HISTORY CHAPTER 26

When he assumed the presidency, Richard Nixon announced a new policy regarding the Vietnam War known as:

a) détente. b) Americanization. c) Vietnamization. d) massive retaliation. e) the New Look.

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would:

a) relieve men of their responsibilities in terms of child support and alimony payments. b) finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before. c) be amended so as to exclude women from being drafted into the armed forces. d) not change anything, and so its ratification would mean nothing. e) elevate women to a superior class, allowing women to outnumber men in politics, professional jobs, and higher education programs within a decade.

The 1980s could easily be called the second:

a) Gilded Age. b) Progressive era. c) Era of Good Feelings. d) New Deal Society. e) industrial revolution.

The Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the National Transportation Safety Board were all established during the administration of:

a) Lyndon Johnson. b) Gerald Ford. c) Ronald Reagan. d) Jimmy Carter. e) Richard Nixon.

Which nation held fifty-three Americans hostage from November 1979 until January 1981?

a) Saudi Arabia b) Nicaragua c) El Salvador d) Iran e) Libya

In a historic move, in 1972 President Nixon opened diplomatic relations with:

a) Taiwan. b) China. c) the Soviet Union. d) Cuba. e) North Vietnam.

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that:

a) affirmative action was unconstitutional. b) racial quotas for college admissions were constitutional. c) fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional. d) race could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions. e) gender could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions.

By the end of Reagan's second term in office, he viewed the Soviet Union:

a) as an evil empire. b) with great disdain. c) as an expansionist power. d) as a strong ally. e) with much less suspicion.

In 1978, California's Proposition 13:

a) banned discrimination in housing. b) ended affirmative action within higher education. c) was part of a nationwide tax revolt. d) raised taxes to cover budget deficits. e) banned Mexican immigration.

In 1972, President Nixon took part in a historic reconfiguration of Cold War policy when he:

a) became the first president to visit North Vietnam. b) signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement. c) refused to sign the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. d) and Josef Stalin advocated détente. e) refused to visit China.

In 1975, the Vietnam War ended:

a) becoming the only war lost by the United States. b) as a military, political, and social victory for the United States. c) leaving very few Vietnamese casualties. d) leaving many Americans optimistic and sure of their country and its purpose. e) as a result of the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.

Under the policy of Vietnamization, the U.S. military:

a) ceased bombings in Vietnam. b) successfully cut North Vietnamese supply routes. c) attempted to shift the burden of fighting to South Vietnamese soldiers. d) brought an immediate end to the war. e) brought an end to antiwar protest.

During the 1970s, conservatives:

a) continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice. b) shifted their political rhetoric, insisting on more local control and resistance to the power of the federal government. c) employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace. d) made little progress. e) appealed primarily to urban Americans.

The economic condition known as stagflation was caused by:

a) declining oil prices. b) low inflation rates. c) stagnant economic growth and low inflation. d) stagnant economic growth and high inflation. e) high income tax rates.

Reagan's economic policies:

a) expanded food stamps and school lunch programs. b) enlarged government revenue. c) decreased the national debt. d) strengthened labor unions. e) resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

Affirmative action was:

a) found unconstitutional during the Nixon administration. b) mandated by law only for construction workers. c) implemented only in Philadelphia. d) never a priority during the Nixon administration. e) first pursued and then abandoned by the Nixon administration.

The Reagan Revolution:

a) included an emphasis on global human rights. b) introduced an expanded welfare state. c) strengthened the labor movement. d) included cuts to government programs and regulation e) had little appeal for most Americans.

In order to protect U.S. interests, the Carter Doctrine declared that the United States would:

a) never intervene in the affairs of another nation. b) use military force, particularly in Southeast Asia. c) use military force, particularly in the Western Hemisphere. d) use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf. e) use nuclear weapons only if attacked first.

In foreign policy, Reagan:

a) opposed "authoritarian" noncommunist regimes. b) embraced Carter's emphasis on civil rights. c) decreased military spending. d) called for a halt to the development of nuclear weapons. e) vigorously denounced the Soviet Union during his first term and initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

The Equal Rights Amendment:

a) passed Congress but failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states. b) passed Congress and was ratified by the required 38 states. c) had the support of all American women. d) had little support from American men. e) was supported by Phyllis Schlafly.

In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential race in part because he:

a) promised never to lie to Americans. b) pledged to pardon Richard Nixon. c) did not support affirmative action. d) was well connected within the Washington political scene. e) promised a return to American isolationism.

Under the Nixon administration, the United States:

a) supported the government of Salvador Allende in Chile. b) boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid. c) supported democratic reforms in Iran. d) continued to undermine Third World governments deemed unfriendly to the United States. e) focused its foreign policy on Southeast Asia.

Ronald Reagan's economic policy focused on:

a) tax cuts. b) high tariffs. c) government spending on welfare. d) empowering unions. e) increasing government regulations on industry.

The election of 1980 reflected:

a) the end of conservatism. b) the validation of big government. c) a return to progressivism. d) growing frustration over America's condition. e) a referendum for the ERA.

President Carter's foreign policy emphasized:

a) the need to fight communism around the world. b) the policy of containment. c) the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. d) an increased military presence in Southeast Asia. e) human rights as a diplomatic priority.

When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into:

a) the psychiatrist Daniel Ellsburg's office. b) the Washington Post's headquarters. c) the Democratic Party headquarters. d) George McGovern's apartment. e) the Committee to Reelect the President's (CREEP's) headquarters.

The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis:

a) was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter. b) restored Americans' confidence in their nation c) made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept. d) made Ronald Reagan appear weak and inept. e) ended with the signing of the Camp David Accords.

Domestically, President Gerald Ford:

a) was successful at reviving the American economy. b) introduced programs that encouraged growth in the manufacturing sector. c) reversed the economic policies of his predecessor. d) restored Americans' confidence in their nation, as business boomed. e) failed to revive the economy.