History Exam 1

wealth inequality could be corrected through workers' hard work.

"Liberal" reformers of the Gilded Age believed: wealth inequality could be corrected through workers' hard work. wealth inequality was inevitable in modern society. individual liberty and property rights were threatened by the business classes. lower-class groups could strengthen democracy by using government to advance their interests. Reconstruction was largely a mistake.

arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires.

"New immigrants": defined mostly those from China and Japan. in Boston helped form an "Immigration Restriction League" as a response to Mexican immigrants. arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires. in contrast to "old immigrants," did not arouse the ire of nativists, who saw these newcomers as more willing to work. were welcomed by older immigrants.

included both middle- and working-class women.

After 1900, the campaign for women's suffrage: was most successful in the Northeast. included both middle- and working-class women. maintained an increasingly elitist approach. stagnated. was fought only on the federal level.

low tariffs.

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: abundant natural resources. low tariffs. a growing supply of labor. availability of capital for investment. federal land grants to railroads.

was largely driven by the desire for expanded overseas trade.

American expansionism after the 1890s: had little to do with American consumer demand for foreign products. was not affected by the development of the railroad. was hampered by the continued U.S. observance of the Monroe Doctrine. was largely driven by the desire for expanded overseas trade. severely depressed the nation's agricultural and industrial production.

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller: were both immigrants. advocated government regulation of business. led the way in social reform. built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets. faced no criticism for their business practices.

clustered in the West as agricultural workers.

Asian and Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century: were much more welcome than European immigrants. clustered in the South as agricultural workers. outnumbered southern and eastern European immigrants. were prohibited from entering the United States. clustered in the West as agricultural workers.

were closely contested affairs.

Elections during the Gilded Age: were generally quiet affairs with few rallies or speeches. suffered from a lack of party loyalty among voters. suffered from low voter turnout. were closely contested affairs. brought an end to Democratic control of the South.

actually limited many Americans' right to vote.

Electoral reform during the Progressive era: actually limited many Americans' right to vote. had little impact, especially in the cities. expanded the electorate significantly. did away with all residency requirements for voting. enfranchised African-Americans.

The expansion of Brazilian cotton cultivation lowered global prices for the crop and led to indebtedness and loss of land for southern farmers.

How did economic development in Brazil during and after the American Civil War affect the lives of southern cotton farmers? Cheap Egyptian cotton allowed southerners to become the consumers of imported textiles. The expansion of Brazilian cotton cultivation lowered global prices for the crop and led to indebtedness and loss of land for southern farmers. Poverty and crime in South America triggered a mass migration of cheap farm workers into the American South where they replaced former slaves. Brazilian demand for American cotton created new opportunities for southern cotton growers. The expansion of slavery in Brazil in the wake of American emancipation prompted southern farmers to give up cotton cultivation for good.

Nickelodeons offered a popular and less expensive leisure activity for urban residents.

How did nickelodeons reflect a mass-consumption society in the Progressive era? Amusement parks and dance halls had lost considerable popularity by this time. Nickelodeons offered a popular and less expensive leisure activity for urban residents. Nickelodeons were popular in rural communities where people could not attend vaudeville shows. Nickelodeons offered elite theatergoers a highbrow alternative to vaudeville shows. Nickelodeon shows quickly became widely available, thus providing entertainment to small-town residents.

As a tragic family quarrel among white Americans, in which blacks played no significant part.

How did the Civil War come to be remembered by the 1890s as the white North and South moved toward reconciliation? As a monumental political struggle that culminated in the emancipation of 4 million people. As the climax of the story of slavery that began when the Constitution was signed and was destined to be settled through war. As a struggle between federal and state rights that redefined the laws of the founding fathers. As a significant turning point in American economic history, as wage labor won out over slave labor. As a tragic family quarrel among white Americans, in which blacks played no significant part.

Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.

How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America? The division of time into four zones allowed businesses to communicate by telegraph for the first time. Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods. The adoption of a standard railroad gauge made private and federal land grants more available. Large banks were now able to locate in western railroad towns. The expansion of trains increased the efficiency of small businesses.

To help suppress the strikers on behalf of the owners.

How were federal troops used in the Pullman Strike of 1894? They were not used at all. As spies, such as an early Federal Bureau of Investigation. As moderators between the employees and employers. To help suppress the strikers on behalf of the owners. As workers themselves, to replace the striking workers.

Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries? They were able to market their skills by training young apprentices in exchange for high fees. The ownership and control over their shops and tools made their trades unattractive for industrial competition. Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices. They had the ability to advance to managerial positions and from there into the executive boardrooms of big industry. Skilled workers tended to be more radical and used strikes and violent uprisings to secure better wages.

argued that women were too weak to work long hours.

In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court: gave labor the right to strike. validated the "liberty of contract" doctrine. refused to limit work hours for male bakers. argued that women were too weak to work long hours. outlawed child labor for children younger than age sixteen.

encouraged blacks to adjust to segregation.

In his Atlanta speech of 1895, Booker T. Washington: opposed vocational education for blacks. called for political equality. continued the abolitionist political tradition. fought against segregation. encouraged blacks to adjust to segregation.

argued that native-born white women's votes would counteract the "ignorant foreign vote."

In the 1890s, the National American Woman Suffrage Association: argued that native-born white women's votes would counteract the "ignorant foreign vote." argued that all women, regardless of race or ethnicity, should vote. was dominated by working-class women. supported the right of African-American women to vote. supported the right of immigrant women to vote.

entered a "golden age" because of rising urban demand for farm goods.

In the first decade of the twentieth century, American farm communities: entered a "golden age" because of rising urban demand for farm goods. did not experience the economic growth seen in cities. had not yet recovered from the effects of falling prices in the previous century. experienced limited economic growth. did not benefit from the new mass-consumer society.

yellow journalists.

Journalists who worked for newspapers like William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, which sensationalized events to sell papers, were called: freelancers. yellow journalists. trustees. muckrakers. social reformers.

muckrakers

Newspaper and magazine writers who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life, fueling the Progressive movement, were known as: trustees. freelancers. muckrakers. yellow journalists. social reformers.

frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was: a more equitable distribution of wealth. the introduction of socialism. a more stable economy. frequent and prolonged economic depressions. higher prices.

sanctioned racial segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson: sanctioned racial segregation. was fully supported by Booker T. Washington. voided the Thirteenth Amendment. limited the hours that women could legally work. was a unanimous decision.

believed that the president should be an honest broker in labor disputes.

President Theodore Roosevelt: opposed the creation of national parks. believed that the president should be an honest broker in labor disputes. proposed to weaken the Interstate Commerce Commission. believed that the president should side with employers during labor disputes. opposed direct federal regulation of the economy.

A mature consumer economy.

The "living wage" and the "American standard of living" were an outgrowth of what? The powerful influence of labor unions. The power of monopolistic corporations. An effective nationwide advertising campaign. An increasingly diverse society. A mature consumer economy.

crippled national rail service and triggered the arrest of union president Eugene V. Debs.

The 1894 Pullman Strike: led to public disapproval of union president Eugene V. Debs. received unexpected support from Attorney General Richard Olney, who believed in the rights of railroad workers to a fair wage. despite significant violence, resulted in a rare compromise between the American Railway Union and Pullman Sleeping Cars. crippled national rail service and triggered the arrest of union president Eugene V. Debs. ended with the arrival of Coxey's Army, a private security agency hired by George Pullman.

was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: led to a decrease in discrimination and violence against the Chinese. only barred immigration of Chinese women. led to an increase in civil rights for Chinese people and Chinese-Americans living in the United States. led to the deportation of the 105,000 Chinese people living in the United States in 1882. was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States.

was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites.

The Ghost Dance: was seen as harmless. was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. ushered in a new era of Indian wars. brought Indians and whites together in a cultural celebration. was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites.

only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.

The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn: only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement. was typical at the time. resulted in no U.S. army casualties. brought an end to the hostilities. came after an unprovoked attack by Indians.

advocated a workers' revolution.

The Industrial Workers of the World: advocated a workers' revolution. was a union within the American Federation of Labor. represented skilled workers only. was led by Eugene Debs. organized only women workers.

was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.

The Knights of Labor: organized only skilled, white, native-born workers. did not admit women. cooperated with big business. never had more than a few hundred members. was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.

Colorado mine workers and militia.

The Ludlow Massacre was a tragic confrontation between: New Orleans dockworkers and militia. Colorado mine workers and militia. North Carolina textile workers and the police. Plains Indians and the U.S. army. the IWW and the Massachusetts police.

promising lower taxes and less government interference.

The Progressive governor of Wisconsin, Robert M. La Follette, instituted all of the following reforms EXCEPT: taxing corporate wealth. regulating railroads and utilities. promising lower taxes and less government interference. using primary elections to select candidates. using nonpartisan university faculty.

middle-class reformers.

The Progressive movement drew its strength from: farmers. middle-class reformers. socialists. big business. military leaders.

called for an equalization of wealth and power.

The Social Gospel: called for an equalization of wealth and power. was financed by corporate donations. was another term for Social Darwinism. was part of the Catholic Church. did not support aid to the poor.

voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week.

The Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York: voided a state law that limited the number of hours women could work. voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week. limited the number of hours coal miners worked. ruled that "liberty of contract" undermined workers' rights. voided a state law that limited child labor.

brought in its wake much-needed safety legislation.

The Triangle Shirtwaist fire: destroyed the business, but there were no casualties. was the worst fire in U.S. history. brought in its wake much-needed safety legislation. occurred during the Uprising of the 20,000. resulted in laws that banned all manufacturing in New York.

moved from demanding prohibition to pushing for women's suffrage.

The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. was a small organization of radical feminists. argued that politics was not the place for women. moved from demanding prohibition to pushing for women's suffrage. was a single-issue organization out to ban alcohol.

a shift from broad reform goals to more limited goals.

The ascendancy of the American Federation of Labor during the 1890s reflected: the success of the political lobbying efforts of labor organizers. a shift from broad reform goals to more limited goals. the increasing radicalism of the American labor movement. the growing role of women in the union movement. the increasing social conscience in the American population overall.

the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

The second industrial revolution was marked by: the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries. the rapid expansion of industry across the South. a decline in the growth of cities. a return to handmade goods. a more equalized distribution of wealth.

led to increased conflict between capital and labor.

The severe depression of 1893: caused little, if any, hardship. affected only factory workers. was quickly over, and the economy was soon booming. led to increased conflict between capital and labor. was a period in which labor and capital looked for compromise.

as a way of describing a loosely defined political movement.

The word "Progressivism" came into common use around 1910: and represented those who advocated revolution. as a way of describing a loosely defined political movement. as an anti-business term. denoting a group that appealed only to women. as another term for socialism.

removed Indians who hunted and fished on these lands.

To create national parks like Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Glacier, the federal government: set aside lands that had never been inhabited by humans. barred logging and timber companies west of the Mississippi River. removed animals from the land. removed Indians who hunted and fished on these lands. dismantled the Northern Pacific Railroad.

The appearance of malnourished children who had been evacuated from Lawrence shocked the public.

What brought about a new wave of sympathy for the plight of women in the garment industry in Lawrence, Massachusetts? The city had extended maximum working hours for garment workers. The police of Lawrence had severely beaten striking women. The AFL had negotiated a sham contract for Lawrence's garment factories. The appearance of malnourished children who had been evacuated from Lawrence shocked the public. The police had forced the children of Lawrence to leave town.

Domination of non-whites by white people was necessary for the progress of civilization.

What did the term "white man's burden" mean? Imperialism required long absences from friends and family back home. It was a tongue-in-cheek reference coined by Mark Twain to describe American troop atrocities against Filipinos. It referred to the heavy kit U.S. soldiers had to carry while on duty. The only way to ensure American victory in the Philippine War was for white soldiers to accept black fighters into their ranks. Domination of non-whites by white people was necessary for the progress of civilization.

It helped southern whites cope with defeat but preserve white supremacy.

What explains the appeal of the Lost Cause mythology for Southern whites in the late nineteenth century? It allowed Southerners to engage in denial and believe they never lost the Civil War. It preserved memory of the Confederacy without the burden of white supremacy. It downplayed the tensions between the Union and the Confederacy. It helped southern whites cope with defeat but preserve white supremacy. It helped them to pretend that slavery had never really ended.

To civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term.

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians? To prepare them for reservation life. To prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military. To train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers. To convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations. To civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term.

Public schools.

Which institution was hardest hit by the Redeemers once they assumed power in the South? Jails. Public schools. Churches. Sharecropping. Mental health facilities.

Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard.

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the government and the economy in the Gilded Age? State and local governments diminished in scope and purpose, as the federal government extended its control of business and banking regulation. The rise of the Republican Party in national politics signaled new growth in the national government and a new commitment to breaking up monopolies. State and local government increased in scale while the federal government decreased. Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard. Western state governments lobbied to block new tariffs that would raise the price of manufactured goods and bankrupt farmers.

The railroad strike signaled the nation's shift from southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class tensions.

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? The strike signaled the power of labor unions and the beginning of the socialist challenge to American democracy. The railroad strike signaled the nation's shift from southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class tensions. The strike underlined the rising expectations among industrial workers in times of economic growth and prosperity. The event highlighted the need for Republicans to address southern economic inequality, not only racial discrimination. The strike marked the beginning of the end of the railroad industry and prompted the development of the automobile.

It demonstrated the enormous power of large corporations and reflected the belief of many working Americans that they were being denied economic independence and self-governance.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the significance of the 1892 strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania? Press scrutiny of the strike sent stock prices up for Carnegie Steel Company, suggesting that "all press is good press" for corporate owners. It demonstrated the enormous power of large corporations and reflected the belief of many working Americans that they were being denied economic independence and self-governance. The strikers' defeat spelled the end of future union organization by skilled industrial workers. The outcome made Americans look more violent than their British counterparts. Public outcry over the involvement of the state militia in crushing the strike prompted the resignation of Pennsylvania's governor.

The Knights of Labor was directly responsible for the violence that took place at Haymarket.

Which statement about the Haymarket Affair is FALSE? Laborers were gathered at Haymarket Square to demonstrate for an eight-hour workday. The Knights of Labor was directly responsible for the violence that took place at Haymarket. A bomb exploded, killing a police officer. Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals. Seven of the eight men accused of plotting the Haymarket bombing were foreign born.

The war lasted only four months and resulted in less than 400 U.S. battle casualties.

Which statement about the Spanish-American War is true? The treaty that ended the war granted U.S. citizenship to the peoples of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. The war lasted only four months and resulted in less than 400 U.S. battle casualties. Admiral Dewey secured Manila Bay by defeating the Spanish in a bloody three-day battle. Congress indicated that it was going to war to annex Cuba. The war came as little surprise given the fact that William McKinley campaigned in 1896 on a platform favoring imperial expansion.

The theory argued that the "deserving poor" only included children.

Which statement about the theory of Social Darwinism is FALSE? The theory borrowed language from Charles Darwin. The theory argued that evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature and that government must not interfere. The theory argued that failure to advance in society indicated a lack of character. The theory argued that freedom required frank acceptance of inequality. The theory argued that the "deserving poor" only included children.

They understood that greater public confidence in the quality of the products helped their sales.

Why did businesses support the Pure Food and Drug Act? They understood that greater public confidence in the quality of the products helped their sales. They understood that they were liable if they harmed the health of consumers by selling spoiled products. They were concerned about the health and welfare of their workers. They wanted to protect their workers from spoiled foods. They saw their own market share dwindle as superior European foods grew more popular.

These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network.

Why did new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats symbolize the continuing integration of the economy in America's Gilded Age? These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network. These products were examples of how Gilded Age technologies helped develop the sustainable use of materials. These products catered particularly to the appetites and desires of new immigrants. They were consumer products manufactured with new technologies. These products were exemplary for the way in which mass consumption raised everyone's living standards.

They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.

Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age? They wanted to cut each other out from the market. They were sharing patents for new technologies in the railroad industry. They hoped to gather enough capital in a pool in order to buy out their largest and most dangerous competitor. They wanted to share their assets in order to maintain liquidity in times of financial panic. They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.

Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions.

Why did workers experience the introduction of scientific management as a loss of freedom? Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions. Workers had to work longer hours under scientific management. Scientific management typically lowered wages. Foremen tended to drive workers with more brute force under scientific management. Safety conditions worsened when companies introduced scientific management.

Urban populations experienced the most dramatic growth and the most significant changes.

Why was "the city" the focus of Progressive politics? Populists had largely solved the problems that had plagued rural Americans. Urban populations experienced the most dramatic growth and the most significant changes. The overwhelming majority of Americans lived in cities. The mostly urban immigrant populations wielded significant political clout there. Progressives were particularly fond of new urban entertainments like dance halls and nickelodeons.

called for the unrestricted minting of silver money.

William Jennings Bryan: angered Populists after giving a fiery convention speech denouncing the "free coinage" of silver. called for the unrestricted minting of silver money. entered politics late in life, after a successful career as a Methodist minister. had a weak presidential campaign after he refused numerous speaking engagements. failed to win enough support from the Democratic Party as the nominee for president in 1896.