History- Egyptian Funeral Practices
What were the roles of the specialists during egyptian embalming?
1. A designer, or painter 2. A Dissector or Anatomist 3. A pollinctor or Apothecary 4. An Embalmer or surgeon 5. A physician or priest 6. a scribe
What was the second method of embalming for the egyptians?
1. Injecting cedar oil without evisceration in abdomen 2. body was laid in natrum or natron (a fixed alkali) for a period 3. dehydration
The death beliefs of the Egyptians pivoted around the idea that the elements that joined to make a person could be reassembled in the body of the dead. What were these elements?
1. The Ba (the soul) 2. The Yakhu (Shining one) 3. The name 4. The Shadow 5. The heart 6. The Ka
When was the New Kingdom period?
1738-1102 B.C
How many specialists did Egyptian embalming require?
5
How long was egypts culture?
5000 years
What was a cheaper form of embalming available to the egyptian masses?
Dry Burial- bodies were shrouded in coarse cloth and laid upon beds of charcoal under 6-8 feet of sand
What instrument was used to make the incision on a body for evisceration in ancient Egyptian embalming?
Ethiopian stone
What is the name of the dog-headed jar that guarded the small intestines?
Hapi
In ancient egyptian culture, what was the spirit that served as a double of the body and stayed with the dead and demanded attention from the living?
Ka
title of the priest?
Kher-heb
What is the name of the manheaded jar that protected the stomach and large intestine?
Mestha
Did the Egyptians belief that the soul was immortal?
No, they believed that the soul had to be mortalized by being brought back to the body.
Who did the Egyptians believe was the god of the underworld, and judge of the dead?
Osiris
in ancient Egyptian culture, who was the god of the underworld and judge of the dead?
Osiris
What was the third mode of embalming for the egyptians?
Purging the intestines, and soaking the body in a soda solution for 70 days. the use of bitumen, or pitch was used to and resulted in a hard, black mummy.
What was the name of the hawk-headed jar that proteced the liver and gallblader?
Qebhsennuf
What did the four canopic jars that the organs went inside of represent?
The children of Horus, the hawk-headed god of day.
What was the name of the Jackal-headed jar that watched over the lungs and heart?
Tuamutef
title of the pharmacist?
apothecary
the lungs were placed in what canopic jar?
head of ape
the liver was placed in what canopic jar?
head of human
the stomach was placed in what canopic jar?
head of jackal
how did the climate affect the embalming process?
it helped with dehydration
What is a Anthropoid coffin?
man shaped
What were some of the early egyptian coffins made from?
mats and skins, reeds wooden and earthenware baskets
Which of the following was not an early material used to protect the body for burial?
stone coffin
title of the chief embalmer?
surgeon
Who was the one that superintended embalming and funeral arrangements, and what was their name?
the Kher-heb or priest
what is the circle of neccesity?
the belief that the soul made a trip around the sun and back to the body.
What was the method of embalming for the well to do and high rank?
the brain and viscera were removed, embalmed or preserved separately, and placed in 4 different canopic jars. the cavities in the head and body were washed clean and filled with spices and resins, then the body was immersed in a soda solution for 40 days, and finally wrapped in fine linen. 1. remove brain 2. evisceration 3. immersed in natron- salt- used to dehydrate body 4. dehydration- washed and strained for burial 5. wrapping used an Ethiopian stone to make incision in side
What is the shade?
the deceased's spirit
title of the painter?
the designer
title of the anatomist?
the dissector
Who was Anubis?
the god of embalming
The intestines were placed in what canopic jar?
the head of hawk
what was the ancient Egyptian belief that after death the soul took a 3,000 year journey around the sun?
they believed that the sun was the circle of necessity, the center of the universe where everything emerged and returned.
What was the belief of the divine origins of the soul to the egyptians?
they believed the body was in a constant stuggle with good and evil, and that after life, its final state was determined by judgement according to its behavior on earth.
What did the Egyptians belief about the sun?
they believed the sun was the center, the focus of the universe from which all things emerged, and to which they returned.
What was the significance of the hieroglyphic inscriptions on the exterior of the coffin?
they were to help restore the body, and to aid and give power to the dead in the afterlife
What was the purpose of egyptian embalming?
to preserve and sanitize the body, in order to help restore it to the soul. the PRIMARY purpose is for religious reasons. So yes, preservation for religious purposes. Sanitation is the secondary purpose of Ancient Egyptian embalming due to the threat of the plague.
Embalming was part of a religious ritual?
yes
