History Chapters 4-11

Anne Hutchinson

Came to the Americas in 1634 With her husband and 3 kids. Quickly gained respect as a midwife, healer, and spiritual counselor. She began to talk about religion and suggested the holy spirit was absent in some preachers.She was soon a leader of a group called antinomianism.

Rene Robert de La Salle

Canoed down Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico and planted a settlement in Texas at Matagorda Bay. This solidified France's claim on the Mississippi Valley and strengthend their hold on North America.

Elskwatawa

Elskwatawa was another name for Tenskwatawa who was a Shawnee leader and was the brother of Tecumseh. Elskwatawa was also involved in the pan-Indian resistance.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Years War, with great changes to European and Native people in North America.

Jamestown

England's first permanent colony in North America established in 1607. Headed by John Smith, the colonists came in search for gold after seeing the success of the Spanish in South America. Although the colony was a success, many died and went through much hardship before it became a significant colony.

Puritans

English Protestants who wished not only to purify the Church of England but also to reform English society. They came to New England to set up a model community as an example to England.

Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen and his Mountain Boys from eastern New York captured Fort Ticonderoga, controlling the Champlain valley in 1775.He was a farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, and American Revolutionary War patriot, hero, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of the U. S. state of Vermont. Allen was born in Connecticut.

Indentured Servants

European migrants, usually young and single, who entered into work contracts for a specified period of years in exchange for free passage to the New World and sometimes a promise of land at the end of the contract.

Federalism

Federalism is a system where political power is divided between a central (national) government and smaller government units called states or provinces. Federalists believed that the nation's survival was at stake. Federalist leaders feared the loss of their political powers, but were more concerned that if they needed to do something to preserve the republican liberty. Americas government had failed and now it was believed by the federalist that it needed a strong government. Federalist were led by men such as Washington, Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay.

Stamp Act Congress

First official gathering between colonies in the revolutionary era.

City of Lowell

Founded in the 1820s as a planned manufacturing center for textiles, Lowell is located along the rapids of the Merrimack River, 30 miles northwest of Boston in what was once the farming community of East Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Named for its visionary planner, Francis Cabot Lowell, who had died five years before its 1823 incorporation.

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

General William Howe

General William Howe of the British army was involved in a plan to end the war if it had gone right. He, his brother, and General John Burgoyne were supposed to rendezvous in New York pinching the Americans. This would have given the Americans no other choice but to surrender and end the war. However Burgoyne was too slow because he was living off the land, and Howe decided to attack Philadelphia trying to capture the Continental Congress. Howe was unsuccessful and Burgoyne had to surrender to the Americans at Saratoga.

Edward Braddock

General for the British, during the 7 years war. Braddock led his forces into the forest encountering a superior army of French and native forces. Led to devastating defeat, and retreat which brought almost every tribe north of the Ohio river to the French side.

Thomas Gage

General that replaced Thomas Hutchinson as Governor.

George Grenville

Chief minister of George III that imposed the Sugar Act in 1764, the Currency Act in 1764, and the Stamp Act in 1765.

Bill of Rights

Comprised of the first Ten Amendments to the Constitution. They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of articles, and came into effect on December 15, 1791, when they had been ratified by three-fourths of the States. An agreement to create the Bill of Rights helped to secure ratification of the Constitution itself. Thomas Jefferson was a supporter of the Bill of Rights.

Albany Conference

Conference consisting of representatives from each colony, to try and unite the colonies to win a war that is looming over the colonies.

Patriots

Consisted of American women, African Americans, and people from just about every walk of life in the Americas that weren't satisfied with British rule. Patriots went about showing their dissatisfaction in numerous ways, affected by what they did beforehand.

Cult of Domesticity

"Cult of True Womanhood"; where women were expected to be "systematic, neat and thorough", held responsibilities as moral and cultural protectors of their families and of society. Women preserved important values during a changing time period. The woman's role in the family life was to also please her husband and make him happier and more honorable.

King William's War

(1689 - 1697) The french and the English sought to eliminate each other from the Americas, English struck 3 times at port royal, and Quebec. English captured port royal (returned to french at end of war), but Quebec assault ended disastrously.

Queen Anne's War

(1701 - 1713) Followed William's war, England attacked port royal 3 times before capture in 1710. England rebuffed France at the end of he wars, but suffered great economic and human losses. Peace of Utrecht officially ended war, capped rise of Britain, Declined Spain from the rivalry of wealth in America, Britain got Newfoundland, Acadia, and St. Kitts,

Peace of Utrecht

(1713)The treaty that ended Queen Anne's War. Spain and France lost land to Britain, the Hudson Bay and all the fur trade there, and some of Spain's country in the Old World . Spain lost slave trade in that area.

Impressment Riot in Boston

(1747)Commodore Knowles brought his navy ships to Boston for supplies, taking with him Boston citizens to replace his lost marines. Bostonians captured British officers and went to the governor's house and demanded that he release their fellow townsmen. When the sheriff and his men tried to stop the people; they were mauled. Governor finally releases the men to avoid further conflict.

Annapolis Convention

12 delegates from 5 states met in Annapolis, Maryland. The convention met from September 11 to September 14, 1786. The commissioners felt that there were not enough states represented to make any substantive agreement. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to get to the meeting in time to attend it, while Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia had taken no action at all.They produced a report which was sent to the Congress and to the states. The report asked support for a broader meeting to be held the next May in Philadelphia. It expressed the hope that more states would be represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to examine areas broader than simply commercial trade

House of Burgess

1764 - The House of Burgesses was the first legislature to oppose the news of the Stamp Act.

Slave Insurrections

1766 in South Carolina

Townshend

1767 tax to be placed on minor items

Indian Intercourse Act

1790 Henry Knox declared that public treaties, ratified by the Congress, would henceforth be the only legal means of obtaining Indian land. This treaty worked. Indians would trade goods for land. The fur trade played a large role in this also Indians were pleased to receive much needed goods from the whites that were traded for fur, but this also caused over trapping of animals, so Indians were competing for land to hunt on. The policy also wanted to "civilize" and "Christianize" Indians. The settlers had good intentions but the Indians wanted nothing to do with the people that forced them to move out of their lands and tried to force their culture on the Indians. Indians were happy with what they believed and did not want to accept the Christian faith of the settlers.

Prohibition of External Slave Trade

1808

McCulloch vs Maryland

1816- Court set aside claims that Congress exceeded its authority in chartering the Second Bank of the United States.

Missouri Compromise

1820- admitted Missouri as a slave state, and Maine as a free state. Outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the rest of the Louisiana Territory

Patrick Henry

29 year old leader of the house of Burgess. Came up with seven resolutions which included the assertion that virginians didn't have to pay externally imposed taxes.

James Wolfe

32 year Anglo-American general led 5,000 troops up a rocky cliff and overcame the French capturing the plains of Abraham.

Benjamin Lay

A Quaker who believed that slavery was wrong and spread the news to try and stop it throughout Quaker communities in North America.

Palmer vs Mulligan

A case held in the New York Supreme Court that concerned the property ownership included the right to develop property for business purposes. This supported aggressive economic expansion and started up other property disputes in the court systems all over. This ruling also claimed the land to be a productive asset for exploitation.

Panic 1857

A financial panic due to the declining international economy and decreasing American businesses began to fail. This downfall did not fully recover until after the Civil War.

Ordinance

A governmental law or regulation. The Confederation Congress most significant accomplishes were the two great land ordinances. The purpose in doing so was that they wanted to open up the West to settlers. The townships they set up were to be six square miles which would be divided into 640 acres.

Salem Witch Hunts

A multitude of hangings of over 100 people, mostly older women accused of using dark magic throughout 1692.

Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations

A negotiation with Spain in 1885 in an effort to solve problems regarding the southwest boundary between the U.S. and Spanish America. The Spanish had taken away the right of Americans to use the Mississippi and the New Orleans port., A year later Spain granted the U.S. use of the Spanish European port, but still not that of New Orleans. finally in 1788 Spain grated Americans the right to navigate to New Orleans, but only if they paid 15% duties to Madrid.

Partisan Warfare

A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activity.

Anti-Federalists

A political party that opposed the Federalists. They were set on an idea of a Republic rather than a Democracy. One of the big Anti-Federalist member was Thomas Jefferson. They also wanted a separation and balance between federal and state powers to avoid the abuse of the federal powers.

Waltham System

A power loom capable of weaving cloth that was installed in Waltham, Massachusetts?

James Davenport

A preacher in the south who challenged the beliefs of Anglicans .. One of many preachers called "strolling preachers" The government baned them.

Pilgrims

A radical separatist group of English Protestants who settled at Plymouth in order to be left alone to lead a pure and primitive life.

Gaspee Incident

A schooner was beached in Providence, RI, This upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customs racketeering ships. It was burned down by local inhabitants. It greatly angered the British and showed how militant the colonials were becoming.

Constitutional Convention

A secret convention held by the countries leaders designed to change the way the government was being ran. George Washington was the main leader of the convention. Many different plans were presented at the convention, some of these included the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. There was much debate and all seemed to be getting nowhere near a solution for the problem at hand. Finally on July 12 the Great Compromise was made and then later on September after a lot of debate and many months of arguing they finally ajourned.

Artisan

A skilled worker that is specialized in something, usually tasks that involve having to use ones hands. About 2/3 of the urban adult males (slaves not included) were artisans. Jobs include butcher, baker, leather apron men, and candlestick makers.

Richard Allen

A slave-born preacher who founded the Bethel African American Methodist Church in Philadelphia. In 1794, this became the first all-black church in the United States. (Find more)

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Robert Morris

A wealthy Philadelphia merchant who was appointed to as superintendent of finance by Congress in 1781. He had the idea that the states should stop issuing paper money and start using gold and silver. He also pushed Congress to charter the Bank of North America and made federal bonds look more attractive to investors.

James Hammond

A wealthy Southern plantation owner. One of the many who owned hundreds of slaves. He believed however that slaves should receive 15-20 lashes of the whip per offence, but no more than 100 per day, to preserve their health.

Esther DeBerdt Reed

A woman who spoke out in public during the eighteenth century about her beliefs. She wrote essays about how women wanted to be a part of the Patriot cause. Esther helped lead other women towards women's rights. Esther married Joseph Reed and raised a family. Esther was very much a patriot and helped out with that cause. Esther gathered a group of women and went out and raised money for the patriot cause. They raised a lot of money and spent it on clothing for the men and they sewed the men clothing.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams was born in 1744 at Weymouth, Massachusetts. Abigail lacked formal education. John and Abigail got married in 1764. They had five children together. Abigail died in 1818, and is buried beside her husband in United First Parish Church.

Robert & Adele Allston

Adele Allston the oldest daughrer Robert F. W. Allston, like many other young women of the southern planter class, kept a diary during her teens and early adulthood, and despite the burdens of motherhood, at least to some extent throughout the rest of her life. This diary is interesting for several reasons. First, as the eldest daughter of Robert F. W. Allston, rice planter and governor of South Carolina, Adele occupied a role at the apex of the antebellum plantocracy, and she witnessed the Civil War and Reconstruction along with her own coming of age.

Anthony Johnson

African who was captured and made to work as a slave in the Americas. He married Mary and had four children. After years of working as slaves Anthony (Antonio) and Mary became free and started living a free life.

Leisler's Rebellion

After Sir Edmund Andros was forcibly discharged by Boston citizens, Jacob Leisler established an interim government for 13 months until English authorities arrived in 1691. Then he was hanged for treason.

Harriet Jacobs

After about 7 years of hiding in a tiny attic above her grandmother's house, she secretly got on a boat that was headed to Philadelphia, and later, freedom.

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton was a conservative politician during and after the American Revolution. Born to a poor family, he had to work his way up through the ranks and was sent to New York. There he entered the war for independence and married the rich woman Elizabeth Schuyler to strengthen his political connections. He was known as the most ardent supporter of the Constitution and with the help of James Madison pushed the Constitution through the states. He was also, along with John Jay and Madison, wrote the Federalist papers, which were arguments written supporting the Constitution and refuting the arguments Anti-Federalists brought to the table. Although he wanted a dominant government with almost no power left given to the states, most of his arguments were agreed upon and placed into the Constitution.

Society of Friends

Also known as the Quakers, the Society of Friends was a religious group who came to America for religous freedom from the Church of England. They believed that a believer could find grace from the "inner light", and also refused to take part in any sort of violence.

Thomas Paine

American author of Common Sense, a political pamphlet written for the American citizens. Sold more copies than any other printed piece in colonial history. His writings brought him advancement in the Whig party and his political career.

George Fitzhugh

An American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as spawning "a war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another" - rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition." Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized.

Sarah Hale

Editor of "Godey's Lady Book," a tremendously popular magazine advising American women on how they should dress and act

Power of the Purse

Eighteenth century legislatures challenged the powers of the colonial governors and won the power of the purse. The power of the purse meant that they had control over how much money was to be made by taxes, and how that money was to be spent.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan doctrine associated with Anne Hutchinson that stressed mystical elements in God's grace and diverged from orthodox Puritan views on salvation.

Mary Dyer

An old women who was a follower of Anne Hutchinson. She was led from the colony, and returned the next year, undaunted, to meet her death.

James Madison

Elected President in 1808. He was the leader of the country during the War of 1812 and on Christmas Eve of 1814 he was able to come to a compromise with Great Britain and end the war that evening. During is era of the presidency he was also able to start the end of Neocolonialism.

James Monroe

Elected President in 1816. He was able to strengthen the Americas by uniting the smaller South American countries with the United States. These countries were not part of the United States but were more like allies. The Monroe Doctrine was written up in 1823 to outline the policy for the Latin American countries.

Luther Martin

Anti-Federalist of Maryland that opposed anything that threatened state sovereignty. He became isolated by the Grand Convention's nationalist motions, and went home to spread the word.

King Philip's War

Attacks on the Puritans by the Wampanoag tribe in 1675-1676. Led by the chief, known as King Phillip. A total of 52 Puritan towns were attacked and 13 totally destroyed. The war eventually faltered after King Phillip's fall, food shortages, and disease killed the spirit of the tribes.

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

Baltimore merchants that were not happy with New York's water link to the Northwest will encourage these people to build the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Early problems for trains involved the trains jumping their tracks and setting nearby fields ablaze. By 1840 nearly 3,000 miles of track had been laid and by 1850s a total of 30,000 miles of track was laid. Railroads also gave farmers, merchants, and manufactures inexpensive, reliable access to distant markets and goods.

House of Representatives

Based on the total of each state's white population, plus 3/5 of its black population.

Lexington & Concord

Battles that marked the beginning of the American Revolution. Americans were highly outnumbered as there were 700 British, and the only Americans were the minutemen that were alarmed by Paul Revere. Once they continued to Concord, the Americans joined 300 other American soldiers. Britain had approximately 273 deaths to America's 95.

William Penn

Became a leader of the Quakers. He was a son of an Admiral who captured Jamaica. He wanted to bring the Quakers out of Repression.

Harriet Tubman

Before the Civil War, African Americans that sought freedom fled north with help by a combination of the landscape, and people that didn't believe in slavery -- The Underground Railroad. Delaware was the last slave state, which made it a critical state concerning the slaves' freedom. Harriet Tubman was one of the many 'conductors' that led over 3,000 slaves through Delaware, to freedom.

Benjamin Banneker

Black American mathematician and surveyor, who with the assistance of Pierre L'Enfant, materialized the grand design for the nation's capital on the Potomac River (Find more)

Phillis Wheatley

Black poet in Boston whose poems were the first to be written by a woman and published in London.

J.C. Pennington

Born a slave, James William Charles Pennington (1809-71) was a blacksmith until he ran away to Pennsylvania in his early twenties. After spending several months studying under a Quaker teacher who took him in, Pennington moved to New York City, where he continued his education. Eventually, he studied theology and became a pastor. Pennington kept his status as a runaway slave secret until the late 1840s when he published his autobiography, The Fugitive Blacksmith. In 1850, he went to Europe until Scottish friends purchased his freedom the following year. From 1847 through 1855, Pennington served as pastor of Shiloh Presbyterian Church, one of the most respected African-American Presbyterian congregations in the United States.

William Bradford

Bradford became governor of the Pilgrims after John Carver died. He took in account all of the troubles that the Pilgrims faced within the colony. Bradford was reelected just about every year until he passed away.

Gen. Cornwallis

British general, led a force of 7500 men deep into Virginia sending Jefferson and Virginia legislature fleeing from Charlottesville into the mountains but with heavy costs. He then moved to the coast where he was protected as long as the British controlled the Chesapeake bay, but the protection didn't last long. Once Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown to both American and french troops on October 19, 1781 the tides of the war really began to shift in favor of the Americans.

James Bowdoin

Governor of Massachusetts during the time of 1786. When violent groups in Shay's rebellion threatened the livelihoods of the people of his state, he issued 4400 continental soldiers to take out the heart of the rebellion.

King George III

Had a chief minister named George Grenville who had control until he was ready to take the seat as king. He married Charlotte of Mecklinburg-Strelitz and had nine sons and six daughters. King George's main goal for many years was to weaken the Whig party which he successfully did. George had porphyria, a disease which hurt his reign later in life. George III died blind, deaf and mad at Windsor Castle on January 29, 1820.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Happened in 1794, has been called the "last battle of the American Revolution". Native Americans in the Indiana-Ohio area were raiding the area because they didn't believe that American expansion was right and wanted the land they had grown on to be taken from them anymore. President Washington sent a federal army where the Indians had been raiding and won the Battle.

Gabriel's Rebellion

Happened in the summer of 1800, A black slave named Gabriel from Richmond Virginia thought up a plan to arm 1000 slaves and rise up against the city. They had hoped to create freedom for themselves and having their own revolutionary war. It started raining causing the up rise to be difficult. No one was harmed during the rebellion but 25 men including Gabriel were hanged because of the attempt. Thomas Jefferson was saddened by their deaths and said that it could have been avoided. A series of events occurred making this attempt at liberation a failed one but it raised more questions among the white Americans.

Cotton Mather

He and another clergymen felt that God was angry with them as leaders of a people whose piety was giving way to worldliness.

King James II

He took over the york of duke when his brother died, King Charles II dies in 1685. James Profess the catholic faith. James issued the Declaration of Indulgence Which allowed anyone to follow their own faith.

Samuel Hopkins

He was a New England Clergyman, accosted his compatriots for making a vain parade of being advocates for the liberties of mankind, while ... continuing this lawless, cruel, inhuman, and abominable practice of enslaving your fellow creatures. following Independence, antislavery attacks intensified.

Horace Mann

He was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, on May 4, 1796. He only had 3 months of education before college. He then attended college at Brown University. Next, he became the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. He resigned in 1848 and filled an empty seat in Congress. He died on August 2, 1859.

Metacomet

He was the son of Massasoit.He became Chief Wampanoag after his brother when his father died. During the end of his rule he was forced to surrender a large amount of his guns and his people to English law.He grew anger in his fellow Wampanoag tribe member to an uprising. Metacomet later fell in a battle, where the war originally started.

Olaudah Equiano

He wrote an account of his boyhood in Africa, Described how his tribe traded slaves who "were only prisoners of war, or such among us as had been convicted of kidnappings, or adultery, and some other crimes which we esteemed heinous."

John Dickinson

He wrote the "Liberty Song" and it was used in the colonies during the rebellion of the Stamp Act. John Dickinson was against the independence of Americans. Dickinson wrote many essays including Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer and Address to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec.

Economic Depression 1837-1844

In 1836, Congress passed the Distribution Act. This act called for the treasury surplus to be distributed amongst the states on Jan 1, 1837. Next, President Andrew Jackson created the Specie Circular, and it stated that only specie would be the only acceptable payment for the sale of government land. This decrease the value of bank notes to a point that they had never been before.

Philadelphia Race Riots

In 1964, North Philadelphia was the city's center of African American culture, and home to 400,000 of the city's 600,000 Black Residents. The Philadelphia Police Department had tried to improve its relationship with the city's black community assigning police to patrol black neighborhoods in teams of one black and one white officer per squad car and having a civilian review board to handle cases of police brutality. Despite the improvement attempts of the Philadelphia Police Department, racial tensions had been high in Philadelphia over the issue of police brutality. The Philadelphia Tribune, the city's black newspaper running several articles on police brutality which often resulted in white policemen who were brought up on charges of brutality being acquitted. The summer of 1964 however was at the peak of the civil rights movement with rioting breaking out in black areas of other northern cities such as New York, Rochester, Jersey City and Elizabeth[ caused by incidents relating to police brutality against black citizens.

Benedict Arnold

In December 1780, the American traitor who fought with the British, swept through Virginia's James River valley, uprooting tobacco, confiscating slaves, and creating panic among whites. Started on the Continental side.

Hartford Convention

In December of 1814 delegates from the five New England states met at Hartford Connecticut to debate the proposals for secession. It asserted the right of a state to interpose its authority against unconstitutional acts of the government.

Battle of Saratoga

In October 1777, the Americans win an important victory at Saratoga, New York, where General John Burgoyne will surrender with 5,700 British soldiers. This victory was enough to prompt France to join the struggle against England.

Second Great Awakening

In the early nineteenth century there was a second great awakening were people in the U.S. went through a religious reveal. The message was to save your soul through repentance. Many preachers preached that all believers where equal before God, universal salvation, and declared each individual responsible of his or her soul. The Awakening also encouraged believers to go out and share their faith unto the world. This movement encouraged many other movements in the 19th century. Such as the Women's reform, where women strove for equal rights in divorce and education, and the Black reform in which blacks rebelled, and formed black communities and churches.

New Jersey Plan

Introduced on June 15, by William Paterson the new jersey plan urged retention of the articles of confederation as the basic structure of government while conferring on congress about the power to tax and regulate foreign and interstate commerce.

Ratification

Is a formal sanctioning of a document such as a proposed constitution or treaty. Ratification was used in the approval of the Articles of Confederation and other important documents which required so many votes. Some required all 13 states to ratify (Articles of Confederation) unlike other documents were they only required any 9 states to ratify (Constitution). Since Ratification was not always easy changes would have to be made or things would have to be added/removed to gain approval from some of the states

Herrenvolk Democracy

It is another form of ethnocracy, which is where a particular ethnic group hold a number of government positions were they use their numbers to persuade the other numbers of the government for the betterment of the ethnic group.

Bills of credit

It is provided by the Constitution of the United States, that no state shall 'emit bills of credit, or make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment or debts.' Such bills of credit are declared to mean promissory notes or bills issued exclusively on the credit of the state, and for the payment of which the faith of the state only is pledged. The prohibition, therefore, does not apply to the notes of a state bank drawn on the credit of a particular fund set apart for the purpose. Bills of credit may be defined to be paper issued and intended to circulate through the community for its ordinary purposes as money redeemable at a future day.

Chesapeake Colonies

Jamestown was the first town in the area which the peoples main interest was profit. The settlement went through many rough spots due to the fact that they did not plant crops and that the Native Americans did not really like them. Free land and other reasons were given to attract more people on coming over. As soon as the colonist found out that Native American tobacco sold at a pretty good price they began to grow it and send it back to England.

John Adams

John Adams was born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1735. During the Revolutionary War he served in France and Holland, and helped negotiate the treaty of peace. On November 1, 1800, just before the election, Adams arrived in the White House. On his second day at the White House he wrote his wife, "Before I end my letter, I pray Heaven to bestow the best of Blessings on this House and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof."

John Jay

John Jay was born on December 12, 1745, in New York City. He died on May 16, 1829. He believes that the Revolution "laid a wide field for the operation of ambition." He wanted to find a way to protect "the worthy against the licentious." Jay was also Congress's secretary for foreign affairs. He made a bargain that pleased the Northerners but made the Southerners angry. Therefore, the bargain was stalemated so no action was taken on it by Congress.

John Marshall

John Marshal was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that heard the Marbury v. Madison case in which he will establish the Judical courts of the Untied States. John Marshal was also one of the three commissioners that Adam will send to Paris to negoiate an accord but he and Charles Pinckney will sail right home right away negotiations failed.

John Ross

John Ross was a Cherokee chief and was considered a mixed blood leader. Ross encouraged the process social and cultural accommodation. The Cherokee had always been a hunting and gathering tribe but as times were changing they slowly turned to villages with settled agricultural settlements or they just left to form small farms themselves. Others began to develop sawmills, country stores, and blacksmiths stores. The ideas of private property began to take place within tribes, some even learned to talk English, they also began to own some black slaves, and the set up a tribal government.

Joseph Brant

Joseph Brant was a Mohawk chief who made a big push to get the Iroquois Indians into the Revolutionary War. He visited England years before the war started and saw that the British were against American expansion. Because of him the Iroquois joined the British because they opposed the American idea of Independence due to expansion.

Independence Hall

Known primarily as the location where both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted, the building was completed in 1753 as the Pennsylvania State House for the Province of Pennsylvania. It became the principal meeting place of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and was the site of the Constitution Convention in the summer of 1787. The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and is listed as a World Heritage Site.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Land treaty with the Iroquois that sharply reduced their numbers, and those who remained ceded their land to the U.S. and retreated to small reservations.

Seven Years' War

Largest, fourth and most significant of the wars for the empire between France and Britain over the areas between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River.

Lord Dunmore

Last royal governor of the colony Virginia

Tea Act 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

John Adams

Lawyer that defended the soldiers in court that were involved in the Boston Massacre, and was one of the delegates to the Continental Congress that lobbied for 'outright resistance'.

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon, Virginia planters attacked local Native American tribes who had been given rights to certain "white" land. When opposed by royal governor William Berkely, they captured Jamestown as well, forcing Berkely to flee.

John Winthrop

Led the Puritans to New England. Became the Governor of the Puritans "utopia". Winthrop warned Roger Williams not to speak out loud his religious beliefs anymore.

George Washington

Led the colonist to victory in the Revolutionary War against Britain. Washington decided to harass the British and make war as costly for them as possible. Also he wanted to protect the civilian population and avoid major battles.

Governor Thomas Hutchinson

Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts during the Stamp Act and Governor during the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party.

Shay's Rebellion

Many farmers had to borrow money just to pay taxes because the commercial banks in the state, people borrowed from each other, highly unstable pyramid of credit and debt. The farmers where hit hard unable to pay taxes and turned to stat government for "stay taxes". Nothing was happening so a Hampshire County convention of delegates from 50 towns condemned the state senate, court fees, and tax system. Crowds began to form. Rebellion was in the air.500 insurgents gathered around Springfield, Lead by veteran and former farmer(he lost his farm to the back because he could not make payments on it due to not being paid for his military labor.). 1,300 militia were sent out on the rebels.

Declaratory Act

March 1766 - The Declaratory Act launched; it asserted parliament's power to pass laws for the colonies.

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770

Maria Stewart

Maria Stewart was one of the people who pushed for both abolitionism and equal rights for blacks and women.

Dartmouth College vs Woodward

Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law.

Henry Knox

Merchant and commander of the continental artillery. He used government contracts for weapons and supplies to make a profit in the hard economic times.

Polygenesis

Multiple genesis's or races. This was one of the questions that the religious institutions often asked of itself. They often wondered if God had created a lesser race of man in the blacks. This was tested by scientists of the time, who found that the Europeans were superior to the blacks through a test of cranial capacity.

Revolutionary Republicanism

New political ideology developed between 1762 and 1774, that was pieced together by the colonists consisting of ideas from English political thought, theories of the Enlightenment, and their own expieriences.

Creek War

On March 1814, Jackson got what he was asking President Jefferson for. At Horseshoe Bend, over 800 Native Americans were killed. Jackson then followed it with sweeping through the Red Sticks town torching all of them. Jackson seized over 22 million acres following the Creek war.

Judith Murray

One of the Republican Mothers, demanded more of women's education and also cried out for more women's rights.

John Quincy Adams

One of the five candidates for the presidency. He was part of the Jeffersonian coalition competing against the four other members who were also on the Jeffersonian coalition. He had to move the election to the House of Representatives because the election was so close. Adams was a president of the United States after James Monroe.

Benjamin Franklin

One of the founding fathers of the US, leading Philadelphia printer and political activist. He also was a French diplomat and tried to keep peaceful relations with England. When this failed, he used his gifts as a writer to become a leading activist for American freedom.

Henry Clay

One of the leaders of the National Republicans, also known as the "War Hawks," a political group intolerable of British influence. This party very much supported the War of 1812 and fought against all British attacks on American liberty. After the end of Federalist/Jeffersonian reign over the presidency, Clay and his party came into office and controlled the American government for several years.

Battle of New Orleans

One of the most dramatic American triumphs over the British, even though it occurred after preliminary terms of peace had already been signed.

Pontiac

Ottawa chief that led an unsuccessful campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio River Valley that served as a reminder to the colonists that the Indians would fight for their land.

Navigation Act of 1651

Parliament passed the Navigation Act of 1651 that listed colonial products (tobacco, sugar, indigo, dyewoods, and cotton) that could be shipped only to England or other England colonies.

Molasses Act 1733

Parlimentary attempt to stop New England from trading with the French West Indies for molasses to convert into rum.

Thomas Jefferson

Part of the Second Continental Congress that assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775. Was chair of the committee in charge of drafting the Declaration of Independence. Congress starts debate on the document on July 1, spent the next two days polishing this document, and on July 4 it was sent to the printer.

Nonimportation & Nonconsumption Agreements

Pledges by merchants and consumers in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia to neither import or use British goods.

Samuel Adams

Political advocate against British control in the colonies and eventual leader of the Boston Radicals.

Newton Knight

Poor yeoman who worked a harsh piece of land in Mississippi. He lived in a crude log cabin and made a living by growing random crops and herding pigs. He was also given into fits of violence, once killing a black.

Article I Section 8

Powers of Congress- borrowing, regulation of commerce, naturalization and bankruptcy, coinage, counterfitting, post offices, courts, war declaration, army/navy/militia, *neccessary and proper clause*

Johnathan Edwards

Preacher during the Great Awakening, Moved congregations to their knees. Published Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work in 1736. this was a description of his towns revival, and the first published revival narrative

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Predominantly African American Methodist denomination based in the United States. It was founded by the Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. Allen was elected its first bishop in 1816.

Privateers

Privateers engagded in private wars, and auctioned off the enemy ships they overpowered.

Currency Act 1764

Prohibited all colonies from issuing paper money as legal tender, which made trade in an already bad economy even worse.

Proprietors

Prominent Englishmen to whom the king granted vast areas of land in the New World.

Second National Bank

Proposed by Madison in 1816, would issue national currency, private enterprise with 1/5 owned by government, stabilized economy, opposed by Jackson who was a strict constructionist (he was overidden by Congress); he tried to weaken the bank by creating "pet banks" and telling the states to tax the national government

Northwest Ordinance 1785

Provided the political organization of the the interior region. First with Congressionally appointed officials, then popularly elected territorial assemblies. Then ultimately new states that would join the union.

John Peter Zenger

Publicized a a newspaper telling the corrupt actions of Governor William Cosby in 1733 was then represented in court by Andrew Hamilton.

Anti-Catholic Riots in Philadelphia

Racial tensions and the low availability of jobs caused these riots between the lower class Irish and blacks. These riots started in August of 1834 with the destruction of a merry-go-round patronized by both blacks and Irish. Overall, one black was killed with many more being injured, looting was prevalent, and the intimidation of blacks occurred everywhere. The anger of the Irish had been built over time, with jobs being scarce and it was almost impossible to provide for one's family.

Treaty of Ghent

Reached on Christmas Eve in 1814, Britain and America reached and agreement. Britain would evacuate the western posts. It just simply stated that the fighting was over, prisoners were to be returned, and joint commissions were to be used to resolve future problems.

Half-Way Covenant

Religious apathy was a pressing problem in new England, their response was the half-way covenant. It allowed children of church members to join the church even if they could not demonstrate that they had undergone a conversion process, and adhered to the "forms of godliness".

Great Compromise

Representation in the House of Representatives should be based on the total of each state's white population, and 3/5 of the black population. Each state has an equal amount of votes in the Senate. Therefore the compromise lead in both small and large states.

Robert Morris

Robert Morris was a wealthy merchant from Philadelphia. He was also the superintendent of finance, therefore was given a broad range of authority to deal with the nation's troubled affairs. Morris believed that the states should stop issuing paper money, and that the states should pay their requisitions in gold and silver coins (specie). Also, he said that Congress should charter the Bank of North America, and make federal bonds more appealing to investors.

Roger Sherman

Roger Sherman was an early American lawyer and politician. He served on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, and was also a representative and senator in the new republic. He was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the U.S.: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.

Lord North

Second chief minister of George III that kept the Stamp Act in place once the Sugar and Currency Acts were repealed. He also influenced the admission of the Intolerable Acts and introduced a plan to end resistance in Massachusetts.

First Continental Congress

September 5, 1774 - Representatives from every colony except Georgia met in Philadelphia.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power in the New World. In addition to ceding Florida to the United States, the treaty settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas and firmly established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase.

Pocahontas

She was a member of the Powhatan tribe. Her father was the Chief. She married John Rolfe the planter. She may have saved John Smith.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Showed that the interior Native American tribes were not afraid to fight to protect their land.

Treaty of Paris

Signed in September 1783 This treaty declared American Independence from British rule. They also agreed on setting the western border of the United States at the Mississippi River. It also gave US fishermen the right to fish of the coast of Newfoundland and Britain agreed to withdraw from American soil. In return congress had to restore the rights of the loyalists and agreed that debts of one side to the other were still valid.

Entrepreneur

Someone who runs and organizes a business or businesses; taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so. Entrepreneurs ran many businesses during the Industrial Revolution because they had all the money and payed all of the workers during that time period. Entrepreneurs also had a great say in political issues because they had a lot of the countries wealth.

Sophia & Hugh Auld

Sophia Auld was known for teaching black slaves in Maryland were law forbade the teaching of slaves. Sophia's' husband caught her teaching slaves and made her stop doing it. He believed that teaching the slaves made them unmanageable.

Relief Laws

State laws desired be debtors and farmers in hard times that would suspend the collection of private debts and the foreclosure of farms for a specified. Relief Laws were needed for small farmers and the labouring people of Massachusetts because their increasing debt. They then went to the state government to pass the Relief Laws and wanted new issues of paper money so they could pay off their debts and taxes. The largest creditors fought against the Relief Laws because they wanted to collect what was owed them in hard money and feared that new money would cause the value of money to go down over time. The government appeals the tax relief and request that the state's war debt be fully paid.

Economic Growth

Steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy;used to indicate the increase of per capita gross domestic product (GDP). In America people had switched form a more agricultural based economy to a more industrial based economy. New inventions like iron machines and steam engines helped increase production in the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution was the reason for such economic growth because of the demand for such new supplies throughout the country and other surrounding countries.

Stono Slave Revolt

Stono, South Carolina in 1739, 50 slaves were hanged and tortured, their heads were then nailed to posts to warn other rebels not to do as they had done.

Pequot

Strong Indian tribe who fought a bloody war with the English in 1637. With the defeat of the Pequot, England could expand its colonies and missionary work.

Charleston

Surrendered to the British on May 12, 1780 after nearly a month's long siege. With only 225 British casualties, the British captured 5400 American garrison. It was the costliest defeat to the Americans in the war. Securing Charleston was a check point for the British extending their control north and south.

Tecumseh

Tecumseh was a Shawnee leader who went from village to village to warn others about the invading whites in hope of gathering some more help. They soon set up camp in Kithtippecanoe an ancient Indian town located in northern Indiana. Soon many others would come to this location to form a pan-Indian resistance. By 1811, Tecumseh and his armed resistance was over 1,000 men strong. William Henry Harrison will send 1,000 soldiers to there camp where they will burn it before the day is over. Tecumseh and his men will escape but will continue to fight with the help of the British. These two groups will attack at Detroit, Fort Nelson, and at Fort Wayne achieving a victory. Unfortunately the Battle of Thames will be a defeat for both the Indians and British. Tecumseh dies during the Battle of Thames.

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation is a compromise between the two arguing sides of the Continental Congress over forming a more permanent and effective government. The argument was over whether to form a strong centralized government or a loose confederation of consolidated states. In article 9 of the compromise gave the government sole authority to regulate foreign affairs, declare war, mediate boundary disputes, manage the post office, and administer relations with Indians outside state boundaries. The Articles also gave state inhabitants national citizenship along with state citizenship. The Articles also limited what the government can do, in the sense of raising troops and levying troops. Congress could only hope the states would support these actions.

Bank of North America

The Bank of North America was chartered on December 31, 1781 and officially opened on January 7, 1782. Robert Morris was the superintendent of finance.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

The Battle of Horseshoe bend happened in March of 1814 and over 800 Native Americans died, more than in any other Indian-white war in American history. It was the most climactic battle of the creek war.

Battle of Kithtippecanoe

The Battle of Kithtippecanoe was a battle initiated by the Indians. The Indians' believed that "the white race is a wicked race." They viewed white people as bad because they keep pushing them farther and farther West, and their hunting ground is quickly disappearing. The battle started when over 1,000 Indians gathered at Kithtippecanoe, and William Henry Harrison ordered 1,000 American troops to surround them. They then fought all day, but they were not yet defeated, and later burned it to the ground.

Glorious Revolution

The English revolution of 1688 that replaced James II with William and Mary. The revolution was based on the rejection of the "divine right" of kings. Was a victory for the Protestants, parliamentary power, and the English merchant and gentry class.

Erie Canal

The Erie Canal is 363-miles-long and is the last link in a chain of waterways binding New York City to the Great Lakes and the Northwest, making it one of the most impressive canals. It carried a good volume of goods and people at a low cost and would encouraged more than 3,000 miles of canals by 1840, mainly in eastern and midwestern states. Canals gave farmers, merchants, and manufactures inexpensive, reliable access to distant markets and goods.

Land Act 1820

The Land Act of 1820 is a United States federal law that eliminated the purchase of public land in the United States on credit. It also reduced the minimum size of the tract from 160 to 80 acres. Additionally, the act required a down payment of $100 and reduced the price from $1.65 to $1.25 per acre. The land was located in the Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory, in what was then "the West". This was needed because farmers had trouble paying off their loans due to the economic hardship related to the Panic of 1819.

McCormick Reaper

The McCormick Reaper was one of the leading products design in America. It was developed, perfected, and then developed even further. It cut labor costs and increased efficiency.

National Road

The National Road was a federal project in early America designed to address a problem which seems like nothing today but was quite serious at the time. The new nation possessed enormous amounts of land to the west. And there was simply no easy way for people to get there.The roads heading westward at the time were primitive, and in most cases were Indian trails or old military trails dating to the French and Indian War. When the state of Ohio was admitted to the Union in 1803, it was apparent that something had to be done, as the country actually had a state that was difficult to reach.

Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the national government of what became the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.

Stamp Act 1765

The Stamp Act was initiated in 1765. It put a tax on everything marked with a stamp such as: newspapers, pamphlets, almanacs, legal documents, liquor licenses, college diplomas, playing cards, and dice. These taxes were already in effect in Britain and Ireland, but the colonists objected.

Virginia Plan

The Virginia plan which was first introduced on may 29 an suggested the formation of a powerful national government. It called for a two branch congress with the lower house elected by the people and the upper house (senate) chosen by the lower house from nominees proposed by the state legislatures. It also wanted to have a president chosen by congress, a national judiciary, and a council of revision who's task was to review the constitutionality of federal laws. Smaller states however objected to this plan due to the fact that it called for representation based on proportion. But was was voted 7 - 3 and was used to draft the constitution.

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was started by War Hawks in congress. They felt that they had tolerated Britain's presence on American soil for long enough. Britain encouraged Indian raids and attacks on Americans. British forces were quite strong. In 1814, British forces occupied Washington, and then they burned the Capitol and the presidential mansion. In 1813, the British were defeated in a battle on Lake Erie. In 1815, British were defeated at New Orleans.

Privateering

The attacking and capture of enemy vessels authorized by a government during wartime

Bunker Hill

The battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775. This Battle took place because the Americans were informed of the British sending troops to occupy the hills surrounding Boston. To conflict with this the Americans sent 1200 troops to the hills. The British won the battle, but sustained many casualties, including a notably large amount of officers.

Cotton Gin

The cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney was a very helpful invention in aspects to the cleaning of short staple cotton, but it also caused slavery to be needed it a time where it was almost being abolished. The cotton gin now made it possible for short staple crop to be grown in the interior because before a person could clean a pound of cotton a day with the cotton gin they were now able to clean fifty pounds a day. This new cash crop secured slavery in the south and took away they hope of it's being abolished in the south. Overall it did help economics and trade, but it was the reason for the soon to be division in the sates and ultimately the start of the Civil War.

Sugar Act 1764

The first of a couple of acts that pressed badly on the colonial economies, It lowered taxes on imported French molasses, but raised taxes on other items, and put more restrictions on some exported items.

Manumission

The freedom of slavery. These free slaves usually had very few skilled jobs available to them because mainly they couldn't work skilled jobs. They were usually found in the factories and lived in poverty (usually worse than the white trash "crackers"). However there was an elite group in the New Orleans region that was in the upper social class.

Powhatan

The local Indian tribe living in the Chesapeake Bay near Jamestown. They provided much needed food and medical help to the dying Jamestown colonists.

American Colonization Society

The main source of proposals to return free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821-22, as a place for freedmen.

Battle of New Orleans

The most dramatic American triumph in the War of 1812, took place in 1815 with Andrew Jackson leading the Americans. It was the most dramatic battle even though the battle was fought technically after peace had already been established.

Nat Turner's Slave Revolt

The most famous Slave revolt in North America, accrued in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831. It was a hot August night and Nat Turner and his followers crept into their master's house and killed the family. By the end of the night 55 whites where dead and twice as many blacks. Nat ran away only to be found 2 weeks later and was put to his death.

Industrial Mode of Production

The reorganization of production, breaking the process into a series of separate steps done by individual workers or machines. The "putting out" system emerged when Manufacturers would pay for the piece of an item. Each person would have a specific task to complete for the making of a good. This would soon lead to the assembly line.

Franchise

The right to vote, widespread among colonial free white males.

Culture

The slaves culture was dependent on the whites, while the economy was dependent on the slaves. The white culture caused the slaves owners to be superior to the slaves and other poor white farmers. The social class was set up to set the slaves at the bottom of the social class network.

Southern Justification of Slavery

The southerners came up with reasons why slavery was morally alright to make themselves feel better about it and to convince others that it was okay as well. Most southerners believed it was a "necessary evil" but later said it was "a positive good". The biblical reason was that slaves had been around since the biblical period of time and had help build many cities and serve masters, so people believed that the only way that civilization could run correctly was to have slaves. The 3/5ths clause and the mandate for returning fugitive slaves supposedly justified slavery legally. Another reason behind the righteousness of slavery thought by some southerners was that the blacks were created as a separate inferior race to serve whites.

Sovereignty

The supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state

William Pitt

The turning point in the 7 years war came when William Pitt became Britain;s secretary of state in 1757. He took the military campaign out of Europe and threw the forces into the American campaign.

Genocide

The willed extermination of a race or ethnic group by another.

Battle of Thames

This battle occurred on October 5, 1813. General Proctor was leading the British forces when they were forced to withdraw. American forces caught up to the British and the Indians, and then destroyed them. In the battle, the Indian chief Tecumseh, was killed.

Surges vs Crowninshield

This case decided whether state bankruptcy laws violated the provision in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution giving Congress the power "to establish...uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies through-out the United states". In the year 1815. This was a power which Congress had not previously exercised. Were the states restricted from passing bankruptcy laws of their own?

Marbury vs Madison

This case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John Adams as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition, holding that the part of the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional. Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional", and established the concept of judicial review in the U.S. (the idea that courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government). The landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances" of the American form of government.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

This gave political organization over the Northwest Ordinance of 1785. This opened up the west for the government to now allow officials to run the land and for the Union to add new states to itself. This ordinance was greatly accepted by the people because it allowed them to move out there and purchase land for themselves at a very cheap price. However this ordinance did not promote slavery nor did it allow slavery to be used in this part of the country.

Lowell Work Stoppage

This was caused by hard times hitting in 1834. Prices fell, sales went down, and rising inventories. This led managers to cut wages and some jobs. The mill workers started circulated petitions threatening strikes and organizing meetings. At one lunch time the manager fired one of the ring leaders and as she walked out she made a signal and all the other workers followed her out the door. This small stoppage didn't prevent the wage reduction, but stressed the women's concern for the industrialization of labor.

Thomas Peters

Thomas Peters was an African man that was kidnapped by the Yoruba tribe. He was originally brought to Spanish Louisiana, but he protested enslavement so fiercely that he was sold to the English colonies. He eventually escaped from his master, William Campbell, and went on to join the British-officered Black Pioneers.

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty happened shortly after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Chiefs of Indian regions gathered together to sign a peace treaty. This treaty made a boundary line for the Indian land and the area that the white settlers could use. Washington and the rest of the Americans were ready for American expansion and this treaty would hold off the feuds for awhile.

Treaty of Hopewell

Treaty with representatives form the Wyandotte, Chippewa, Delaware, and Ottawa tribes that also relinquished their lands to the U.S.

Valley Forge

Troops suffered many supply shortages during the war especially at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778. Men went into that winter without shoes or coats. Many men were sick, discontented, and out of humor. Soldiers had poor food, hard lodging, cold weather, fatigue, nasty clothes, nasty cookery, vomit half the time. The men could not endure the cold weather which was taking a toll on their numbers.

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)

Charles Grannier de Vergennes

Vergennes was a French forign minister. He was prepared to let the war go on so that England would weaken and America's dependence on France would grow. He was also suggesting that the new nation's boundary be set no farther than the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. So, when the peace agreement was written, Vergennes was not there. Because he wasn't there, the western boundary of the United States was set at the Mississippi River, according to the Treaty of Paris.

King George's War

War before a period of peace that was before the 7 years war.

Sir William Berkeley

Was a governor. A lot of his polices for native Americans were detested by ambitious planters. Nathaniel Bacon was one of them. Berkeley declared bacon a rebel which made made Bacon recruit men of his own to fight Berkeley. Bacon captured Jamestown which forced Berkeley to flee.

Edmund Randolph

Was a member in congress in 1779 and governor of Virginia from 1786 to 1788, he originally introduced the Virginia plan. Which outlined a potentially powerful national government, bicameral congress, president, national judiciary and a council of revision.

King Charles II

Was given his fathers thrown in 1600 gave a large territory to who that supported him during his exile. He sent many converts across the Atlantic.

Governor Andros

Was the Governor of New York and then appointed to be ruler of the newly created Dominion of New England. He ruled from Maine to New Jersey. He raised taxes, stopped meetings, and mocked the puritans.

Nathaneal Greene

Washington sent Nathanael Greene south to lead the continental forces. He knew the regions and the kind of war he would be fighting. He tried to avoid large scale encounters. He divided his army in to small mobile bands. He coplained that his people in his army weren't ready for war.

Andrew Oliver

Wealthy stamp distributor in Boston that, while profiting greatly from the Stamp Act, was also publicly hated.

Cholera Epidemic 1849

With the dense population of New York, cholera spread to gigantic proportions, ravaging the city. Originally came from Europe and brought to America by a shipment of people.

Andrew Belcher

With the new economical freedom he contracted to ship wheat to the Caribbeans where it was higher priced than in Boston. Angered townspeople who had a shortage of bread attacked one of his ships and tried to take the grain.

Outwork

Women who wanted to stay inside the home would soon become outworkers. They worked to help their husbands or fathers because they were not making enough money in that time, and the ideology of women staying in the home stayed the same. Women outworkers were among the most exploited of Cincinnati's workers. They spent long days in darkened rooms. They often had medical problems due to this. When the sewing machine was invented in 1850 employers believe outworkers could produce more volume of goods and the pool of workers expanded.

Federalist Papers

Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. They were published in New York. They were written to promote ratification of the Constitution in New York. The writers moved systematically through the Constitution, explaining it in extreme detail, and responding to the Anti-Federalist' charges. They also described a different political vision from the Anti-Federalists.

Electoral College

a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Anarchy

a lack of government and law; confusion

William Gordon

a white clergyman, voiced his protest, " Would it not be ridiculous, though otherwise qualified, because their skins are black?" he questioned. "why not for being long-nosed, short faced, or lower than five feet nine?" in the end, Massachusetts's constitution made no metion of race and black men occasionally cast their ballots.

Preemption Act

also known as the "Distributive Preemption Act" was a United States federal law approved by the U.S. Congress on September 4, 1841, to "appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights." Specifically, it permitted squatters on government land who were heads of households, widows, or single men over 21; who were citizens of the United States, or intended to become naturalized; and who had lived there for at least 14 months to purchase up to 160 acres at a very low price (not less than $1.25 per acre or $3.09 per hectare) before the land was offered for sale to the public. It further established that when the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Michigan were admitted to the Union, they would be paid 10% of the proceeds of the sale of such public land.

Eli Whitney

born on December 8, 1765 in Westboro, Massachusetts. He designed and built the cotton gin. This machine allowed workers to clean up to 50 pounds of cotton in a day. While he did get this invention patented in 1794, it didn't stand up in court until 1807. Because of this, there were many imitations of his cotton gin design, but he couldn't do anything about it. While Whitney is well known for being the inventor of the cotton gin, he also created a musket that had interchangeable parts. Ironically, it was the musket that made him the most money. He died on January 8, 1825.

Magistrates Secular

civil leaders in Massachusetts Bay, and were not usually ministers.

New Jersey Assembly 1807

enhanced the act that limited voting to free white males instead of females

John Bartram

gathered and described American plants from all over eastern North America as part of the transatlantic attempt to classify all plat life into one universal system.

Prudence Crandall

in 1833 crandall a Quaker schoolmistress in Canterbury Connecticut announced that she would admit black girls into her school, the townspeople didn't like this and tried every way to prosecute her. She opened the school anyway and the townspeople vandalized the school and she got arrested, after two trials she gave up and moved to Illinois.

Elizabeth Freeman

in early life known as "Bett" and later "Mum Bett", was among the first black slaves in United States history to be awarded her freedom in court based on the illegality of slavery. Her county court case was cited as a precedent in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court case of Quock Walker which is considered to have abolished slavery in the state. Throughout her life, Freeman exhibited a strong spirit and sense of self. This was a source of friction and conflict for Hannah Ashley who was raised in the less tolerant Dutch culture of the New York colony. In 1780, Freeman prevented Hannah,her owner, from striking Betsy, her daughter, with a heated shovel, receiving a deep wound in her arm. As the wound healed, she left it uncovered as evidence of her harsh treatment and moral superiority

Intolerable Acts 1774

laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and to tighten government control of the colonies

Thomas Danforth

new deputy governor of New England; spoke directly to accusers, one of the leaders of the Glorious Revolution in Massachusetts

Northwest Territory

ordinances of 1785 and 1787 surveyed and sold land of the region west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River. It was laid out into townships of six mile square , then subdivided. Then governors were assigned to land areas. Settlers were encouraged to extend westward, unlike the proclamation line of 1763. Natives were first ok with the settlement of colonists but then were being forced off there land they were not happy with this, so they fought back. Overall in the end Indians lost almost all of their land.

Duties

taxes on paper, lead, paints, and tea.

New York Stock Exchange

the largest stock exchange, located in New York City. Most of the companies on this exchange are larger companies with higher-priced stock.

Declaration of Independence

the proclamation made by the second American Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which asserted the freedom and independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain

Senate

the upper house of the United States Congress

Loyalists

were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men by the Patriots, those who supported the revolution. When their cause was defeated, about 20% of the Loyalists fled or were driven out of the US to resettle in other parts of the British Empire, in Britain or elsewhere in British North America, especially East Ontario and New Brunswick, where they were called United Empire Loyalists; some went to the British West Indies, especially the Bahamas. Black Loyalists made up some of the Loyalist community but were compensated by British claims procedures.

John Locke

wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding; his essay argued that God didn't predetermine peoples thoughts and choices and that people could learn to become one of God's children.

Catharine Beecher

wrote the book "Words of Comfort for a Discouraged Housekeeper", which listed reasons that women could not meet all of the standards that were expected of middle-class women.