HISTORY FINAL

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King, Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, arguing that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. The letter was widely published and became an important text for the American civil rights movement of the early 1960s.

Young Turks

the young turks round up most of the armenian civilian population bc they are disloyal or potentially disloyal. round them up into concentration camps. Der-el-Zor. this is where fighting in Syria is happening now. hundreds of thousands of civilians die. everyone knows this is a problem. the british and french hear about the armenian genocide.

Henry Morgenthau

Wilson's U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916. Asked the U.S. to intervene in the Armenian genocide and the U.S. did nothing. He is significant because he tried to get the US to intervene and because Wilson then came up with a postwar recommendation to detach the Turkish portion of the Ottoman Empire from the rest of the Ottoman empire in the 14 points speech. It is point number 3.

Admiral Horthy

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Kosovo

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NSC-68

1950- Makes the case that communism ANYWHERE is a threat and because of this the defense budget needs to expand to meet that. "Thank God Korea came along," since this act of communist aggression was believed to be crucial in convincing the public to support increased military spending. Significant because NSC-68 remained the foundation of U.S. Cold War policy until at least the 1970s. The document itself remained top secret until historians successfully lobbied for its declassification in 1975. President Harry S. Truman receives National Security Council Paper Number 68 (NSC-68). The report was a group effort, created with input from the Defense Department, the State Department, the CIA, and other interested agencies; NSC-68 formed the basis for America's Cold War policy for the next two decades. In the face of U.S. foreign policy concerns, most notably the Soviet explosion of an atomic device in September 1949 and China's fall to communism the following October, President Truman requested a complete review and re-evaluation of America's Cold War diplomacy strategy. The result was NSC-68, a report that took four months to compile and was completed in April 1950. The report began by noting that the United States was facing a completely changed world. World War II had devastated Germany and Japan, and France and Great Britain had suffered terrific losses. This situation left the United States and the Soviet Union as the only two great world powers. The Soviet Union posed a new and frightening threat to U.S. power. Animated by "a new fanatic faith" in communism, the Soviet Union sought nothing less than the imposition of "its absolute authority over the rest of the world." Clashes with the United States were, therefore, inevitable. According to the report, the development of nuclear weapons meant, "Every individual faces the ever-present possibility of annihilation," and, as a result, "the integrity and vitality of our system is in greater jeopardy than ever before in our history." According to the report, the United States should vigorously pursue a policy of "containing" Soviet expansion. NSC-68 recommended that the United States embark on rapid military expansion of conventional forces and the nuclear arsenal, including the development of the new hydrogen bomb. In addition, massive increases in military aid to U.S. allies were necessary as well as more effective use of "covert" means to achieve U.S. goals. The price of these measures was estimated to be about $50 billion; at the time the report was issued, America was spending just $13 billion on defense. Truman was somewhat taken aback at the costs associated with the report's recommendations. As a politician, he hesitated to publicly support a program that would result in heavy tax increases for the American public, particularly since the increase would be spent on defending the United States during a time of peace. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, however, prompted action. Truman signed NSC-68 into policy in September 1950. As one State Department official noted, "Thank God Korea came along," since this act of communist aggression was believed to be crucial in convincing the public to support increased military spending. NSC-68 remained the foundation of U.S. Cold War policy until at least the 1970s. The document itself remained top secret until historians successfully lobbied for its declassification in 1975.

Kosovo

A small southern provence in southern serbia. He was supposed to turn over the Melodich and Kurradich but said he didn't know where they were. Americans dont believe him so they have economic sanctions and Serbian economy tanks-so he decides to increase national sentiment. Targets Kosovo (which is in far southern Serbia but 90% muslim and Albenians, they had been given autonomy under Tito's govt that he respected up until then. In 1998 he decides to stop respecting their autonomy. He decides that Albenian will no longer be used in their schools, no more religious freedom for muslims, serb will be the official and only language in the province and anyone who objects will be sent to jail. there is an uprising and a fear that there will be another ethnic cleansing. Clinton reacts quickly, He sends warplanes to Belgrade, bombs serbian capital, a coup against Milosevich Milosevich forced to back down. He got sent to the Hay where he was waiting to be tried for war crimes and has a heart attack before his trial occurred

Neville Chamberlain

A British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the German-populated Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia toGermany. However when Adolf Hitler continued his aggression by invading Poland, Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of World War II. Britain and France, the leading Western powers, adopted a policy of appeasement—that is, repeatedly giving Hitler what he wanted, in the hopes that doing so would satisfy the Nazi leader's urge to expand. British and French political leaders were, understandably, haunted by the memory of the huge casualties of the previous war. Ironically, their desire to avoid this bloodbath precipitated a far greater bloodbath. Adopting a defensive posture of maintaining the status quo, beset by deep internal political and cultural divisions, fearful of the cost of war in money and men, the British and French leadership during the 1930s proved no match for Hitler. On September 1, 1939, free from the possibility of the Soviets assisting the Poles, Hitler let loose Blitzkrieg ("lightning war") on his eastern neighbor. To the end, he believed that the western democracies would abandon Poland. Instead, under strong pressure from their own publics, Chamberlain and Daladier redeemed their promises. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. When Baldwin resigned in 1937, Neville Chamberlain, who had a similar philosophy, succeeded him. In one of his first acts as prime minister, Chamberlaim sent a special emissary, Lord Halifax (1881-1959), to meet with the Nazi leadership. Halifax expressed sympathy for Hitler's desire to readjust Germany's boundaries with Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria, and only urged Hitler to accomplish his goals peacefully. To the deeply conservative Halifax and Chamberlain, the German dictator seemed like someone with whom they could work. He might, they reasoned, even provide a bulwark against communist expansion on the continent. Chamberlain and Halifax had more personal reasons for remaining loyal to an appeasement policy. Beginning in the mid-1930s, backbenchers in the governing Conservative Party, led by Winston Churchill (1874-1965), demanded a more aggressive response to the Nazi regime. Every time Chamberlain publicly dismissed Churchill's criticisms, he had more incentive to make appeasement work. In many ways, the prime minister and his followers staked their domestic credibility on the merits of their response to Hitler.

Maginot Line

A sophisticated French defense network that spanned the French-German border from Switzerland in the south to the Ardennes Forest in the north. It is significant because it gave France a false sense of security. They did not think to build it through the Ardennes Forest because they didn't think that anyone would be able to deploy their tanks through it but through it but that is exactly where the Germans snuck into their country and defeated their weak forces.

Nazi-Soviet agreement

A non-aggression pact signed between Germany and the USSR in 1939 that delayed war between the two countries. It was significant because it kept the two countries on the same side, making both of them stronger and it allowed the Red Army to occupy part of Poland and the three Baltic States. It was also significant because Hitler stopped the USSR and British diplomats from negotiating a formal military alliance and Hitler was now free to attack the Poles without fear of the Soviets assisting them.

Jim Crow

African-Americans have no political rights The deep south voters-virtually no black people can vote in the south. Jim Crow laws so that african americans lose all political rights. 15th amendment-no discrimination of voting by black people u can only vote if ur grandfather could vote literacy tests to vote. white-got baseball stuff, blacks got shakespear. only 1,000 registered african american voters. they are disenfranchised throughout the south. they are heavily democrats though. they blame republicans for the civil war. south is the poorest! govt programs to aid oor will disproportionately aid the south. urban ethnic voters-irish, italian, southern european, disproportionately union workers. rural voters like prohibition.

Breznev Doctrin-

Breznev Doctrin-any communist once communist remains communist and the soviet union can enforce it. The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet Union foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by S. Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article, entitled "Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries." Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: Eastern Bloc When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries. This doctrine was announced to retroactively justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the Prague Spring, along with earlier Soviet military interventions, such as the invasion of Hungary in 1956. These interventions were meant to put an end to liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with NATO were to break out. In practice, the policy meant that limited independence of the satellite states' communist parties was allowed. However, no country would be allowed to compromise the cohesiveness of the Eastern bloc in any way. That is, no country could leave the Warsaw Pact or disturb a ruling communist party's monopoly on power. Implicit in this doctrine was that the leadership of the Soviet Union reserved, for itself, the right to define "socialism" and "capitalism". Following the announcement of the Brezhnev Doctrine, numerous treaties were signed between the Soviet Union and its satellite states to reassert these points and to further ensure inter-state cooperation. The principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets even used it to justify their military intervention in the non-Warsaw Pact nation of Afghanistan in 1979. The Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was finally ended with the Soviet non-invasion of Poland during the 1980-1981 crisis,[1] and the later unwillingness of Mikhail Gorbachev to use military force when Poland held free elections in 1989 and Solidarity defeated the Communist Party.[2] It was superseded by the facetiously named Sinatra Doctrine in 1989, alluding to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way".[3]

Armenian Genocide

CONTENTS PRINT CITE In 1915, leaders of the Turkish government set in motion a plan to expel and massacre Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. Though reports vary, most sources agree that there were about 2 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire at the time of the massacre. By the early 1920s, when the massacres and deportations finally ended, some 1.5 million of Turkey's Armenians were dead, with many more forcibly removed from the country. Today, most historians call this event a genocide-a premeditated and systematic campaign to exterminate an entire people. However, the Turkish government does not acknowledge the enormity or scope of these events. Despite pressure from Armenians and social justice advocates throughout the world, it is still illegal in Turkey to talk about what happened to Armenians during this era. The Hagia Sophia CathedralPlay video The Hagia Sophia Cathedral 2min THE ROOTS OF GENOCIDE: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE The Armenian people have made their home in the Caucasus region of Eurasia for some 3,000 years. For some of that time, the kingdom of Armenia was an independent entity-at the beginning of the 4th century AD, for instance, it became the first nation in the world to make Christianity its official religion-but for the most part, control of the region shifted from one empire to another. During the 15th century, Armenia was absorbed into the mighty Ottoman Empire. Did You Know? American news outlets have also been reluctant to use the word "genocide" to describe Turkey's crimes. The phrase "Armenian genocide" did not appear in the New York Times until 2004. The Ottoman rulers, like most of their subjects, were Muslim. They permitted religious minorities like the Armenians to maintain some autonomy, but they also subjected Armenians, who they viewed as "infidels," to unequal and unjust treatment. Christians had to pay higher taxes than Muslims, for example, and they had very few political and legal rights. In spite of these obstacles, the Armenian community thrived under Ottoman rule. They tended to be better educated and wealthier than their Turkish neighbors, who in turn tended to resent their success. This resentment was compounded by suspicions that the Christian Armenians would be more loyal to Christian governments (that of the Russians, for example, who shared an unstable border with Turkey) than they were to the Ottoman caliphate. These suspicions grew more acute as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. At the end of the 19th century, the despotic Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II-obsessed with loyalty above all, and infuriated by the nascent Armenian campaign to win basic civil rights-declared that he would solve the "Armenian question" once and for all. "I will soon settle those Armenians," he told a reporter in 1890. "I will give them a box on the ear which will make them...relinquish their revolutionary ambitions." THE FIRST ARMENIAN MASSACRE Between 1894 and 1896, this "box on the ear" took the form of a state-sanctioned pogrom. In response to large scale protests by Armenians, Turkish military officials, soldiers and ordinary men sacked Armenian villages and cities and massacred their citizens. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians were murdered. THE RISE OF THE YOUNG TURKS In 1908, a new government came to power in Turkey. A group of reformers who called themselves the "Young Turks" overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid and established a more modern constitutional government. At first, the Armenians were hopeful that they would have an equal place in this new state, but they soon learned that what the nationalistic Young Turks wanted most of all was to "Turkify" the empire. According to this way of thinking, non-Turks-and especially Christian non-Turks-were a grave threat to the new state WORLD WAR I In 1914, the Turks entered World War I on the side of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. (At the same time, Ottoman religious authorities declared jihad, or holy war, against all Christians except their allies.) Military leaders began to argue that the Armenians were traitors: If they thought they could win independence if the Allies were victorious, this argument went, the Armenians would be eager to fight for the enemy. As the war intensified, Armenians organized volunteer battalions to help the Russian army fight against the Turks in the Caucasus region. These events, and general Turkish suspicion of the Armenian people, led the Turkish government to push for the "removal" of the Armenians from the war zones along the Eastern Front. GENOCIDE BEGINS On April 24, 1915, the Armenian genocide began. That day, the Turkish government arrested and executed several hundred Armenian intellectuals. After that, ordinary Armenians were turned out of their homes and sent on death marches through the Mesopotamian desert without food or water. Frequently, the marchers were stripped naked and forced to walk under the scorching sun until they dropped dead. People who stopped to rest were shot. At the same time, the Young Turks created a "Special Organization," which in turn organized "killing squads" or "butcher battalions" to carry out, as one officer put it, "the liquidation of the Christian elements." These killing squads were often made up of murderers and other ex-convicts. They drowned people in rivers, threw them off cliffs, crucified them and burned them alive. In short order, the Turkish countryside was littered with Armenian corpses. Records show that during this "Turkification"campaign government squads also kidnapped children, converted them to Islam and gave them to Turkish families. In some places, they raped women and forced them to join Turkish "harems" or serve as slaves. Muslim families moved into the homes of deported Armenians and seized their property. In 1922, when the genocide was over, there were just 388,000 Armenians remaining in the Ottoman Empire. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE TODAY After the Ottomans surrendered in 1918, the leaders of the Young Turks fled to Germany, which promised not to prosecute them for the genocide. (However, a group of Armenian nationalists devised a plan, known as Operation Nemesis, to track down and assassinate the leaders of the genocide.) Ever since then, the Turkish government has denied that a genocide took place. The Armenians were an enemy force, they argue, and their slaughter was a necessary war measure. Today, Turkey is an important ally of the U.S. and other Western nations, and so their governments have likewise been reluctant to condemn the long-ago killings. In March 2010, a U.S. Congressional panel at last voted to recognize the genocide.

Court Packing Scheme

COURT PACKING SCHEME- Most of Roosevelt's programs were being challenged in the Supreme Courts, so he made an argument that being a supreme court judge was a taxing job, especially after age 70 so, and he said that the judges were overworked. Because it wasn't stated in the constitution how many judges need to be on the supreme court he proposed to the senate and house that he be allowed to choose one new judge for every judge over 70. He was pretty confident if would pass but it didn't. The significance of this is that it didn't pass because that would give Roosevelt too much presidential power and the senate didn't want the US president to be like Hitler or Mussolini or the military govt in Japan. Also significant because it got one judge to change his vote in favor of Roosevelt's new reform so he got what he wanted but he wasn't allowed to make any new reforms, he switched his shift to world affairs.

Article 10

Collective 10-LON this worked in Kuwait. The only time in the 20th century. new organization-league of nations! article 10 important! establishes collective security! german invasion of belgium. can appeal to league and all members should come to its assistance. us, france, poland and britain would have all been able to attack germany if they were thinking about attacking belgium! Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations is the section calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression. It was signed by the major Peacemakers (Allied Forces) following the First World War, most notably Britain and France. Due to the nature of the Article, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was unable to ratify his obligation to join the League of Nations, as a result of strong objection from U.S. politicians. Republican opposition in the United States[edit] Although Wilson had secured his proposal for a League of Nations in the final draft of the Treaty of Versailles, the U.S. Senate refused to consent to the ratification of the Treaty. For many Republicans in the Senate, Article X was the most objectionable provision. Their objections were based on the fact that, by ratifying such a document, the United States would be bound by international contract to defend a League of Nations member if it was attacked. Henry Cabot Lodge from Massachusetts and Frank B. Brandegee from Connecticut led the fight in the U.S. Senate against ratification, believing that it was best not to become involved in international conflicts. Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States may not ratify a treaty unless the Senate, by a two-thirds vote, gives its advice and consent. Because the Senate would not support ratification, the U.S. never joined the League of Nations, hampering the League's credibility as a mediator of world conflict. THIS WORKS IN KUWAIT!

Atlantic Charter

During World War II (1939-45), the United States and Great Britain issued a joint declaration in August 1941 that set out a vision for the postwar world. In January 1942, a group of 26 Allied nations pledged their support for this declaration, known as the Atlantic Charter. The document is considered one of the first key steps toward the establishment of the United Nations in 1945. Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill had a close relationship, and the U.S. president once sent the British leader a cable that read: "It is fun to be in the same decade as you." The document that resulted from the Roosevelt-Churchill meetings was issued on August 14, 1941, and became known as the Atlantic Charter. The document, which was not a treaty, stated that the two leaders "deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world." ATLANTIC CHARTER ISSUED: AUGUST 14, 1941 The Atlantic Charter included eight common principles. Among them, the United States and Britain agreed not to seek territorial gains from the war, and they opposed any territorial changes made against the wishes of the people concerned. The two countries also agreed to support the restoration of self-government to those nations who had lost it during the war. Additionally, the Atlantic Charter stated that people should have the right to choose their own form of government. Other principles included access for all nations to raw materials needed for economic prosperity and an easing of trade restrictions. The document also called for international cooperation to secure improved living and working conditions for all; freedom of the seas; and for all countries to abandon the use of force. ALLIED NATIONS SUPPORT ATLANTIC CHARTER On January 1, 1942, at a meeting in Washington, D.C., representatives of 26 governments (the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia) signed a "Declaration by United Nations" in which they pledged their support for the Atlantic Charter's principles.

Mussolini

Founder of Italian Fascist party. The last of the 1930s totalitarians. Fascist party. thinks of himself as latter day roman empire. wants to crack down on secularists, communists, socialists. wants to work with italian big business. the last of the 1930s totalitarians was mussolini-founder of italian fascist party. base for nazism. militarism. nationalism. heavy state control. plays off of disappointment with ww1. treaty of london promised them a slice of ugoslavia and they didn't get it. black shirts. paramilitary forces. mussoli takes control in coup. in the 1920s they would rave about mussolini in newspapers. they said he made the trains run on time. he is enforcing order. catholic church cooperation. talks about desire to restore roman glory in italy. a lot of westerners like him. until the 1930s-final nail in the coffin to the treaty of versatile. ethiopia and liberia are independent. in 1896-italy tried to invade ethipopia. they defeated the italians. italian nationalists always wanted revenge over ethiopia. the same thing happened as with manchuria and the Littman committee. appealed to league of nations. evoke article 10. french and brits said ok, we will send a study commission. they produce report. italy engaged in unprovoked attack. mussolini says thank u very much and withdraws from league of nations. 1935-they are simultaneously engaged in the strays front-coordinated. germany is not a nice entity, there ight be a war against it. they want the italians to fight the germans instead of the french or british. secret negotiations. they are leaked. fire foreign ministers. mussolini is mad. he makes the axis pact with hitler. hitler remilitarizing his country totalitarian soviet union commented to repression. fascists in italy league of nations has collapsed. Sort of a prequel to WW2. Significant because he made a pact with Hitler and the LON collapsed. Axis pact, japanese will join later. the 3 leading right wing. Japanese move into Manchuria in the 1930s. move southward in 1937. Separated Chinese men from women and massacred them. Chinese appeal to British who say they are outraged but don't know what to do. French don't help, they say they have to translate the documents. Appeal to US. Roosevelt is just finishing up his court packing schemes. US thinks WW1 was a mistake leading to the great depression. He goes on the radio and talks about the "Quarantine Speech" a few months after the massacre in 1938. Calls it a quarantine. War is a contagion. Whether it is declared or not. Phrasing it i medical terms. He is calling for collective security. Aggressor needs to be met with a collective response. French and Brits are too concerned with Hitler. The sense is that the Japanese are dangerous but the germans are MORE dangerous. 1936-Germans host the olympics. Pretending to spread the seeds of peace. Organized campaign of violence against Jews. Jewish owned businesses, places of worship, jews are arrested and sent to concentration camps. Intensification of anti semeticism. You have to give up ur property, can't take money out of ur account, have to give everything up if they want to leave germany (before crystal something.) The Saint Louis was a refugee ship that left in 1939, they traveled to Cuba. its likely that the american consult in havana will give the refugees visas. gets in sight of miami but american diplomats refuse permission so it has to go back to europe. 3/4 of the ship are sent to concentration camps and killed. US rejected them bc they were anti-Semites. expansion of the labor pool, drive down wages, economically bad. US said that they can come as long as they settle in Alaska and tell them they can never leave. this doesnt happen though bc Alaska doesnt want them either. 3 million jews in Polland. Trapped there when Germany invades. cracking down on German jews. Hitler decides to be more aggressive Leiben sround "living space" german economy needs more space-annex territories. uses self determination rhetoric at first. One people, one right... After WW2, the austrian govt wants to be viewed as Hitler's first victim. There was a considerable amount of love for Hitler in Austria. Hitler doesnt like to rely on elections. First alteration since the treaty of Versaille-Austria annexed to germany. 1938-France is affected-weakened bc czechs are weakened too, germany surrounds both of them. forceful annexation Czechoslavakia is a functioning democracy east of switzerland with no national majority. czechs-largest 35% then slovaks. Czech army is more powerful in central europe. if forced to give up their defenses they will have little chance at defeating Germany. Mazerick (the country's founding president died in 1935, Benich had been pres of league of nations, formal military alliance with soviet union, brits and france. Forcibly annexing the sudan land would trigger a war. Weaker state is started and then alliance system kicks in. THIS IS THE THEORY. However, France and Britain have strong opposition to war. The generation of people who are governing had vivid memories of WW1- war is such a terrible experience, we have to do everything we can to avoid it. The pink line shoots up, they spend way more on their military between 1930 and 1938. Cant have firm superiority over Germany until 1940. Lets avoid war for at least another year or two. Less of our citizens will die. This is known as appeasement-Nevil Chamberlin. Czechoslavakia is a tiny country in the middle of Europe-"its a quarrel between faraway peoples of whom we know little." He is 70 y.o. and has never flown in an airplane before. thinks he has a deal to peacefully dismantle. 4 countries invited, Mussoli is hosting, Chamberlin of Britain, France and Hitler. Mussolini speaks to all of them in their native tongues. No one really knew what he was saying. The czechs have a take it or leave it deal. France severs their alliance. turn over sedation land immediately. in exchange the brits and germans will guarantee that the chechs will remain safe. Stalin says he will come to their aide as soon as france honors their alliance. Everyone is so happy after the Munich accord. Chamberlin says that he has achieved "Peace in Our Time." Czechoslavakian president resigns. Hungary takes over the southern part, poles take over a tiny polish area. right wing govt comes to power in the dotted area. President of the rump area is a retired doctor. summoned to meet in his private castle on march 14, 1939. Hitler has decided he is going to annex the rest of the Czech republic. The old man suffers a heart attach. The Czechs are gone. the most powerful army he was going to flight. austria is also annexed. where is hitler going to move next? His next move is Poland! They had an outlet to the sea called the Polish Cooridor. It had been part of germany. East Prussia. a tiny avenue. divided east prussia from the rest of germany. even though the population in that area is majority german-Danzig needs to be reunited with germany! Chamberlin changes policy 180 degrees He brings Winston Churchill into his cabinet. He and chamberlin are rivals. Churchill said sacrificing czechoslavakia was a huge sacrifice bc they had a great army. King of Romania-King Carol-in Bucharest, Romania, Nevil Chamberlain, no one really treats it seriously. War seems likely over Poland. france reaches out to the soviet union, they will be attacked bc hitler is anti communist. set up an alliance with stalin to save poland. Polish leader named Beck says no u can't have the polish corridor. they don't have a good relationship with soviet union. they had fought a war before. beggars can't be choosers. cavalry vs tanks-large but weak army in poland. Hitler authorizes the sending of a high level delegation-soviets and nazis agree that they will not attack each other but soviets cannot join brits or france. there is a secret treaty that says the 2 countries will divide up eastern europe. the western 3rd plus will go to nazis, the easertn will go to soviets, the 3 bulgarian states will go to soviets too (latvia, estonia, and one more). war breaks out poles just have the brits and france romania and yugoslavia are neutral brits and french drop thousands and thousands of leaflets on germany telling them to rebel or they will be crushed, nazis invade poland 1 month later. eastern 3rd of poll and joins the soviet union. ww2 has begun The big 3-stalin, roosevelt, churchill. 1943-tehran US and British troops invade Italy and beat Mussolini-kick him out of Rome. Italy is out of war by summer of 1943. US spending dramatically increases by a factor of 800%

perestroika

From modest beginnings at the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev's program of economic, political, and social restructuring, became the unintended catalyst for dismantling what had taken nearly three-quarters of a century to erect: the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist totalitarian state. The world watched in disbelief but with growing admiration as Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan, democratic governments overturned Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Germany was reunited, the Warsaw Pact withered away, and the Cold War came to an abrupt end. In the Soviet Union itself, however, reactions to the new policies were mixed. Reform policies rocked the foundation of entrenched traditional power bases in the party, economy, and society but did not replace them entirely. Newfound freedoms of assembly, speech, and religion, the right to strike, and multicandidate elections undermined not only the Soviet Union's authoritarian structures, but also the familiar sense of order and predictability. Long-suppressed, bitter inter-ethnic, economic, and social grievances led to clashes, strikes, and growing crime rates. Gorbachev introduced policies designed to begin establishing a market economy by encouraging limited private ownership and profitability in Soviet industry and agriculture. But the Communist control system and over-centralization of power and privilege were maintained and new policies produced no economic miracles. Instead, lines got longer for scarce goods in the stores, civic unrest mounted, and bloody crackdowns claimed lives, particularly in the restive nationalist populations of the outlying Caucasus and Baltic states. On August 19, 1991, conservative elements in Gorbachev's own administration launched an abortive coup d'état to prevent the signing of a new union treaty the following day and to restore the party's power and authority. Boris Yeltsin, who had become Russia's first popularly elected president in June 1991, made the seat of government of his Russian republic, known as the White House, the rallying point for resistance to the organizers of the coup. Under his leadership, Russia embarked on even more far- reaching reforms as the Soviet Union broke up into its constituent republics and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Jan Masaryk

He was murdered by secret soviet police 2 weeks after the Soviets took over Czechoslavakia. He was the first president of Czechoslovakia's son and at the time of his murder, the foreign minister of Czechoslovakia. He is significant because he was not a communist and his death sent a message that the soviets meant business in their newly governed states. He was the first purge of many in the Stalinist regime. He invented many enemies to prevent eastern europeans communists from thinking of themselves as too independent like Yugoslavia's Tito.

Powell Doctrine

If the country has strategic interests, when the military has to be used it should be used in overwhelming numbers to promote those interests but not used on humanitarian efforts to protect civilians abroad. Significant because he is very strongly opposed to getting the US into an ethnic war and against Against Bill Clinton's ideas supposed about human rights. Clinton's other national security team members tell him not to worry about human rights abroad.

Rosa Parks

In 1954 Rosa Parks was a 42 year old seamstress from Montgomery, Alabama who was arrested to refusing to follow a law that said African-Americans had to sit in the back of the bus. She was significant because her actions caused civil rights groups to organize a boycott of the city's public bus system and the bus systems quickly realized that they needed African American ridership to stay in business. She is also significant because Martin Luther King, Jr. became well known because of his involvement with this. Nearly a decade later, as a result of their actions, congress would pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Solidarity

In 1980 the Polish government agrees to this, the first independent trade union in eastern europe. Headed by Michael Polenza, a ship worker in a coastal town. Pope John Paul worked with him throughout the 1980s. John Paul was working to undermine communism. Significance of this was an emergence of an empowered right wing from Reagan, Thatcher, and the Church. After Hungary experimented with capitalism and democracy, Poland does too. General Yarazowski imposed marshall law and arrested Polenza and the other Solidarity leaders and the Polish economy tanked. Then after seeing what was going on in Hungary. he released them and agreed to free elections for 49% of parliament, expecting communism to still be in control of 3/4 of the parliament, he underestimates solidarity's popularity. They win the entire 49% of the parliament and then a few communist deputies decide to become solidarity supporters too and they remove Yarazowski from power. Gorbechav is ok with it. Doesn't want to intervene because it costs too much money. Poland changes its constitution and become democratic.

Hoare-Laval Pact

In December 1934, a dispute about the border between Abyssinia and the Italian Somaliland flared into fighting. Haile Selassie In January 1935, Haile Selassie, the emperor of Abyssinia, asked the League to arbitrate. In July 1935, the League banned arms sales to either side, and in September 1935, it appointed a five-power committee to arbitrate. Italy invade In October 1935, the League's committee suggested that Italy should have some land in Abyssinia. Instead, Italy's 100,000-strong army invaded Abyssinia. The Italian troops used poison gas and attacked Red Cross hospitals. Hoare-Laval Pact Britain and France refused to intervene. In December 1935, news leaked out about the Hoare-Laval Pact - a secret plan made by the foreign secretary of Britain and the prime minister of France to give Abyssinia to Italy. In the end, the League did almost nothing. By May 1936, Italy had conquered Abyssinia.

Nazi Olympics

In the summer of 1936, three months after his actions in the Rhineland, Germany hosted the Olympics in Berlin and Hitler tried to present himself to the world as a responsible leader. The regime downplayed its racist and anti-Semitic rhetoric, instead, Nazi propaganda focused on identifying racial links between Aryans and the original Greek Olympians. German athletes won the most medals. This was significant because it was after WW1 and it caused the world to see the Germans as "more human again."

Iron Curtain Speech

Iron Curtain Speech- 1946- Winston Churchill traveled to a tiny town in Fulton, Missouri, 20 miles from President Harry Truman's hometown to deliver this speech because he wanted to send a message to the President that the Communists are just like Nazis before WW2. Wanted him to know that they can't appease the communists in the same way that we appeased the Nazis. Significant because it got America's attention so that they could unite with others (eventually US would form NATO).

Manchurian Incident

Japan blew up a segment of railway and blamed it on the Chinese. They used this an excuse to conquer China. This is significant because it showed how ineffective collective security was. The L.O.N. sent someone to investigate what happened and they determined that Japan had committed a war crime but no one held them accountable because no country wanted to go to war again. This was a decade after WW1. Manchurian Incident or Mukden Incident, 1931, confrontation that gave Japan the impetus to set up a puppet government in Manchuria. After the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), Japan replaced Russia as the dominant foreign power in S Manchuria. By the late 1920s the Japanese feared that unification of China under the Kuomintang party would imperil Japanese interests in Manchuria. This view was confirmed when the Manchurian general Chang Hsüeh-liang, a recent convert to the Kuomintang, refused to halt construction of railway and harbor facilities in competition with the South Manchurian Railway, referring Japan to the Nationalist central government. When a bomb of unknown origin ripped the Japanese railway near Shenyang (then known as Mukden), the Japanese Kwantung army guarding the railway used the incident as a pretext to occupy S Manchuria (Sept., 1931). Despite Japanese cabinet opposition and a pledge before the League of Nations to withdraw to the railway zone, the army completed the occupation of Manchuria and proclaimed the puppet state of Manchukuo (Feb., 1932). See Sino-Japanese War, Second.

D DAY

June 6, 1944. The first part of the final act of WW2, the invasion of France on June 6, 1944. Months of British and American planning paid off as the Allied forces crossed hte Channel to land on the Normandy coast, under the supreme command of Dwight Eisenhower. A double agent convinced Hitler that the landing was a diversion for an assault further up the French coast and so he held back German troops for an attack that never came. Significant because this was the beginning of the end for Hitler's power.

Katyn Massacre

KATYN MASSACRE- In far eastern Poland in 1943, mass graves were discovered containing 25,000 polish soldiers. This was a product of 1939 when germans came from the west and soviets from the east attacked the polish in the Katyn forrest. All of the dead soldiers had a single shot to the head. The germans blamed the soviets and the soviets blamed the germans. This was significant because it wiped out the polish military leadership, this was the demise of Poland. Soviet and Polish relations were very bad after WW2. British and Americans tried to give weapons to the Polish but they asked Stalin if they could land in Stalin's territory and he wouldn't let them. The result was that the nazis did this, wiping out the polish army. Stalin then continued to take over polish land.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail gorbechav-important man who brings 2 programs with him-economic reform and political reform. bc soviet union is collapsing. the reason is bc soviet union spending too much money on military-50% - and it is starving the economy. need to find a way to cut spending. stop afghanistan. its like vietnam for us. 2 we need to create small business, nationalized industry isnt working. we need a freer society. more open more capitalistic less money on military but he is a communist. believes soviets will still want comunism. thinks it will make people want it. reagan is applying pressure to tear down the wall. Reagan always pushing him. he does serious arms control negotiations for the first time in the entire cold war. cut arsenals by 50% reaches out to reagan and later bush in 1988 and he is invited to ny and they go to moscow and negotiate an end to the cold war. capitalism in soviet union. first macdonalds in moscow. wants western money to keep soviet union afloat.

NATO

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949. First peace time military alliance in the US based on the NTO. Started by the US who reached out to WW2 allies and asked them to join, it was a lot like the holy alliance. Ensured collective security against the soviets. NATO created to recognize that the soviet threat is an imminent threat. Significant because it divided Europe into two blocks, the military alliance in the east was called the Warsaw Pact, the military alliance in the west was called NATO and in 1953 when West Germany joined NATO, it too became divided because east Germany was part of the Warsaw Pact.

Munich Conference

NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN-PEACE IN OUR TIME! In late 1938 a crisis developed in Europe. Adolf Hitler, the fascist dictator of Germany, had already annexed Austria the year before. Now he wanted to also take the "Sudetenland" region of Czechslovakia and make the territory a part of Germany. He claimed that the German speaking inhabitants of this land were being mistreated by the Czech government. On 29 September 1938 the Munich Conference was called. Here Hitler met with representatives of the heads of state from France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. An agreement was reached that Hitler could annex the Sudetenland provided he promised not to invade anywhere else. All four countries signed the agreement: Adolf Hitler (Germany), Neville Chamberlain (UK), Edouard Daladier (France), and Benito Mussolini (Italy). The famous photo from the Munich Conference 1938 is that of Neville Chamberlain holding up a scrap of paper and claiming to have secured "peace in our time". His actions were popular in Britain because the British people thought war with Germany had been avoided. The Sudetenland was occupied by Germany between October 1 and October 10. Germany then broke the agreement by subsequently invading and annexing the whole of Czechslovakia in March 1939. Neville Chamberlain then realised that Hitler could not be trusted and World War II was declared a few months later (after Germany invaded Poland).

100 days

Once in office, FDR set to work immediately. His "New Deal," it turned out, involved regulation and reform of the banking system, massive government spending to "prime the pump" by restarting the economy and putting people back to work, and the creation of a social services network to support those who had fallen on hard times. Between 8 March and 16 June, in what later became known as the "First Hundred Days," Congress followed Roosevelt's lead by passing an incredible fifteen separate bills which, together, formed the basis of the New Deal. Several of the programs created during those three and a half months are still around in the federal government today. Some of Roosevelt's most notable actions during the Hundred Days were: A national bank holiday: The day after his inauguration, FDR declared a "bank holiday," closing all banks in the country to prevent a collapse of the banking system. With the banks closed, Roosevelt took measures to restore the public's confidence in the financial systems; when the banks reopened a week later, the panic was over.22 Ending the gold standard: To avoid deflation, FDR quickly suspended the gold standard.23 This meant that U.S. dollars no longer had to be backed up by gold reserves, which also meant that the government could print—and spend—more money to "prime the pump" of the economy. Glass-Steagall Act: The Glass-Steagall Act imposed regulations on the banking industry that guided it for over fifty years, until it was repealed in 1999.24 The law separated commercial from investment banking, forced banks to get out of the business of financial investment, banned the use of bank deposits in speculation.25 It also created the FDIC[link to "FDIC" passage below]. The effect of the law was to give greater stability to the banking system. FDIC: The Federal Deposit Insurance Commission backed all bank deposits up to $2500, meaning that most bank customers no longer had to worry that a bank failure would wipe out their life savings.26 The agency continues to insure American deposits today. Federal Securities Act: This act regulated the stock markets and preceded the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934, which continues to regulate U.S. stock markets to this day. Agricultural Adjustment Act: The AAA provided relief to farmers by paying them to reduce production; this also helped to reduce crop surpluses and increase prices for crops.27 Civilian Conservation Corps: To reduce unemployment, put 250,000 young men to work in rural conservation projects, mostly in national parks and forests.28 Tennessee Valley Authority: The TVA provided electrification and other basic improvements the impoverished interior of the South. National Industrial Recovery Act: One of FDR's more controversial measures, it created new agencies and regulations that tightened the relationship between government and business. It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935. Public Works Administration: Funded the construction of public works projects across the country, including schools, hospitals, airports, dams, and ports, as well as ships for the Navy and airports for the Army Air Corps.29 Federal Emergency Relief Act: Provided direct relief, training and work for unemployed Americans. It was abolished in 1935 and its programs folded into other agenciesRoosevelt followed up on his promise of prompt action with "The Hundred Days"—the first phase of the New Deal, in which his administration presented Congress with a broad array of measures intended to achieve economic recovery, to provide relief to the millions of poor and unemployed, and to reform aspects of the economy that Roosevelt believed had caused the collapse. Roosevelt was candid in admitting that the initial thrust of the New Deal was experimental. He would see what worked and what did not, abandoning the latter and persisting with the former until the crisis was overcome. His first step was to order all banks closed until Congress, meeting in special session on March 9, could pass legislation allowing banks in sound condition to reopen; this "bank holiday," as Roosevelt euphemistically called it, was intended to end depositors' runs, which were threatening to destroy the nation's entire banking system. The bank holiday, combined with emergency banking legislation and the first of Roosevelt's regular national radio broadcasts (later known as "fireside chats"), so restored public confidence that when banks did reopen the much-feared runs did not materialize. Two key recovery measures of The Hundred Days were the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The AAA established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which was charged with increasing prices of agricultural commodities and expanding the proportion of national income going to farmers. Its strategy was to grant subsidies to producers of seven basic commodities—wheat, corn (maize), hogs, cotton, tobacco, rice, and milk—in return for reduced production, thereby reducing the surpluses that kept commodity prices low. The subsidies were to be generated from taxes on the processing of the commodities. When the Supreme Court invalidated the tax in 1936, Roosevelt shifted the focus of the AAA to soil conservation, but the principle of paying farmers not to grow remained at the core of American agricultural policy for six decades. Although quite controversial when introduced—especially because it required the destruction of newly planted fields at a time when many Americans were going hungry—the AAA program gradually succeeded in raising farmers' incomes. However, it was not until 1941 that farm income reached even the inadequate level of 1929. The NIRA was a two-part program. One part consisted of a $3.3-billion appropriation for public works, to be spent by the Public Works Administration (PWA). Had this money been poured rapidly into the economy, it might have done much to stimulate recovery. Since Roosevelt wanted to be sure the program would not invite fraud and waste, however, the PWA moved slowly and deliberately, and it did not become an important factor until late in the New Deal. The other part of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), whose task was to establish and administer industrywide codes that prohibited unfair trade practices, set minimum wages and maximum hours, guaranteed workers the right to bargain collectively, and imposed controls on prices and production. The codes eventually became enormously complex and difficult to enforce, and by 1935 the business community, which at first had welcomed the NRA, had become disillusioned with the program and blamed Roosevelt for its ineffectiveness. In May of that year the Supreme Court invalidated the NRA, which by that time had few supporters in Congress or the administration. Another important recovery measure was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a public corporation created in 1933 to build dams and hydroelectric power plants and to improve navigation and flood control in the vast Tennessee River basin. The TVA, which eventually provided cheap electricity to impoverished areas in seven states along the river and its tributaries, reignited a long-standing debate over the proper role of government in the development of the nation's natural resources. The constitutionality of the agency was challenged immediately after its establishment but was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1936. The Hundred Days also included relief and reform measures, the former referring to short-term payments to individuals to alleviate hardship, the latter to long-range programs aimed at eliminating economic abuses. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) granted funds to state relief agencies, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young men in reforestation and flood-control work. The Home Owners' Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief for millions of unemployed Americans in danger of losing their homes. Reform measures included the Federal Securities Act, which provided government oversight of stock trading (later augmented by establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission [SEC]), and the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, which prohibited commercial banks from making risky investments and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect depositors' accounts.

Dayton Accords

Peace agreement in Dayton, Ohio bc largest population of serbs and croats (personal connection) in the US live here. Clinton told Milosevich (leader of Bosnia) that if he didn't come to the bargaining table that he would bomb him. This was a result of the ethnic massace of 7500 boys and men in bosnia. Agreement-that still governs Bosnia-it will be an independent country but its structure will be what Tito had envisioned for all of Yugoslavia. There will be two autonomous regions of Bosnia-one a serb region, one a muslim-croat region and within these regions, the ethnic groups will have control. The bosnian-serb region is governed by the serbs. they get what they were looking for (an autonomous region in bosnia under their control). Clinton justified it by saying something stirred in the leaders and they couldn't let the moment pass. Said the leaders decided to bring peace to the countries. This was equally true in 1993, 4 years earlier. It should have happened sooner. the peace agreement reached at near Dayton, Ohio, United States, in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on 14 December 1995. These accords put an end to the 3 1⁄2-year-long Bosnian War, one of the armed conflicts in the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia.

Prague Spring

Protests in Czechoslavakia by students and intellectuals (including Czechoslavakia's future president Vaclav Havel) that denounced the Stalinist regime of Antonin Novotvy. The unrest caused Leonid Brezhiv to visit Prague and criticize him, his lost power to Alexander Dubcheck who said he was a communist but created "socialism with a human face" encouraging innovative ideas, public criticism of past government actions and the creation of non-political independent groups. Brezhiv asked him to curb his reforms but he refused. And so, in August 1968, the Soviet leader authorized an invasion of Czechoslovakia by 165,000 Warsaw Pact troops. Dubcheck was replaced by Gustav Husak/ In the first years of Husák's reign, the Czech Communist Party expelled roughly 500,000 people from its rolls—around 3.5 percent of the country's population.

Wagner Act

Roosevelt's program, which he termed the "New Deal," brought elements of a European-style welfare state to America. The Social Security Act (1935) established a system of old-age insurance. The Wagner Act (1935) ensured the right of labor unions to engage in collective bargaining. Roosevelt also departed from the monetary thought that dominated the cautious British and French governments of the early 1930s, engaging in short-term government spending to create jobs. What is the Wagner Act? The Wagner Act, or the National Labor Relations Act, was a New Deal reform passed by President Franklin Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. It was instrumental in preventing employers from interfering with workers' unions and protests in the private sector. The act established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect the rights of workers to organize, bargain collectively, and strike. What's the significance? The Wagner Act is arguably the most important piece of legislation to date protecting workers' and unions' rights. It involved the federal government in this protection and in arbitrating employer-employee disputes, a key step in preventing unjust treatment of workers. Its key principles include encouraging collective bargaining and protecting the exercise of freedom of association. It also definied and prohibited five unfair labor practices by employers, including interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees against their rights; interfering with the formation of a labor organization; discriminating against employees to encourage or discourage forming a union; discriminating against employees who file charges or testify; and refusing to bargain collectively with the employees' representative.

RAF

Royal Air Force. Significant because they fought Germany alone in the Battle of Britain and they won. Germany had acquired airbases in France and the Netherlands but with the new invention of radar, they were able to defeat Germany for the first time in WW2. Despite Churchill's soaring rhetoric, Britain's fate now rested upon the Royal Air Force. The conquest of France and the Netherlands provided air bases from which the Luftwaffe could challenge for air supremacy over the English Channel, which long had sheltered the island from invasion. In the Battle of Britain, which raged in August and September 1940, RAF pilots, aided by the invention of radar, narrowly beat back the numerically superior Luftwaffe. Never, said Churchill, had so few done so much for so many. Bombing of civilian targets in Britain nonetheless continued. The German "blitz" of London lasted about six months and killed over 40,000 British civilians. By late 1940, the Germans were dropping between 150 and 200 tons of bombs on London each day.

Slobodon Milosevic

Slovidan Milosevich- nominally a communist but he is actually an organized criminal. controls roughly half of serbian economy. trying to avoid what happened to the checheskis he knows that communism is dying so he becomes a serbian nationalist. as serbs were in pre-ww1, create a greater serbia and make it so that serbs anywhere (croatia, slovenai, macedonia) have to go under the control of a serb. when the serbs take over yugoslav presidency-he decreases spending on the yugoslavian military and makes it a serb fighting force (1990) cecedes from yugoslavia. croatians support him bc around 1/3 their population is serb. Bush didn't care because he was a realist and it didn't affect him and a war broke out in Croatia in 1991. He was supposed to turn over the Melodich and Kurradich but said he didn't know where they were. Americans dont believe him so they have economic sanctions and Serbian economy tanks-so he decides to increase national sentiment. Targets Kosovo (which is in far southern Serbia but 90% muslim and Albenians, they had been given autonomy under Tito's govt that he respected up until then. In 1998 he decides to stop respecting their autonomy. He decides that Albenian will no longer be used in their schools, no more religious freedom for muslims, serb will be the official and only language in the province and anyone who objects will be sent to jail. there is an uprising and a fear that there will be another ethnic cleansing. Clinton reacts quickly, He sends warplanes to Belgrade, bombs serbian capital, a coup against Milosevich Milosevich forced to back down. He got sent to the Hay where he was waiting to be tried for war crimes and has a heart attack before his trial occurred. he was the head communist in serbia. they control roughly half of the serbian economy. organized crime in belgrade. looking to the east-to the chocheskis, doesnt want to be executed like them. knows communism is dying. the ardent titoest communist becomes a serbian socialist. Yugoslavia needs to be restructured so that serbs are treated well and if in other provinces have to go under the control of a serb. he is no more a nationalist than he was a communist. he is just doing this to survive politically. dramatically decrease spending on federal yugoslav troops-he feels bad for them so he buys them new uniforms which makes them a serb fighting force (1991)-ceced from yugoslavia-1/3 the population in croatia is serbs so he had a lot of support for them 12/4

Korean War

THE TWO KOREAS "If the best minds in the world had set out to find us the worst possible location in the world to fight this damnable war," U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893-1971) once said, "the unanimous choice would have been Korea." The peninsula had landed in America's lap almost by accident. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Korea had been a part of the Japanese empire, and after World War II it fell to the Americans and the Soviets to decide what should be done with their enemy's mperial possessions. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. Did You Know? Unlike World War II and Vietnam, the Korean War did not get much media attention in the United States. The most famous representation of the war in popular culture is the television series "M*A*S*H," which was set in a field hospital in South Korea. The series ran from 1972 until 1983, and its final episode was the most-watched in television history. By the end of the decade, two new states had formed on the peninsula. In the south, the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) enjoyed the reluctant support of the American government; in the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) enjoyed the slightly more enthusiastic support of the Soviets. Neither dictator was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel, however, and border skirmishes were common. Nearly 10,000 North and South Korean soldiers were killed in battle before the war even began. THE KOREAN WAR AND THE COLD WAR Even so, the North Korean invasion came as an alarming surprise to American officials. As far as they were concerned, this was not simply a border dispute between two unstable dictatorships on the other side of the globe. Instead, many feared it was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. For this reason, nonintervention was not considered an option by many top decision makers. (In fact, in April 1950, a National Security Council report known as NSC-68 had recommended that the United States use military force to "contain" communist expansionism anywhere it seemed to be occurring, "regardless of the intrinsic strategic or economic value of the lands in question.") "If we let Korea down," President Harry Truman (1884-1972) said, "the Soviet[s] will keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another." The fight on the Korean peninsula was a symbol of the global struggle between east and west, good and evil. As the North Korean army pushed into Seoul, the South Korean capital, the United States readied its troops for a war against communism itself. At first, the war was a defensive one-a war to get the communists out of South Korea-and it went badly for the Allies. The North Korean army was well-disciplined, well-trained and well-equipped; Rhee's forces, by contrast, were frightened, confused, and seemed inclined to flee the battlefield at any provocation. Also, it was one of the hottest and driest summers on record, and desperately thirsty American soldiers were often forced to drink water from rice paddies that had been fertilized with human waste. As a result, dangerous intestinal diseases and other illnesses were a constant threat. By the end of the summer, President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), the commander in charge of the Asian theater, had decided on a new set of war aims. Now, for the Allies, the Korean War was an offensive one: It was a war to "liberate" the North from the communists. Initially, this new strategy was a success. An amphibious assault at Inchon pushed the North Koreans out of Seoul and back to their side of the 38th parallel. But as American troops crossed the boundary and headed north toward the Yalu River, the border between North Korea and Communist China, the Chinese started to worry about protecting themselves from what they called "armed aggression against Chinese territory." Chinese leader Mao Zedong (1893-1976) sent troops to North Korea and warned the United States to keep away from the Yalu boundary unless it wanted full-scale war "NO SUBSTITUTE FOR VICTORY"? This was something that President Truman and his advisers decidedly did not want: They were sure that such a war would lead to Soviet aggression in Europe, the deployment of atomic weapons and millions of senseless deaths. To General MacArthur, however, anything short of this wider war represented "appeasement," an unacceptable knuckling under to the communists. As President Truman looked for a way to prevent war with the Chinese, MacArthur did all he could to provoke it. Finally, in March 1951, he sent a letter to Joseph Martin, a House Republican leader who shared MacArthur's support for declaring all-out war on China-and who could be counted upon to leak the letter to the press. "There is," MacArthur wrote, "no substitute for victory" against international communism. For Truman, this letter was the last straw. On April 11, the president fired the general for insubordination. THE KOREAN WAR REACHES A STALEMATE In July 1951, President Truman and his new military commanders started peace talks at Panmunjom. Still, the fighting continued along the 38th parallel as negotiations stalled. Both sides were willing to accept a ceasefire that maintained the 38th parallel boundary, but they could not agree on whether prisoners of war should be forcibly "repatriated." (The Chinese and the North Koreans said yes; the United States said no.) Finally, after more than two years of negotiations, the adversaries signed an armistice on July 27, 1953. The agreement allowed the POWs to stay where they liked; drew a new boundary near the 38th parallel that gave South Korea an extra 1,500 square miles of territory; and created a 2-mile-wide "demilitarized zone" that still exists today. CASUALTIES OF THE KOREAN WAR The Korean War was relatively short but exceptionally bloody. Nearly 5 million people died. More than half of these-about 10 percent of Korea's prewar population-were civilians. (This rate of civilian casualties was higher than World War II's and Vietnam's.) Almost 40,000 Americans died in action in Korea, and more than 100,000 were wounded.

The Winter War

THE WINTER WAR A military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland from 1939 to 1940. The soviets invaded Finland in hopes of reclaiming land lost in WW1 and installing a puppet regime. The Finns resisted and fought harder than anyone expected to but in the end they had to sue for peace. The Soviet Union annexed the Karelian Isthmus and Viipuri (Finland's third largest city), and received a 30-year lease of the southern port city of Hangö. SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE- It gave Stalin a larger buffer zone and shortly after he took over Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia

Geneva Accords

The Geneva Accords of 1954 were designed to secure peace in Vietnam but would eventually contribute to war. In April 1954, diplomats from almost a hundred nations - including the United States, the Soviet Union, China, France and Great Britain - attended a conference in Geneva, Switzerland. It was initially convened to discuss two other Cold War hotspots: Berlin and Korea. But the Viet Minh siege of Dien Bien Phu and the imminent French surrender forced Vietnam onto the agenda. By the start of May, Paris had announced its intention to withdraw from Indochina. Within weeks, French delegates informed the Geneva conference they intended to dismantle the colonial administration in Vietnam inside a year. The conference was left with the unenviable task: organise an interim government in Vietnam and arrange for Vietnam's transition to independence. The Geneva delegates noted similarities between Vietnam and post-war Korea. Until 1945 Korea was occupied by the Japanese; after their withdrawal it was divided at the 38th parallel. This division was intended to be temporary, however the Korean peninsula soon firmed into two distinct states: communist-controlled North Korea, backed by the Soviet Union and communist China; and South Korea, backed by the US and its Western allies. The rulers of both states believed themselves to be the rightful rulers of the entire peninsula. In 1950 North Korean troops launched an invasion of the South, triggering an international response. A United Nations military coalition, led by the United States, intervened to prevent South Korea from being overrun. A ceasefire ended the Korean War in July 1953, with the peninsula still divided. Road-map to independence In the case of Vietnam, the Geneva conference adopted a similar approach. Vietnam would be temporarily divided and equipped with a road map to free elections, reunification and self-government. But the plan was hobbled before it began, chiefly because of the intransigence of major players. American delegates attended the summit but scarcely participated. The US secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, a vehement anti-communist, refused to recognise, shake hands with or speak directly to the Chinese and Viet Minh delegates. British delegate Sir Anthony Eden later remarked that he had "never known a conference of this kind; the parties would not make direct contact and we were in constant danger of one or another backing out the door". On top of American recalcitrance, there was also division and disagreement in the communist bloc. Both China and the Soviet Union, for their own reasons, refused to back the Viet Minh's claim to all of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh's chief negotiator, Pham Van Dong, did not wish to align too closely with Moscow or Beijing, an indication that North Vietnam wanted to be in charge of its own destiny. The conference took until July 21st before it produced a formal agreement, which became known as the Geneva Accords. Among its terms: Vietnam was to become an independent nation, formally ending 75 years of French colonialism. Cambodia and Laos were also given their independence. Vietnam would be temporarily divided for a period of two years. The 'border' was defined as the line of latitude 17 degrees north of the equator (the 17th parallel). The Accords prescribed border purely as a means to "settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities ... the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary". Nationwide elections, conducted under international supervision, were scheduled for July 1956. The election result was to determine Vietnam's political system and government. During the two-year transitional period, military personnel were to return to their place of origin: Viet Minh soldiers and guerrillas to North Vietnam, French and pro-French troops to South Vietnam. Vietnamese civilians could relocate to either North or South Vietnam. During the transition period, both North and South Vietnam agreed not to enter into any foreign military alliances or authorise the construction of foreign military bases. The doomed accords That the end envisioned by the 1954 accords (peace) proved elusive was not due to the means by which peace was to be attained. The fatal defect was to be found in the fact that the accords were not confirmed or assented to by all of the parties to the conflict. The US and the South are not bound by the accords, since they not only refused to sign... or endorse orally the declaration, but also stated affirmatively their opposition. Roger H. Hull, US lawyer On the surface, the Geneva Accords seemed a workable solution to a difficult problem. The Accords did generate some optimistic press coverage and a hope that Vietnam could be stabilised and eased into independence. In reality, however, the Accords were probably always doomed to fail. They had been hastily negotiated and drafted, rushed into being barely two months after Dien Bien Phu. The Geneva conference was an acrimonious affair, undermined by Cold War tensions and mistrust. Most stakeholders had either refused to sign or had signed under pressure. Both the Diem-led South Vietnam and its main benefactor, the United States, "acknowledged" the Accords - but refused to sign them, or give any commitment to honour their terms. The Viet Minh delegates would have preferred not to sign: not only were they sceptical about the scheduled 1956 elections, but agreeing to the 17th parallel meant surrendering a large amount of territory to the South. In the end, they signed on the instructions of Ho Chi Minh, who was himself under pressure from both the Soviets and China. The Geneva Accords also provided a 300-day grace period during which civilians could relocate to North or South Vietnam, depending on their preference. The United States responded by hastily putting together a humanitarian mission to assist those wishing to move south. A joint US-French naval task force was assembled near Haiphong harbour, while US personnel and aid workers organised refugee camps, food and medical supplies in South Vietnam. The operation - pointedly titled Passage to Freedom - was a successful, if somewhat obvious propaganda ploy. American politicians described it as the generous act of a benevolent superpower, fulfilling its moral obligation to help freedom-loving people. Approximately 660,000 people chose to relocate from North Vietnam to the South, almost half of them on American ships. Many refugees were spurred by rumours, encouraged by the Americans, that the Viet Minh regime intended slaughtering Catholics. Around 140,000 Vietnamese moved in the opposite direction, south to north. 1. Delegates from several nations gathered in Geneva in mid-1954 to discuss post-war Korea and Indochina. 2. Discussions on Vietnam were tense and hindered by the unwillingness of some nations to negotiate directly. 3. The Geneva Accords determined that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel. 4. Free elections were scheduled for July 1956 and would decide the government of a reunified Vietnam. 5. However the US and South Vietnam did not sign the Accords and the elections were destined not to take place.

Margaret Thatcher

The Iron Lady. Prime Minister of Britain. Started the "Coal War." Very violent strike. Wears the coal workers down and shuts down the mines. 1982. Tells unions if you go against the government, the government will weaken you. Argentina tried to take their islands back and thatcher sent british forces to the islands and prevailed. Stayed in power till 1990. She pushed the country to the right and people liked it. She thought the US needed to approach communism more aggressively. Her and Reagan were on the same page with communism and unions. Not ok with Saddam taking over Kuwait (a UN member) collective security worked! Article 10! Bush says he will draw a line in the sand. go through the UN. British economy very nationalized. Most major trade unions work for the government. Labour party- trying to deal with strikers. Try to negotiate with them which triggers other strikes. Conservative party goes to Madison Ave and hired advertisers-Labour isn't working to capture attention of British public. Vote conservative and it will be better. After Churchill leaves politics, they accept Labour's policies and become more centrist. In 1979- they nominate for prime minister Margaret Thatcher-most conservative candidate to run in Britain and first female. She was a scientist, not trained in law or union official. chemistry background. Runs on campaign platform called supply side economics-cut taxes on wealthy so they can invest in economy and create more jobs. Labour party says she is dangerous right wing. She is prime minister for 11 years. 1 Deregulated economy, 2 cut taxes for wealthy and 3 weakens power of unions. Significant because she shifts it from liberal, pro-union government labour party to very conservative govt. Margaret Thatcher-the economy is paying for jobs and factories that don't make money. British coal industry-dated back to the 19th century. Scardale-head of coal-an industry that is inefficient. they can get oil, don't need coal anymore. Scargill had to approve of shitting down and he says no. Thatcher shuts them down anyways. Scargill says that they would not survive without the coal people. they had a coal reserve. thatcher wears the coal workers down. strike goes on for one year. there are currently 12,000 coal miners. if u go against the govt, the govt will weaken u. History 12/4 Saddam changed the map from 18 to 19 provinces. Kuwait was the 19th province. He decided to take Kuwait. It took like 24 hours for him to steal it. Bush was a war hero during ww2. tried really hard to be macho. very wealthy man who had beef jerky on his desk. bush is much more comfortable dealing with diplomacy rather than military stuff. at the time of the invasion, margaret thatcher is visiting in aspen, co. they held a both bush and thatcher go through the UN. Bush is really good at negotiations. bush was an oil man by training. moved to texas after ww2. was a success in business unlike bush jr. he is very comfortable with the saudis. even syria backs the western side. an unprecedented alliance against Sadam! COLLECTIVE SECURITY!! IT FINALLY WORKED! ARTICLE 10! This is what happens with Kuwait. A lot of middle eastern countries too! This is important! Saddam-disadvantage as a dictator-always told he is wonderful. Says he will invite western citizens of Iraq (mostly in the oil industry) to stay. Uses them as hostages, won't let them leave. Terrified british boy who isn't allowed to leave. undermines his support internationally. he lets the hostages go finally which was a technical mistake. Terrique Aziz-thinks that the west won't fight. believes in the vietnam syndrome-constantly telling Sadam that the US will not fight bc they don't want casualties. Request from James Baker-secretary of state. Baker doesnt look happy. Aziz thinks it will be a negotiation that Iraq can stay in Kuwait, instead it is a threat from the US-Baker has learned that Iraq plans to use chemical or biological weapons agains US troops. Baker says if u want to use them, thats fine but we have lots of nuclear bombs that we will drop on Baghdad if we have to. The only time nuclear detterance works in history and Iraq doesnt use chemical weapons. SO they lose the war. Within days they drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait. Split alliance by using Israel-purchased Scud missiles. Conentional warheads. Saddam threatens to send Scud missiles to Israel. Both the Palestinians and the Jordinians support him in this. His bases were both being bombed. Iraqis were cheated-sold bottom of the line, not top of the line missiles. Israel doesnt enter the war bc of pressure from west and also bc not a lot of the missiles made it to them. Iraq is defeated. Bush decides not to send troops to Iraq to topple bc once u topple saddam, it might be hard to withdraw militarily. No fly zone-northern and southern iraq to prevent iraq from sending helicopters and such to other countries. the kurds live in northern iraq, become own state. autonomous. sort of protected by the us bc of no fly zone. restored independent govt of kuwait-make concessions-allow women to vote. slightly liberate the govt.

Weimar Coalition

The Weimar Coalition (German: Weimarer Koalition) is the name given to the centre-left coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Christian democratic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly that met at Weimar in 1919, and were the principal groups that designed the constitution of Germany's Weimar Republic. These three parties were seen as the most committed to Germany's new democratic system, and together governed Germany until the elections of 1920, when the first elections under the new constitution were held, and both the SPD and especially the DDP lost a considerable share of their votes. Although the Coalition was revived in the ministry of Joseph Wirth from 1921 to 1922, the pro-democratic elements never truly had a majority in the Reichstag from this point on, and the situation gradually grew worse with the continued weakening of the DDP. This meant that any pro-republican group that hoped to attain a majority would need to form a "Grand Coalition" with the conservative liberal German People's Party (DVP). Nevertheless, the coalition remained at least theoretically important as the parties most supportive of republican government in Germany, and continued to act in coalition in the government of Prussia and other states until as late as 1932. In the second round of voting in the 1925 presidential election, the Weimar Coalition parties all supported the candidacy of the Centrist former chancellor Wilhelm Marx, who was narrowly defeated by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, supported by a center-right coalition of the DVP, the German National People's Party, and the Bavarian People's Party. After World War II the reconstituted SPD and the de facto successors of the Centre Party (Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union) and the DDP (Free Democratic Party) formed the main political basis of the democratic Bundestag of West Germany.

JIM CROW

The apartheid system in the south was called Jim Crow. It was the idea that you can create separate public facilities for blacks and nominally they are equal even though they are not, all of the white facilities are better funded. SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT and the NAACP challenged them in the supreme court, later leading to improved civil rights for everyone. The NAACP challenges this in the 40s and 50s. They argue cases where separate can never be equal-like law schools. socratic method-exchange ideas with others. if quality of students is key for education u are denying blacks the right to interact with rights. some kinds of segregation are unconstitutional. Separate is inherently unequal. 14th amendment. one of the 3 post civil war amendments. equal protection of the laws. Brown eliminates the legal segregation although informal segregation remains. m Crow law, in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of the formal Reconstruction period in 1877 and the beginning of a strong civil rights movement in the 1950s. Jim Crow was the name of a minstrel routine (actually Jump Jim Crow) performed beginning in 1828 by its author, Thomas Dartmouth ("Daddy") Rice, and by many imitators, including actor Joseph Jefferson. The term came to be a derogatory epithet for blacks and a designation for their segregated life. From the late 1870s, Southern state legislatures, no longer controlled by carpetbaggers and freedmen, passed laws requiring the separation of whites from "persons of colour" in public transportation and schools. Generally, anyone of ascertainable or strongly suspected black ancestry in any degree was for this purpose a "person of colour"; the pre-Civil War distinction favouring those whose ancestry was known to be mixed—particularly the half-French "free persons of colour" in Louisiana—was abandoned. The segregation principle was extended to parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an effort to prevent any contact between blacks and whites as equals. It was codified on local and state levels and most famously with the "separate but equal" decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). In 1954 the Supreme Court reversed Plessy in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. It declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, and, by extension, this ruling was applied to other public facilities. In the years following, subsequent decisions struck down similar kinds of Jim Crow legislation. See also black code; racial segregation.

Ho Chi Minh

The head of the Vietnamese nationalist movement in Vietnam after ww2. 1945. Communist.Declared independence from Japan and France. Initially, American military officers supported him taking over power. They quickly were not ok with this. Western powers later wanted to reconquer their power. Considerable fighting in this country for the next 30 years. Ho Chi Minh was significant because fighting communism was a good excuse for US involvement in Vietnam, many other countries thought the US was being imperialistic.

New Deal

This was Franklin D. Roosevelt's promise to help the company recover from the great depression. He made the government put money into the economy and created jobs so that people could spend money, he cracked down on banks so that they could not invest other people's money into the stock markets, he created regulations and a series of new agencies to stop businesses from doing bad things, and he made electric companies federal so that everyone could afford it. The new deal is significant because it helped the country recover from the depression and because it created SOCIAL SECURITY! Roosevelt's program, which he termed the "New Deal," brought elements of a European-style welfare state to America. The Social Security Act (1935) established a system of old-age insurance. The Wagner Act (1935) ensured the right of labor unions to engage in collective bargaining. Roosevelt also departed from the monetary thought that dominated the cautious British and French governments of the early 1930s, engaging in short-term government spending to create jobs.

Treaty of Lausanne

Treaty of Lausanne, (1923), final treaty concluding World War I. It was signed by representatives of Turkey (successor to the Ottoman Empire) on one side and by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on the other. The treaty was signed at Lausanne, Switz., on July 24, 1923, after a seven-month conference. The treaty recognized the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey. Turkey made no claim to its former Arab provinces and recognized British possession of Cyprus and Italian possession of the Dodecanese. The Allies dropped their demands of autonomy for Turkish Kurdistan and Turkish cession of territory to Armenia, abandoned claims to spheres of influence in Turkey, and imposed no controls over Turkey's finances or armed forces. The Turkish straits between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea were declared open to all shipping.

Truman Doctrine

Truman doctrine- military and economic aid to prevent communists from trying to penetrate Greece and Turkey. Response to republicans taking over the house and senate because they wanted a more aggressive response to soviets from Truman. Doctrine enunciated by U.S. President Harry S Truman in a speech to Congress on March 12, 1947, proclaiming a U.S. commitment to aid noncommunist countries to resist expansion by the Soviet Union. Truman, announcing this plan to contain communism, declared that Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine: Historical SignificanceAmerican policy was "to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes." He asked Congress for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey from Soviet aggression. Congress approved the request in May 1947, signalling a departure from the former policy of non involvement in European affairs. Truman's Speech overturned the Monroe Doctrine and led directly to the Marshall Plan. It set a precedent for the principle of 'collective security' - building up a network of allies and friendly states to which the US gave military aid free of charge - and NATO. In America, it whipped up the 'Red Scare' of the 1950s and In Russia, it convinced the Soviets that America was indeed attacking Soviet Communism. The Truman Doctrine included the policy of containment, as Clark Clifford said in 1972: 'we were concerned about preventing Soviet control of larger areas of the world than they already controlled'.

UN Resolution 242

United Nations Resolution 242, resolution of the United Nations (UN) Security Council passed in an effort to secure a just and lasting peace in the wake of the Six-Day (June) War of 1967, fought primarily between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Israelis supported the resolution because it called on the Arab states to accept Israel's right "to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force." Each of the Arab states eventually accepted it (Egypt and Jordan accepted the resolution from the outset) because of its clause calling for Israel to withdraw from the territories conquered in 1967. The Palestine Liberation Organization rejected it until 1988 because it lacked explicit references to Palestinians. Though never fully implemented, it was the basis of diplomatic efforts to end Arab-Israeli conflicts until the Camp David Accords and remains an important touchstone in any negotiated resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Helsinki Accords

chancellor of west germany- says-the west should try to find a way to deal with soviet union to create stable order. the result is the signing in 1975 of the Helsinki Accords document. Tradeoff- US recognizes that soviet union is predominant-in Eastern Europe, accepts the boundaries of eastern europe, accepts east germany but in exchange, the soviets say that all citizens of europe will have baseline human rights. all sign but one. ALBENIA-dont believe in any human rights and think Stalin is a dangerous liberal. The soviets sign bc they think it won't have to be honored. BUT infact the creation of Helsinki provides a justification for human rights activists in the eastern block to push human freedom in the east in the 1980s. at the time it was perceived as another retreat by the west. conceding soviet dominance in eastern europe. no longer interested in spreading freedom

Ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society. This happened in Rwanda. President of Rwananda's plane shot out of the ski, Hutu and Tutsi 100s of thousands of refugees flee across boarder to Congo, 100s of thousands are killed. International community response-its a tiny country. Clinton doesn't want to get bogged down like Somali intervention the year before in which US troops were killed. Somewhere between half a million and a million troops werre killed. Clinton regrets that he didn't do more. More concerned with public criticism. If the international community stands aside and doesn't do anything it will get out of control as it did then. Clinton promised to stand up for human rights and in Rwanda does nothing even though he said he would. Bosnia- more serious test. Croatia succeeds in driving off the serbs in 1993. Bosnia more complicated. In the past in Bosnia-WW1 assassination in Sarajevo (capital) of archduke ferdinand. no single ethnic majority.most ethnically divided of former yugoslav provinces. different ethnicities, religions, and cultural traditions who had lived peacefully together during Tito's period. Serb approach in bosnian war-ethnic cleansing-targeting croat and muslim civilians in bosnia to create unified serb bosnia. UN tries to respond. 1994-as serbs move more into bosnia, the UN decides to set up "safe cities" to allow Bosniack civilians who lived in rural areas conquered by serbs to have international protection. french, dutch, and other UN troops were supposed to protect them. No US troops. Clinton does nothing. Bosnia not ignored by US public like Rwanda. There is a CNN reporter live from Sarajevo. Some members of congress push the US-it is our obligation to do it. Says secretary of state should resign he says. No bosnians in Bloomington so McClosky loses bc the dumb guy says he is more concerned baout that then Bloomington. 1995 Melodich and other leader leadership of bosnian serbs move in to a safe city protected by Dutch and the Dutch peacekeepers leave when bosnian serbs surround the city. Bosnian serbs line up muslim refugees-separate women, children and very old from the men and boys 16-65 and they execute all but 30. 7,500 men and boys largest ethnic massacre in Europe since ww2. US threatens to bomb Milosovich if he doesn't come to the bargaining table. Then we get the Dayton accords in Dayton, Ohio.