industries would dump waste products into European rivers

Why were saints popular among Christians?

Because they could ask for favors before the throne of God for people who prayed to them

Who embodied the new spiritual ideal of Cistercian monasticism more than any other person?

Bernard of Clairvaux

What was the basic staple of the peasant diet, and of the medieval diet in general?

Bread

What did the eleventh and twelfth centuries witness an explosion of?

Building in medieval Europe, especially building of churches

Define Guilds.

Business associations

How was the Bubonic Plague spread?

By black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium

What was the only way the Church could regain its independence?

By eliminating lay investiture

How did serfs pay rent to their lords?

By giving them a share of every product they raised

A heavy, wheeled plow with iron plowshare

Carruca

Define Sacraments.

Christian rites

What happened to John Hus after his call for reform?

He was accused of heresy by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake

What role did Christianity play during the Middle Ages?

Christianity was a huge part of the Middle Ages. At a time where Christianity was at its peak in followers, it influenced nearly everything going on at the time. The Church's strong influence was not always positive. In order to combat heresy, the Church established the Inquisition, or Holy Office. Their job was to find and try heretics. However, the problem with this is in the punishments. For a first time offender, you would be flogged. This was only if you admitted to the sin. If you denied being a heretic but were found guilty by the Inquisition, you would be executed. The same punishment goes for second-time offenders. The court's definition of heresy was also a problem, for Christians who disagree with the Church were called heretics, like John Hus.

What were the three great feasts of the Catholic Church?

Christmas (celebrating the birth of Jesus), Easter (celebrating the resurrection of Jesus), and Pentecost (celebrating the descent of the Holy Spirit on Jesus' disciples)

This religious order was founded by a group of monks that were unhappy with the lack of discipline of the Benedictine monks

Cistercians

The revival of trade led to a revival of what?

Cities

What was Joan of Arc's role in the Hundred Years' War?

Claiming she had seen visions of the saints commanding her to free France, she persuaded Charles (the ruler of France at the time) to allow her to accompany a French army to Orleans. Her faith inspired the soldiers and they seized Orleans. She brought the war to a turning point

Who became the new pope after Boniface VIII's death?

Clement V

New trading companies and banking firms that were set up to manage the exchange and sale of goods were part of the rise of what?

Commercial Capitalism

What did Latin enable people to do?

Communicate anywhere in Europe

ended the Investiture Controversy

Concordat of Worms

List some punishments for heresy.

Confessed to Heresy: 1. Public Penance 2. Punishments such as flogging No confession but found guilty/relapsers: 1. Execution by the state

He was responsible for the establishment of the Dominican Religious Order

Dominic de Guzman

These religious orders were primarily focused on ridding the church of heretics

Dominicans and Franciscans

What did Dominic believe in relation to heresy?

He believed that a new religious order of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectively would best be able to attack heresy

What has Innocent III achieved with his interdicts?

He forced the king of France, Philip Augustus, to take back his wife after he tried to have their marriage annulled

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

He made the most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity. He is best known for his Summa Theologica

What did Thomas Aquinas say about the truths revealed through reason?

He said that reason, without faith, could only reveal truths about the physical world, not spiritual world

How did Pope Innocent III achieve his political ends?

He used interdicts to cause the people, now deprived of the comforts of religion, to exert pressure against their ruler

What caused this drastic population increase?

Europe becoming more settled and peaceful after the invasions of the Early Middle Ages had stopped

Who were convents convenient for?

Families who were unable or unwilling to find husbands for their daughters, aristocratic women who did not wish to marry, and widows

By the 1100s, a regular trade had developed between what two places?

Flanders and Italy

Heavy, arched support of stone, built onto the outside of the walls

Flying Buttress

Define Interdict.

Forbids priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to a particular group of people

What was thought of as honorable to kings, popes, and princes?

Founding a university

How did France and England differ on their use of foot soldiers?

France's heavily armed noble cavalrymen viewed them as social inferiors, but the English paid them to fight and armed them with pikes (or heavy spears) and longbows

Where did the Black Death start?

From the Black Sea, then to Sicily, then everywhere else

What were some things Northern Europeans brought to these trade fairs? What did they receive for these items?

Furs, woolen cloth, tin, hemp, and honey; swords from Northern Italy and the silks, sugar, and spices of the East

Where did the worst attacks on Jews occur?

Germany

Who did Pope Gregory VII claim to be?

God's "vicar on earth", meaning that his authority extended over all the Christian world, including its rulers.

Style of the 12th century, that replaced the round barrel vault of Romanesque churches with a combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches

Gothic

What new style that appeared In the twelfth century remains one of the greatest artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages?

Gothic

What did these feast days celebrate?

Great events of the Christian faith, or the lives of Christian saints or holy persons

While the lord's land only made up about 1/3 to 1/2 of the cultivated land scattered throughout the manor, what did the peasants use the rest of the estate's land for?

Growing food for themselves

Business associations

Guild

What played a leading role in the economic life of cities?

Guilds

Who was Pope Innocent III?

He was pope when the Catholic Church reached the height of its political power. He used spiritual weapons to achieve his political ends, such as the interdict

Who was Henry IV?

He was the king of Germany who had conflict with Pope Gregory VII over who should appoint the officials to the church

Who was Pope Gregory VII?

He was the pope who fought the practice of lay investiture

Who was Francis of Assisi?

He was the son of wealthy Italian merchants in Assisi. After being captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had many dramatic spiritual experiences. He then abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty. He became the founder of the Franciscans

He was the king of Germany and believed it was his right to appoint clerics in the church and use them as vassals

Henry IV

Who had no intention of obeying the papal decree issued by Pope Gregory VII?

Henry IV because it challenged the heart of his administration

Who established a new dynasty after the Wars of the Roses?

Henry Tudor

The denial of basic Church doctrine

Heresy

What is a cardinal?

High level bishop

She was an abbess and was responsible for the music called Gregorian chant

Hildegard of Bingen

Without the high-ranking officials as their vassals, what would the king lose?

His power over the German nobles

Because oxen were slow, what animal replaced it in pulling the carruca?

Horses

Define Anti-Semitism.

Hostility toward Jews

What changes during the High Middle Ages enabled peasants to grow more food?

In the High Middle Ages, climate change enabled peasants to grow more food. Peasants also cultivated more land from draining swamps and cutting down trees. Another factor that enabled them to grow more food was the change in technology, which included the development of tools like the carruca and the use of iron in tools. Perhaps the most important change that allowed peasants to grow more food was their shift from a two-field to a three-field crop rotation. This practice kept the soil fertile while also allowing people to grow more crops TL;DR- Climate change, more land available, change in technology (carruca), the use of iron tools, and the shift to a three-field system.

How were Romanesque churches built?

In the basilica shape used in the construction of churches in the late Roman Empire

Why the three-field system and heavy iron plows were so important to increased food production?

In the two-field crop rotation system, half of the farming land was always fallow, or not being used. By switching to a three-field system, only 1/3 of the field is inactive at a time. The soil still regains fertility while also using a majority of the land. The iron plows, or carrucas, made turning over heavy clay soils easier. Because oxen were too slow, horses were used to pull this device, making production faster and plow more land in the rocky, heavy clay soil. TL;DR- Three-field system left less land unused while still letting the soil become fertile, and the carruca made production faster and easier.

Means "Holy Office", created to deal with heretics

Inquisition

Forbids priest from giving the sacraments of the Church to a particular group of people

Interdict

Many of these new farming devices were made from a certain material. This material was used to make scythes, axes, hoes, hammers, and nails. What was this material?

Iron

What did a peasant's cottage look life?

It had wood frames surrounded by sticks, with the spaces between the sticks filled with straw and rubble and then plastered over with clay. Roofs were simply thatched. Poorer peasants' houses only had one room.

What did control over the Papal States do for the pope?

It kept him involved in political matters, often at the expense of his spiritual duties

What did the carruca lead to a growth of and why?

It led to a growth of farming villages because people had to work together. This is because iron was expensive, so the entire community had to buy a carruca, and one farmer could not afford the amount of animals needed to pull a carruca, so the villagers shared their beasts.

How did the Hundred Years' War affect England?

It left the kingdom's economy strained because of the costs of war and losses in manpower

How was the carruca better than earlier plows?

It made it easier to turn over heavy clay soils

What did Hungary's government look like?

It was a well organized central administration after the power of wealthy lords was broken

What was the Hanseatic League and what was its purpose?

It was an alliance of over one hundred northern European cities that banded together for mutual trade protection and economic opportunity

Define the Concordat of Worms.

It was the compromise that a new king and pope reached after the Investiture Controversy

Describe the physical environment of medieval cities.

It was unpleasant, for it was often dirty, smelly (from animal and human waste), and the air was polluted from wood fires or the burning of cheap grades of coal

In the High Middle Ages, the population increased dramatically. Between 1000 and 1300, how much did the population increase by?

It went from 38 million to 74 million (It practically doubled)

What made the peasant bread highly nutritious?

It's various ingredients, including not only wheat and rye, but barley, millet, and oats as well

What area was especially hit hard by the Black Death, losing 50-60 percent of its people?

Italy's crowded cities

During whose reign did Muscovy become the major power in northern Russia?

Ivan III

How was Byzantine influence increased in Russia?

Ivan III married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor

Who was recognized as the legitimate ruler and czar of Russia by the Orthodox Church?

Ivan IV

Who were some recognized saints?

Jesus' apostles, Mary, and numerous local saints of special significance to a single area

Which English king achieved victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415?

King Henry V

Who greatly advanced the development of a strong French state?

King Louis XI

How did the Hundred Years' War begin?

King Philip VI of France seized the duchy (land) that England owned at the time. King Edward III of England then declared war on France in 1337

What did the Middle Ages witness an explosion of?

Labor-saving devices

By the 1200s, what did Europeans have more of than they have today?

Land for farming

What was the universal language of medieval civilization?

Latin

With the revival of trade, cities and towns became important centers for what?

Manufacturing a wide range of goods, such as cloth, metalwork, shoes, and leather goods

What was notable about the priests of this time period?

Many of them were peasants, so most could not read

Why did sentiments against the papacy begin to grow?

Many people believed that as the bishop of Rome, the pope should reside in Rome, not Avignon. They also criticized the splendor in which the pope and cardinals were living in

Of all the saints, who was the most highly regarded in the High Middle Ages?

Mary, the mother of Jesus

Finished piece of the Journeyman's craft

Masterpiece

What were sacraments, such as baptism, marriage, and the Eucharist (Communion), seen as?

Means for receiving God's grace and were necessary for salvation

Define Patrician.

Members of the wealthiest and most powerful families

Economic system based on money, rather than barter

Money Economy

How many people did London, England's largest city, have by the late 1200s?

More than 40,000 people

How many days were essentially holidays?

More than 50 days

In contrast to London, Italian cities such as Venice, Florence, and Milan each had how many people?​

More than 80,000 inhabitants

Who did Christian rulers regain the lands of Spain from?

Muslims

Where would a group of merchants usually build a settlement and why?

Near a castle because it was located along a trade route or river and because the lords of eh castle would offer protection

What was done if the settlement of merchants prospered and expanded?

New walls would be built to protect it

List some spring crops.

Oats, barley, peas, and beans

When did peasants work the ground for the planting of winter crops?

October

What were women's responsibilities regarding trade?

Often they would help their husbands in their trade. They would sometimes carry on their husbands trade if he died. Some women even developed their own trade to earn extra money.

When would peasants usually eat meat?

On great feast days, such as Christmas and Easter

What example of a local saint does the book give for the Italians?

Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of children, who is known today as Santa Claus

Wrote the Summa Theologica and attempted to reconcile the knowledge in the Bible with the knowledge learned through reason

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Tried to reconcile faith and reason

Scholasticism

Political states ruled by the Pope

Papal States

Elections were rigged so that who would win?

Patricians

Who won the chief battles of the war in the beginning?

Peasant foot soldiers, not knights

What provided the economic support that made feudalism possible?

Peasants working on landed estates located on the fiefs given to vassals

What were craftspeople, or artisans?

People who had developed skills and saw a chance to make goods that the merchants could sell

Where did the Jews in Germany flee to because of anti-Semitism?

Poland

Claimed he was God's vicar on earth and wanted to be free from interference of the lords in the appointment of church officials

Pope Gregory VII

Which two men never resolved their conflict over who should appoint Church officials?

Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV

Who returned to Rome as pope?

Pope Gregory XI

He believed in more political power of the church; he had involvement in the Crusades and believed in using the interdict

Pope Innocent III

Which Italian pope succeeded Gregory XI?

Pope Urban VI

What were the two sides of the Great Schism?

Pope Urban VI, along with England and the people of Rome, and The French and their allies, along with their new French pope

Out of a total European population of 75 million, what percent of people died due to the plague between 1347 and 1351?

Possibly one-third to one-half

What were basilicas originally?

Rectangular buildings with flat wooden roofs.

What did the king use this feeling In France toward a common enemy for?

Reestablishing royal power

Usually bones of saints or objects connected with saints or have religious meaning

Relic

In the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of what seized Europe?

Religious enthusiasm

What are laypeople?

Religious people who were not clergy

What did stained glass windows depict?

Religious scenes and scenes from daily life

Built in basilica shape used in the construction of the churches in the late Roman Empire

Romanesque

What style were the cathedrals of the eleventh and twelfth centuries built in?

Romanesque style

Christian rites which included marriage, baptism, and Eucharist (Communion)

Sacrament

What institution had been declining throughout the High Middle Ages?

Serfdom

Peasants legally bound to the land

Serfs

How did Joan of Arc die?

She was captured by the English and turned over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft. She was condemned to death as a heretic

Who was Hildegard of Bingen?

She was the abbess of a religious house for females in western Germany. She was also one of the first women composers and an important contributor to the body of music known as Gregorian chant

What is one word to describe the life of a peasant?

Simple

Old Roman cities had continued to exist, but they had dwindled in what?

Size and Population

In comparison with either ancient or modern cities, Medieval cities were what?

Small

Where did the heretical movement become especially widespread?​

Southern France

He was responsible for the creation of the Cistercian Religious Order and helped out in the Crusades

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

He was responsible for the established of the Franciscan Religious Order

St. Francis of Assisi

What were Gothic cathedrals filled with because of their thin walls which were not supporting great weight?

Stained glass windows

Define the Cistercian.

Strict orders founded by a group of monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline at their own Benedictine monastery

Aragon and Castile were both what?

Strong Christian kingdoms

Define Summa Theologica.

Summa was a summary of all knowledge on a topic. This followed a logical method of scholarly investigation

Changes in what also aided the development of farming?

Technology

Earthly

Temporal

Define Papal States.

Territories in central Italy that the pope had control of

What was Pope Gregory VII convinced of?

That he was chosen by God to reform the Church

What were the "new monarchies"?

The "new monarchies" is what the kingdoms of France, England, and Spain are referred to after the Hundred Years' War. This is because they all created a strong central government.

When did the Middle Ages in Europe reach its high point?

The 1200s

When did the Church's power decline?

The 1300s

Describe the first major battle of the Hundred Years' War.

The Battle of Crecy occurred in 1346. The French army was larger than the English, but had no battle plan and attacked in a disorderly fashion. They were devasted by English archers

What was the most common form of the Black Death?

The Bubonic Plague

Iron was crucial in making what specific device?

The Carruca

By the early 1400s, what did the pope and Church lose?

The Church lost much of its political power and the pope could no longer assert supremacy over the state. Both lost much of their spiritual authority

What did Pope Gregory VII also try to improve?

The Church's ability to provide spiritual guidance to the faithful

Who were the only people who could administer these sacraments and, therefore, depended on by the people to do so?

The Clergy

In the 1200s, what two new religious orders emerged that ha a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people?

The Franciscans and the Dominicans

Define Vernacular.

The language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, or German

Who was John Hus?

The leader of Czech reformers who called for an end to corruption of the clergy and to excessive papal power within the Church

What is Agincourt?

The location of the Battle of Agincourt won by Henry V against the French

How did the architecture of the Gothic cathedral reflect medieval religious values?

The Gothic churches were unique in structure for their time. Instead of having round barrel vaults like Romanesque churches did, it had a combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches. Because of this, the churches could be built much higher than before, giving the impression of an upward movement, as if the building is reaching to God. Another aspect of Gothic churches was the flying buttress. This made it possible to distribute the weight of the church's vaulted ceiling outward and down. Because of this, heavy walls were no longer needed and stained glass windows could be added. These windows depicted religious scenes or scenes from daily life but most importantly, they allowed light inside the church which came in many colors. Natural light at that time was seen as a symbol of the divine light of God. The Gothic cathedrals as a whole are perfect representations of a time when most people believed in a spiritual world. TL;DR- The tall height gave the impression of the cathedral reaching to God, the stained glass windows allowed natural light into the church, which was seen as a symbol for God's divine light, and the structure as a whole shows that most of the world during this age believed in a spiritual world

In the thirteenth century, what developed in the Baltic and North Sea region?

The Hanseatic League, a medieval trade association

After 1438, who held the position of Holy Roman emperor?

The Hapsburg dynasty

Where was the greatest shrine?

The Holy City of Jerusalem

Define the Inquisition.

The Holy Office. This was created by the church to deal with heretics

Unlike France, England, and Spain, what kingdom did not develop a strong monarchical authority?

The Holy Roman Empire

What was the most violent struggle during the late Middle Ages?

The Hundred Years' War

What is this struggle between Gregory VII and Henry IV known as?

The Investiture Controversy

What was one of the great conflicts between the church and state in the High Middle Ages?

The Investiture Controversy

What is the earliest example of chanson de gets?

The Song of Roland

What was King Louis known as and why?

The Spider because of his devious ways

Since the fifth century, what have the popes of the Catholic Church claimed supremacy over?

The affairs of the Church

Other than Joan, what other resource was important to the French's success?

The cannon, a new weapon made possible by the invention of gunpowder

How did the Church become involved in the feudal system?

The chief officials in the Church came to hold their offices as grants from nobles. This made them vassals, meaning they were obliged to carry out feudal services, including military duties

Describe the events of the election of the new pope after Gregory XI.

The citizens of Rome told the cardinals that they would kill them if they did not elect an Italian to the papacy. Five months after Pope Urban VI's election, a group of French cardinals declared the election invalid and chose a Frenchmen as pope, who then returned to Avignon

Who was Joan of Arc?

The daughter of prosperous peasants and a deeply religious person. She experienced visions and believed that saints commanded her to free France

What also increased with trade?

The demand for gold and silver coins

Define Heresy.

The denial of basic Church doctrines

What did the spiritual revival of the High Middle Ages lead to?

The emergence of heresies within the Church

The Church also became increasingly involved in what?

The feudal system

What was Bologna?

The first European university, which appeared in Italy

What was Paris?

The first university in northern Europe

What did Ockham's Razor later become?

The foundation for the scientific method

Who did students from all over Europe come to​ learn law from?

The great teacher Irnerius

How did Henry V win the Battle of Agincourt?

The heavy, armored French knights tried to attack Henry's forces across a muddy field and were defeated. The English were masters of northern France

What inventions made it easier for horses to pull the carruca after and plow more land?

The horse collar and horseshoe

What were the major features of the manorial system?

The manorial system is very similar to feudalism, in that there is a sort of lord vassal relationship involved. Instead of a vassal providing military services, however, it is a serf or peasant providing labor on manors. These landed estates provided the economic support to allow vassals to have time to train for war. Unlike feudalism, instead of having mutual responsibilites to one another, the lord held many legal rights over the serfs. Serfs, who were already legally bound to the land, were expected to provide labor services, pay rent, and be subjects to the lord's control. These labor services included working the land, building barns, and digging ditches, usually about 3 days a week. They were also not allowed to leave the manor or marry someone outside of the manor without the lord's permission. The lord's also held political authority in their land, so they can try peasants in their own courts. Though there are many restrictions and legal responsibilites, serfs are not slaves, for their land could usually not be taken from them and the lord's provided protection. TL;DR- Peasants and serfs farmed land on manors for their lords along with other responsibilities, but were not slaves, for they received protection

Define Bourgeoisie.

The merchants and artisans from cities where a group of merchants settled near a castle. From the German word burg.

What was the Black Death?

The most devastating natural disaster in European history

What is a good example of troubadour poetry?

The noble Jaufre Rudel, who cherished a dream woman from afar. He feared that he would never meet her, but would always love her

Why was the royal authority weak in Poland?

The nobles gained the right to elect their kings

What is a sign of Mary's importance?

The number of churches all over Europe that were dedicated to her in the 1100s and 1200s

In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, what came alive with new population and growth?

The old Roman cities

Define Lay Investiture.

The practice of secular (lay) rulers choosing nominees to Church offices and giving them the symbols of their office

In the High Middle Ages, most nuns were from where?

The ranks of the landed aristocracy

What largely determined peasant activities?

The seasons of the year

What did the ring and the staff symbolize?

The spiritual authority with which the Church granted the official

Because walls were expensive to build, the space with was tightly filled. What were some consequences of this design?

The streets were narrow and winding. Houses were also crowded against one another, with second and third stories built out over the streets. Because these houses were so close together, there was risk of a fire spreading and rapidly burning the cities. The risk was increased because most houses were made of wood and used candles

Who's struggle led to serious consequences for the papacy?

The struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France

Define Theology.

The study of religion and God

What was Oxford?

The university started by many students and masters (teachers) who left Paris in the late 1300s

What was emphasis on the role of the saints closely tied to?

The use of relics, usually bones of saints or objects connected with them

How were many peasants freed from serfdom as a result of the Black Death?

Their landlords were paying more for labor while their income from rent declined. Many peasants made deals to pay rent to their lord rather than owing them service

Over time, what did medieval cities develop?

Their own government for running the affairs of the community

What did the Dominicans become especially well known for?

Their roles as examiners of people suspected of heresy

What was the most highly regarded subject?

Theology

Why did the rulers in Eastern Europe find it difficult to centralize their states?

There were many religious differences that troubled the area, for Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, and other groups like Mongols and Muslims all confronted one another

What were the Wars of the Roses?

These were civil conflicts between noble factions fighting for control of the monarchy

As rulers of the Austrian lands along the Danube, the Hapsburgs soon became what? What did they do?

They became one of the wealthiest landholders in the empire. They also played an important role in European affairs

Why did the Church believe they had the right to punish heretics?

They believed that the only path to salvation was through the Church, so to them, heresy was a crime against God and humanity. They thought that using force to save souls from damnation was the right thing to do.

How did these churches resemble fortresses?

They had massive walls and pillars

How did a journeymen become a master?

They had to produce a masterpiece, which would be judged by the master craftspeople of the guild to see whether the journeymen was qualified to become a master and join the guild.

What were some of the requirements a serf had?

They had to... 1. Provide labor services 2. Pay rents 3. Be subjects to the lord's control

What did the counts of Champagne in northern France do to encourage trade?

They initiated a series of annual trade fairs

How did the Czechs respond to Hus' death?

They led a revolutionary upheaval in Bohemia that was not crushed until 1436

Why were the Franciscans very popular?

They lived among the people, preaching repentance and aiding the poor, their simplicity and poverty reinforced their message, for they were effective examples, and they undertook missionary work

How did townspeople avoid becoming subjects to lords and kings while remaining on their land?

They paid for their own unique laws and freedoms

How did people plowing the land minimize the amount of turning of the heavy carruca?

They plowed in very long strips

What did the peasants do in February and March?

They plowed the land for the planting of spring crops

Why were relics considered worthy of worship?

They provided a link between the earthly world and God. It was believed that relics could heal people or produce other miracles

How did Romanesque builders change basilicas?

They replaced the flat wooden roofs with a long, round stone arched vault (called a barrel vault) or with a cross vault, in which two barrel vaults intersected

What did the peasants do in November and why?

They slaughtered excess livestock because there was usually not enough food to keep the animals alive all winter. They would then salt the meat and save it for winter use

How did the Cistercians play a major role in developing a new, activistic spiritual model for twelfth-century Europe?

They took their religion to the people outside the monastery, rather than spending hours inside the monastery in personal prayer like the Benedictine monks

How did builders use the cross vault?

They used it to create a church plan in the shape of a cross

Define Relics.

Usually bones of saints or objects connected with saints

How did teachers teach at universities?

They would lecture by reading from a basic text and adding explanation

What would students do after about 4-6 years studying in a university?

They would take an oral examination to earn a bachelor of arts degree and later a master of arts

What was the daily allotment of ale to the monks in a monastery in the twelfth century?

Three gallons of ale a day

How were peasants brought into contact with the village church?

Through religious feast days, Sunday mass, baptisms, marriages, and funerals

10% of what they produce given to the

Tithe

Why did merchants from the surrounding areas go to Flanders?

To get woolen cloth

What was scholasticism's chief task?

To harmonize Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers

An event in which the merchants can bring their goods to trade with other merchants

Trade Fair

In the 1000s and 1100s, what did Europe experience a revival in?

Trade and an associated growth of towns and cities

Where did the path of the Black Death usually follow?

Trade routes

A product of nobles and knights that inspire to become a braver knight and better poet

Troubadour Poetry

What was perhaps the most popular vernacular literature of the twelfth century?

Troubadour poetry, which was chiefly the product of nobles and knights

What did Thomas Aquinas believe?

Truths arrived at through reason or faith could not conflict with each other.

Who were Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon?

Two people that were each part of a strong kingdom whose marriage was a major step toward unifying Spain

Describe two-field crop rotation and three-field crop rotation.

Two-field crop rotation is when peasants would dived their land into two fields of equal size. They would then plant one field and allow the other to lie fallow (unplanted) in order to regain fertility. Three-field crop rotation is the same thing but instead of dividing the land in half, it is divided into thirds. This way, only one-third of the land lay fallow at a time, rather than one-half.

Who played only a small role or no role at all in heroic epic poems?

Women

What were peasant women expected to do?

Work in the fields and at the same time bear children. They also had to manage the household, determining whether their family starved or survived

What did the serfs do every season?

Work not only their own lands, but their lord's lands as well. They also tended the small gardens next to their dwellings, where they grew vegetables

The revival of trade in Europe was...

gradual

Define New Monarchies.

reestablished states where the power was centralized. This term applied especially to the monarchies of France, England, and Spain

Why were Church leaders often at odds with European rulers?

​Usually, the Church leaders were at odds with European rulers because the pope and king would fight over land or power. One example of this is when Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany fought over the practice of lay investiture. Lay investiture was when secular rulers chose nominees for offices in the Church. Of course, Gregory wanted to fight this so the Church could become independent and he could choose its officials. Henry, however, wanted to keep this practice, for without it, the king could not maintain power over the German nobles. Pope Gregory attempted to fight this by issuing a decree that forbid high-ranking clerics from receiving investitures from lay leaders. King Henry did not obey this decree and continued his practice. Another example of popes being at odds with rulers is Pope Innocent the III. Unlike Gregory, Innocent was often successful in these disputes. To achieve his political ends, Innocent used spiritual weapons. His favorite was the interdict. This forbid priests from giving sacraments to a certain group of people, thus depriving them of religious comfort so they would exert pressure on the ruler. Using an interdict, Innocent was able to force King Philip Augustus of France to take back his wife after trying to have their marriage annulled. A third example of this dispute is the conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV. Boniface believed that taxing the clergy required the pope's consent, while Philip claimed the right to do so without the pope's consent. This eventually led to the Great Schism. TL;DR- They were at odds because they were always struggling for power. Ex: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV for lay investiture, Innocent III and his interdicts vs. Philip Augustus, Boniface vs. Philip IV