history final

According to John Hines's letter to his parents, what made the battlefront such a horrific place?

The sight and sound of the dead and dying

According to Robert Toombs, why must slavery be allowed in the western territories?

The slave population had grown so large that they needed more land on which to live.

Why did everyone in the North believe that southern secession was going to be a temporary, fleeting development?

The states to secede were economically limited and financially vulnerable.

President Lincoln's approach to Reconstruction was motivated by a desire to

heal the Union and help southern blacks.

The efforts of moral reformers against prostitution in the 1840s included

petitions for harsh punishments of men.

What characteristic can be seen in both of the images?

Realism

How does Stewart reflect the broader reform movements of the early 1800s?

Her emphasis on availability of education

What does this document suggest was the primary motivation for Angelina Grimké's embrace of abolitionist ideas?

Her religious beliefs

How does Carey suggest the rich help poor women workers?

Hire women and pay fair wages

In 1860, the budget of the federal government stood at $63 million. In 1865, it was

$1.3 billion.

Who won the popular vote in the presidential election of 1860?

Abraham Lincoln

Upon which of the following groups does Clement Vallandigham blame the continuation of the Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party

The earliest Confederate victories occurred in

1861.

By the spring of 1865, how many African Americans were serving in the Union army and navy?

200,000

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam Creek in September 1862?

Abraham Lincoln used it as the occasion to announce the emancipation policy.

Which federal official urged Congress to fund internal improvements during Jefferson's administration?

Albert Gallatin

This petition demonstrates that Cherokee women were similar to white American women in which of the following ways in 1831?

Although both groups had political participation, Cherokee and American women could seek political influence through petitions.

In The Brotherhood of Thieves, Stephen Symonds Foster makes a forceful argument about his belief that

American churches and the clergy are criminal because they are complicit in slavery.

Why did Americans of the early republic harbor suspicions toward established colleges like Harvard, Yale, or the College of William and Mary?

Americans feared these institutions were tainted by aristocratic influences.

According to his speech, on what grounds did he feel comfortable justifying John Brown's actions despite the violence?

Americans have used violence to achieve change before.

What does the publication of this cartoon suggest about Americans' views of Andrew Jackson's Indian policy?

Americans were divided on the question of Andrew Jackson's Indian policy.

What does the message and language of the coffins and inscriptions attempt to do?

Appeal to emotions

Based on Geer's account, how were women viewed and treated along the Oregon Trail?

As partners and workers

Which Indian chief led Sauk and Fox people to violently resist Indian Removal in 1832 in the Wisconsin Territory?

Black Hawk

Allen and his fellow black Methodists' decision to leave St. George's and to redirect their money and fundraising efforts to their own church is evidence of which of the following?

Black Methodists' pride in their race and religion

To what event is the author referring when he mentions the "Kansas crew of black republican marauders..."?

Bloody Kansas conflicts

How did Noah Webster aim to make Americans more independent from Britain in the early republic?

Reforming American education

The Underground Railroad mainly relocated runaway slaves to

Canada or remote northern regions.

What did Taylor consider her most important role?

Caregiver

Which of the following describes Richard Cain?

Carpetbagger

Why did female slaves embrace religion with particular enthusiasm in the nineteenth century?

Christian churches might intervene when men abused them.

What event does Jefferson portend in his reference to a geographical line cutting "deeper and deeper" based on a "moral and political" issue?

Civil war

According to Source 9.9, what did Jackson's advocates use to distinguish Jackson from Adams?

Class

According to Tecumseh, how do the Indians view land ownership?

Communal

What solution did Jefferson suggest as a means of punishing transgressors and avoiding such insurrections in the future?

Deportation of guilty slaves abroad

What did Thomas Jefferson believe was key to America's ability to develop a unique culture and institutions?

Distance from Europe

Why did urban violence in the United States increase in the 1840s?

Economic competition for scarce resources increased urban violence.

What emotional sense dominates Brown's narrative?

Helplessness

Who was the leading advocate of a system of government-funded transportation improvements and protective tariffs following the War of 1812?

Henry Clay

What ensured the 1828 election of John Adams after the near three-way tie in the electoral college?

Henry Clay, who came in fourth, asked his supporters to endorse Adams.

What did she mean when she said her owner "wasn't no piddlin' man..."?

He was wealthy.

Why did President James Monroe have concerns about the nation's southern boundary in the late 1810s?

He worried about land claims by the Florida Seminole Indians.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the argument made by Reverend J. Sella Martin to defend John Brown's tactics (see Source 12.8)?

History has shown that violent means must be employed in the struggle for liberty.

In William Wells Brown's narrative what aspect of slavery is most pronounced?

Inability of kin to save one another from violence

Which of the following was an obstacle that African Americans faced in their efforts to reunite after slavery?

Incomplete records on plantations and government offices

How might an image like "Battlefield Dead at Antietam" affect readers who saw it in newspapers?

Increase opposition to the war itself

Why were women exposed to more health risks on the overland trail in the 1840s and 1850s?

In addition to being exposed to disease, women became pregnant on the trail.

Who does Grimke blame more than anyone else for the condition of women's subjugation?

Male protectors

What do the two documents say about the United States in the early 1800s?

Many Americans had deep-rooted and divisive sectional loyalties.

Why did veterans of the War of 1812 move to new lands west of the Appalachians?

Many received parcels of land there from the federal government.

On what grounds does Frederick Spooner justify the Civil War?

Moral

What can be said about black soldiers serving with Freeman in the 54th Massachusetts?

Not all black soldiers were happy just to be allowed to enlist.

Based on the image, how does the artist view Andrew Jackson's upcoming presidency?

Potentially chaotic

In Martin's concluding analogy, what does the cancer represent?

Slavery

Grimke claims that many women were willing to give up their influence in exchange for which of the following benefits?

Social privileges

What does Finney imply is sinful in his description of her conversion?

Society

Where did Congress abolish slavery in April 1862, the first step to the end of slavery in the United States?

The District of Columbia

Why did New York City become the nation's premier seaport after the 1820s?

The Erie Canal linked western farmers to the Hudson River and thus to New York City.

According to Robert Toombs, who caused the Civil War?

The North

What new political party was founded in the United States in 1854?

The Republican Party

What is the main argument of the editorial printed in the State Register (see Source 12.6)?

The Republican Party has fanned the flames of the abolitionist movement, encouraging violence and open rebellion.

Which Native American group was located in Spanish Florida?

The Seminole group

Why did Andrew Jackson and his military commanders underestimate the strength of the Seminole Indians in Florida during the Second Seminole War in the 1830s?

The Seminoles were helped by runaway slaves.

What is the effect, according to Hatch, of the democratization of American Christianity?

The fracturing of the American religious experience

What can you learn about the difficulties faced by the Corps of Discovery from even these brief excerpts of Lewis and Clark?

The trip was difficult with many obstacles along the way.

Why did southern white yeomen also become sharecroppers in the years following the Civil War?

The war's devastation pushed many small farmers into sharecropping.

Which of the following describes the Union Soldiers pictured in this photo?

Their ages seem to vary from very young to middle age

Why did representatives from South Carolina, Texas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana meet in February 1861?

They were drafting a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America.

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 had a devastating impact on the American economy, causing many business failures and widespread poverty among farmers and laborers. Evidence: The scene depicted in the painting "Auction in Chatham Square"

Yes

John Marshall, in this opinion, suggests that the Cherokee Nation's status in relation to the United States was like that of

a domestic dependent nation.

The outcome of the 1876 presidential election was disputed in

a few states.

Republicans believed that the U.S. Constitution was

a sound and valid document that southern legislators had violated.

In the nineteenth century, the South's economy was generally based on

agriculture

Johnson didn't punish former Confederate leaders for their role in causing the Civil War because he

believed the end of slavery was punishment enough for them.

The fact that Confederate soldiers under Robert E. Lee went into the Battle of Antietam without shoes is evidence of

chronic supply problems that plagued the Confederacy in particular.

Franklin generally depicts the African Americans who participated in Reconstruction governments as

conservatives, limited in their vindictiveness toward whites.

Women who became pregnant while migrating to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s and 1850s

faced even greater hardship but persevered in their journey.

According to the flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau bill, the bureau is a bad idea because it

costs too much to operate.

John Ross emphasizes the Cherokees' adoption of "comfortable dwellings and cultivated fields," their "[m]ental culture, industrious habits, and domestic enjoyments," and their embrace of Christianity in an effort to

demonstrate that the Cherokee people are in many ways similar to white Americans and deserving of fair treatment.

Lincoln's remarks during his debate with Stephen Douglas indicate that he was making an effort to

demonstrate that the Republican Party's position on slavery was not radical.

Many white planters felt threatened by the evangelical spirit displayed by slaves in religious worship because they

feared religious fervor combined with revolutionary ideas would inspire an insurrection.

When Abraham Lincoln wrote about the North that "[t]here is no permanent class of hired laborers amongst us," he meant that

laborers who worked hard could achieve a better status.

The household goods depicted in this image imply that their original owners were

laboring people.

Lewis and Clark passed through

the Louisiana Territory.

Sanford makes which of the following distinctions between the United States and Great Britain?

the states.

By the winter of 1861-1862, military leaders in both the Union and Confederacy recognized that

the struggle was likely to be a long one.

Southern African Americans of the 1820s to 1850s looked to the church to sanctify their marriages because

their marriages were not recognized legally.

The purpose of the Underground Railroad was to

transport fugitive slaves safely to freedom.

Frederick Douglass suggests that, in order to fight slavery most effectively, Americans need to

use the tactics of both moral suasion and political action.

This 1874 political cartoon asserts that whites regained prominence in the South through

violence against blacks.

What similarities existed between black and white soldiers?

Both missed their families.

What was Lincoln's position on the rights of free blacks during his 1858 senatorial campaign?

Economic opportunity but not social or political equality

What was the key to success according to Maria Steward?

Education

Which of the following people supported the Lecompton Constitution that would have made Kansas a slave state when it entered the union?

Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan

Why did President Lincoln suspend the right of habeas corpus in border states that allowed slavery in 1861?

He hoped to check the spread of secessionist thought before it was too late.

What does the Resolution say about Adams' qualifications, or lack thereof, to be president?

He is too elitist

How did President Thomas Jefferson create a vibrant social culture in Washington, D.C.?

He opened the White House to visitors regularly.

Why, according to Elliott, should the Congress disregard Alexander Stephens's arguments against the passage of the bill?

He was one of the founders of the Confederacy in 1860.

Dunning asserts that African Americans who participated in Reconstruction governments did not seek the guidance from Southern whites. What does this demonstrate about the historian's bias?

He was so blinded by racism that he felt it was in the best interest of these African Americans to contradict their own self interests.

In what way is this conflict over land ownership indicative of the Reconstruction Era more broadly?

It proves the complexities of being free.

How did the Embargo Act undermine Jefferson's reputation as a strong Democratic-Republican?

Jefferson's Democratic-Republican views were contradicted by the Embargo Act.

How did the outcome of the Civil War affect the rights of blacks in America?

Laws requiring favorable treatment of blacks trickled in.

What unintended development resulted from the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?

More Northerners sympathized with the abolitionist cause.

How did the panic of 1819 change national politics?

More white men without significant property demanded the right to vote.

According to Eliphalet Whittlesey, why is it wrong to fear that ending slavery would produce social strife?

Most freedmen were working quietly to create better lives for their families.

What was the result of the battle of Monitor vs. Merrimack in Virginia?

No clear victory for either side

How do the freedmen expect to receive the title to the property?

Only after slaves pay for the tracts

Which of the following constitutes the target audience for this 1825 broadside?

Poor whites in the North

What advantages does Spooner believe that the North has over the South?

Resources

According to Vallandigham, which of the following issues was the cause of the Civil War?

Sectionalism

Which goal of the James Monroe administration did John Quincy Adams help implement through his diplomacy with Britain and Spain?

Securing U.S. claims to western lands

To what does the author seem to be referring to in the final lines of the letter?

Sexuality

How was Anthony Burns's former owner able to secure Burns's return to the South?

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed slave owners to use the courts to recover their slaves.

Which road navigated through the Appalachian Mountains?

The Great Valley Road

Which of the following is true based on the entries within the Lewis and Clark journals?

The Indians sought the council and aid of the Americans.

What does Elliott say motivates him to speak in favor of the passage of the civil rights bill?

The U.S. Constitution

Why did the residents of Rochester feel increasingly concerned about their town in the late 1820s?

The boomtown growth raised fears about the rising tide of sin.

What did Robert Sutcliff imply about slavery in his records of his encounter with the institution?

The institution of slavery debased both master and slave.

Who featured most in her recollections of her days as a slave?

The overseer, Solomon

Why are the white men in the painting speaking to the slave women?

They are inspecting the women for purchase.

Why was Maine admitted to the union as a state in 1820?

To preserve parity between free and slave states in the Senate

Why did unifying all southern whites around a shared sense of racial identity become more important for slave owners in the years before the Civil War?

Worldwide, opinion was turning against slavery.

Conclusion: A proponent of expanding white settlement in the West, Andrew Jackson opposed Indians' claim to sovereignty within the United States and pursued policies that aimed to force their migration to new lands west of the Mississippi River. Evidence: "A spurious Delegation, in violation of a special injunction of the general council of the nation, proceeded to Washington City with this pretended treaty, and by false and fraudulent representations supplanted in the favor of the Government the legal and accredited Delegation of the Cherokee people, and obtained for this instrument, after making important alterations in its provisions, the recognition of the United States Government. And now it is presented to us as a treaty, ratified by the Senate, and approved by the President [Andrew Jackson], and our acquiescence in its requirements demanded, under the sanction of the displeasure of the United States, and the threat of summary compulsion, in case of refusal."—Source 10.5: John Ross, On the Treaty of New Echota

Yes

Conclusion: A proponent of expanding white settlement in the West, Andrew Jackson opposed Indians' claim to sovereignty within the United States and pursued policies that aimed to force their migration to new lands west of the Mississippi River. Evidence: "The Court has bestowed its best attention on this question, and, after mature deliberation, the majority is of opinion that an Indian tribe or Nation within the United States is not a foreign state in the sense of the Constitution, and cannot maintain an action in the Courts of the United States."—Source 11.3: John Marshall, Majority Opinion, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Yes

Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: Source 14.5: "Worse Than Slavery," Political Cartoon

Yes

Napoleon wanted to unload the entire Louisiana Territory on the United States because

his defeat in Haiti had soured him on the Americas.

In the 1810s, Cincinnati emerged as a center of commerce that connected

the South and the West.

In urging his fellow legislators to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Elliott characterizes it as

the capstone of liberty, which Americans have pursued since the Revolution.

The artist who created this cartoon in 1835 probably depicted the Native Americans as tiny in part because he wanted to indicate that they

were unable to resist Jackson's power.

What does Franklin primarily blame for the failure of Reconstruction state governments?

African Americans' unpreparedness to lead

Which of the following summarizes William Lloyd Garrison's argument about the United States Constitution?

Because the U.S. Constitution perpetuates and protects slavery, which is monstrous and inhuman, it is an invalid document.

Why did almost all representations of American Indians and African Americans of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries come from whites?

Black and Indian authors usually wrote for audiences within their own groups.

Why did black churches become such important community institutions following the Civil War?

Black churches were large structures that hosted many other organizations.

What is Henry David Thoreau's defense of John Brown (see Source 12.7)?

Brown knew the truth and offered his life in its defense.

How did the new type of cheap tabloid newspapers in the United States woo readers in the 1840s?

By publishing sensational stories of sex and crime

How did James Monroe hope to resolve Indian problems on the frontier during his presidency?

By sending John Quincy Adams to Great Britain

Why did cities replace voluntary night watchmen with police forces before the Civil War?

Crime was on the rise, and the fear of crime grew even faster.

How does Millard Fillmore define the men who assisted in the escape of fugitive slaves?

Criminals

In his speech to William Henry Harrison, what do Tecumseh's objections to U.S. attempts to deal with Indian groups separately reveal about Indian relations with other Indians?

Divisions existed between Native groups in spite of the common opposition to the United States.

What does Stewart argue holds black women back from success and improvement of their station?

Domestic responsibilities

In addition to general poverty concerns, what issues did Kempshall want to address in Rochester?

Drunkenness and degradation

This image supports which of the following conclusions?

Economic crises like the panic of 1819 had a devastating effect on many urban laboring families.

What two forces drove many freed blacks from the South during Reconstruction?

Economic hardship and racial bigotry

According to his letter to John Holmes, what future would Thomas Jefferson like to see for slavery in the United States?

Emancipation of slaves and colonization to Africa

Which of the following factors shaped Lincoln's deliberations on the emancipation of slaves in 1862?

Embracing abolition as a war aim would likely prevent international recognition of the South.

What could readers across the country see in the new mediums of photographs that were less obvious in the simple battlefield sketches that proliferated in previous wars?

Emotions

According to Lewis, what did Cameahwait desire in regard to the other Indian nations in the region to the east?

Equal weapons

In the mid-19th century, why might a European artist like Friedrich Shulz have chosen American slave markets as a subject for a painting?

Europe had banned slavery so its continuation in America was of interest

What can be implied about the North from Freeman's letter?

Even without slavery there was latent racism in the North.

What distinguished the textile factories of Lowell, Massachusetts, founded by the Boston Associates in the 1820s?

Every step of their production was mechanized.

The fundamental agricultural problem that Flint describes in his account is characterized by which of the following?

Farmers grow more food than they can sell, which drives farm prices further down.

For Sinha, who were the core of the immediatist abolitionist movement before the Civil War?

Former slaves from Southern plantations

What does Fillmore's position imply about the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law?

Fraudulent enforcement of the law is unlikely to be prosecuted

In Lincoln's view, what is the core difference between free labor and slavery?

Free labor offers wageworkers the promise of a better life, but slaves have no hope.

What ended the presidency of Toussaint L'Ouverture in the new Republic of Haiti in December 1799?

French troops seized the island.

What development enabled Scots-Irish Presbyterians to cement their place in American society?

Frontier colleges

Why did John Frémont and Kit Carson destroy a Klamath Indian village in 1846?

Frémont and Carson acted in revenge for an attack by Modoc Indians. Submitanswer

What did Eliza fear as a result of the poor conditions at Andersonville?

God's disfavor

How does Charles Sumner respond to Butler's accusation that Republicans are a "sectional" party?

He asserts that Republicans are actually national and that the southern proslavery legislators are sectional.

Why did Henry Clay lose the presidential election of 1844?

He failed to take a strong stand on Texas annexation.

Why did many Americans view President Thomas Jefferson favorably as he left office, despite the damaging results of the Embargo Act of 1807?

He had opened up vast lands to American exploration and development.

Why was Henry David Thoreau imprisoned for a night in 1846?

He had refused to pay taxes in protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Why does John Ross praise George Washington and Thomas Jefferson and call the U.S. government and the people of the United States "honorable and highminded" and kind and humane, even though they are responsible for the treaty he speaks about?

He hopes that appealing to American political ideals will convince U.S. leaders to reverse their actions.

What does Thoreau mean when he says, "I plead not for his life, but for his character..."?

He is guilty of the crime but undeserving of criticism for it.

Why was John Marshall one of the most important chief justices of the Supreme Court in U.S. history?

He led hearings on cases that established the structure of the federal government.

How did Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky forge a compromise to resolve the immediate issue of the admission of Missouri as a slave state?

He proposed the admission of Maine as a free state and of Missouri as a slave state.

What did Thomas Nast imply by the question mark in his title, "Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State"?

He questioned whether the South was reconstructed.

How did President Zachary S. Taylor shock northern Whigs in 1850?

He said that slavery should be allowed anywhere in the West.

How did General William Tecumseh Sherman respond to the pleas of black ministers that former slaves be given a chance to build new lives for themselves?

He set aside 400,000 acres of Confederate land in Georgia for former slaves.

Why did Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas try to reopen the question of slavery in the territories in the early 1850s?

He wanted to gain southern support for a railroad through the territory toward California.

Lincoln's remarks during the debate demonstrate that he held which of the following positions?

He wanted to see the abolition of slavery in Washington, D.C., but he would not impose it on the city.

According to the anti-Jackson rhetoric in Richmond, what was the narrative that was being created about Andrew Jackson?

He was intemperate and possessed a penchant for violence.

What did the execution of Nat Turner and his followers in 1831 signal to African Americans?

How far whites would go to protect slavery

What was the biggest challenge for plantation mistresses in the South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Ignoring their husbands' sexual relations with slaves

Other than lower-class white males, Southern elites supported lowering voting restrictions on what group of people after 1840, according to Keyssar?

Immigrants

According to Sansay's account, which of the following summarizes the Africans on Saint Domingue?

Impoverished but happy to be free

Why was Lewis willing to provide guns and ammunition to the Shoshone?

In exchange for furs and skins

How did the pastors argue women should demonstrate influence?

In the home

Of what does Tecumseh accuse William Henry Harrison?

Instigating war

Though certain freedoms were granted, what did the Black Codes explicitly regulate?

Interracial relationships

In the years before the Civil War, the Catholic Church in America not only grew but also became more closely identified with which ethnic group?

Irish

What caused the panic of 1819?

Irresponsible banking practices

How did technological advances affect the lives of both free and enslaved men and women?

It added to their burdens by increasing employer expectations.

Richard Allen's memoir suggests which of the following conclusions about St. George's Church on Fourth Street?

It allowed black worshippers but treated them badly.

Why did Protestant workingmen embrace the temperance movement?

It allowed them to differentiate themselves from Irishmen.

How does Andrew Jackson characterize his administration's proposed Indian policy in comparison to that employed by previous generations of Americans?

It continues the same progressive change as past policies using a gentler process.

Why did the proslavery ruling in the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision backfire on the South?

It convinced Northerners of a proslavery conspiracy in the federal government.

What does Mrs. Statts's account reveal about the New York City police department's approach to the draft riots?

It denied the seriousness of the riots and, by failing to get involved, allowed them to occur.

How did the Fourteenth Amendment effectively nullify the Dred Scott decision of 1857?

It extended equal protection and due process to all.

How did the abolition of slavery in the northern states and most of the world in the first half of the nineteenth century affect slavery in the American South?

It forged tighter bonds among southern whites in defense of slavery.

What impact did the Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott have on the nation in 1857?

It further outraged many Northerners afraid of a Slave Power.

Why did the northern majority in the House of Representatives reject Missouri's admission as a state in 1819?

It opposed the legality of slavery in the Missouri Territory.

What was the larger impact of the creation of the Free-Soil Party that swallowed up the Liberty Party?

It raised the fear that the debate over slavery could not be contained.

Why was the Democratic Party of the late 1820s built on an unstable foundation?

It relied on northern workers as well as southern farmers.

What is the significance of Marshal Ware hiding while the Klan invaded and searched his home?

It shows the level of fear and intimidation at the time.

What was the role of religion in Reynold's experience as a slave?

It was a promise of something better to come

What does the Fugitive Slave Law say about slavery in the United States in the 1850s?

It was an increasingly divisive issue between slave owners and abolitionists

Based on Claimright and Jefferson's statements, what can be said about American views towards slavery in the early 1800s?

It was extremely divisive

What does the presence of such a society as the Female Anti-Slavery Society reveal about women's political activism in the early 1800s?

It was increasingly common and effective.

Why did some utopian communities, including the one established by George Ripley in Massachusetts, develop a plan where people were paid according to how their jobs contributed to the community's well-being?

It was key to building community in a capitalist society.

What does it imply about his viewpoints towards the United States that Martin referred to the federal government as guilty in the death of John Brown?

It was not only the South that was responsible for the sins of slavery.

Who led an 1859 attack on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry in hopes of sparking a slave rebellion?

John Brown

What might Hines' parents have been concerned about from reading his letter, other than the obvious dangers of war?

Lack of food

What issue ultimately led to Emily Kempshall's resignation from the Rochester Female Charitable Society?

Lack of funding

What did the free blacks of Philadelphia who authored this document say about why they did not have an interest in moving to Africa?

Leaving America would sever the bond between slaves and they would suffer from the loss of love and kinship.

Which of the following was a primary concern for African American soldiers as they moved deeper into the South in 1863 and 1864?

Liberating slaves wherever they encountered them

In the 1865 Mississippi Black Code (Source 14.6), what was the contracted penalty for intermarriage between a "free negro" and a white person?

Life in prison

Why was the Wade-Davis Bill never enacted into law?

Lincoln vetoed the legislation and Congress could not override it.

When Stephen Douglas talks about Abraham Lincoln, what is he attempting to insinuate about him?

Lincoln was more radical on the issue of abolition than he pretended to be.

Why did Jefferson Davis argue that secession was a necessity for slave states in 1861?

Lincoln's victory had jeopardized the future of slavery.

Of what do the authors specifically accuse Jackson?

Massacring Indians

How did husbands and wives work together in making clothing and other fabrics?

Men did the weaving while women spun the yarn and sewed together the cloth.

Which of the following describes the artist's depiction of American democracy?

Messy and disorganized

The Comanche tribe was a serious threat to Mexico after 1821 because

Mexico achieved independence and lacked resources.

In the encounter between Harrison and Tecumseh, what leverage did Harrison have over the Indians?

Military strength and numbers

By 1860, which state produced the most cotton?

Mississippi

The House of Representatives rejected Missouri's application for statehood in 1819 because

Missouri wanted to be a slave state.

What other color might Abdy have seen within the slave pen other than black and white?

Mulatto

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: "The whole heavens overcast with clouds—All nature appearing to mourn over the wretched degeneracy of her children and weeping to see brothers arrayed in hatred against each other. 'Man, the noblest work of God.' Verily, when I witness and read of the track of desolation which Sherman's army leaves behind them, I am constrained to think that the work reflects little credit upon the creator. I know that sounds irreverent but I sigh for the memory of those days when man's noblest, better nature was displayed, when the brute 'the cloven foot,' was concealed and I could dream and believe that ours was the very best land—ruled by the very best men under the sun!! . . ."—Source 13.5: Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, Diary

No

Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: Source 14.5: "Worse Than Slavery," Political Cartoon

No

Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: Source 14.5: "Worse Than Slavery," Political Cartoon

No

Conclusion: The Cherokee nation resisted removal to the West by citing the success of its Americanization efforts and fighting Jackson's policies in public and in the courts, where it won some battles and lost others. Evidence: "The waves of population and civilization are rolling to the westward, and we now propose to acquire the countries occupied by the red men of the South and West by a fair exchange, and, at the expense of the United States, to send them to land where their existence may be prolonged and perhaps made perpetual."—Source 11.1: Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message

No

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: Source 13.1: "Sowing and Reaping"

No

According to Johnson, which of the following posed a threat to Georgian planters, causing them to advocate secession in an effort to start fresh?

Non-slave-holding farmers

Why were southern slaveholders anxious about the loyalty of white Southerners who did not own slaves?

Non-slaveholders not only did not benefit from slavery, but slavery actually undermined their economic opportunities.

Runaway slaves in the Deep South often escaped to the

North by way of the Atlantic Ocean.

This political cartoon exemplifies

Northern dissatisfaction with Reconstruction's results.

For Friedman, who were the core of the immediatist abolitionist movement before the Civil War?

Northern white middle-class evangelicals

In the second paragraph of his article, William Lloyd Garrison writes, "[W]e . . . stand to the holders of slaves at the south, and this is virtually our language toward them—'Go on, most worthy associates, from day to day, from month to month, from year to year, from generation to generation, plundering two millions of human beings of their liberty and the fruits of their toil—driving them into the fields like cattle—starving and lacerating their bodies—selling the husband from his wife. . . . Go on, in these practices.'" What group does he refer to as "we"?

Northern whites who do not fight for abolition

Why did so many Northerners ignore the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793?

Northerners resented the imposition of slaveholding values on their states.

What does Matthew Carey suggest for Americans to cure the problems of working class women's oppression in the workplace?

Nothing, he says there is no cure

By the end of the Civil War in 1865, women had almost entirely replaced men in what military occupation?

Nurse

Why did opening up the Santa Fe Trail to commerce ultimately lead to the destruction of the Comanche empire?

One of the Comanche's most crucial trading items, bison, was destroyed and greatly weakened the tribe economically.

What effect did Union invasions of the South during the Civil War have on northern opinion about slavery?

Opinion moved increasingly against slavery as the war continued.

How might this letter be different if written by a seventeen year old Southern patriot?

Opposite views on slavery and Southern bravery

Who was the best target for Matthews to attempt to convert once she had her own experience?

Other rich women

Which of the following was notably "American" about the nation's new capital of Washington City?

People of diverse races and nationalities worked on it.

Which group of whites occupied the majority of elective offices in the South during the first years of congressional Reconstruction?

People opposed to secession

What was the message that Thomas Nast attempted to convey in "Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State"?

Perhaps blacks should be returned to a second class citizen.

Andrew Jackson's slave advertisement provides evidence to support which of the following conclusions about the institution of slavery and the culture of the South?

Physical violence was endemic to the institution and the region.

What emotion did Robert Toombs appeal to in making his argument in favor of secession?

Pity

Why did so many non-slaveholding Southerners admire the slaveholding planter elite in the American South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Planters tended to look out for their fellow church members.

Which business was instrumental in the formation of the antislavery movement in the nineteenth century?

Publishing

What can be inferred about Klan violence from Ellen Parton's testimony (see Source 14.8)?

Rape was a tool of intimidation wielded by the Klan.

What led Americans to see themselves as especially inventive and enterprising in the early republic?

Rapid introduction of new technology

Which of the following statements is true of both Hatch's and Porterfield's interpretation of Christianity in the early republic?

Religious and political ideas were closely linked in an era of increasing democracy.

What changes did slaves make to the Christian faith in their own religious practices between the 1820s and 1850s?

Religious practice included drums and dancing.

What drove immigration to the United States from Germany and Scandinavia in the 1840s and 1850s?

Repressive landlords

What does Toombs point to as proof of kind paternalism towards slaves?

Reproduction and population growth

According to both Hatch and Porterfield, what facet of the American Revolution catalyzed post-independence American religiosity?

Republicanism

Though Manning and Gallagher argue for different rationales for Union soldiers' enlistment, they both point to which of the following as foundational to that enlistment?

Republicanism

Based on his language and writing, what impression does Lewis seem to have of Cameahwait and the Shoshone Indians?

Respect

By 1861, the Confederacy had moved its capital to the city of

Richmond.

What effect did the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 have on the state of New York?

Rochester became the state's fastest-growing city, even outpacing New York City.

Who invented the telegraph and was one of the most popular anti-Catholic speakers of the nineteenth century?

Samuel F. B. Morse

What reality awaited many of the slave women with children like those pictured in this image?

Separation from their children

The third plank in the Republican Party's platform describes the stripping of constitutional rights. Who, according to the plank, was deprived of their constitutional rights?

Settlers in Kansas

What brought audiences of all classes together in American theaters in the 1830s?

Shakespeare

What is implied by the fact that several of the freedpeople who signed the Sharecropping Agreement were previously enslaved to Bocock?

Sharecropping is, in many ways, slavery under a different name.

Which of the following is not a reason why African Americans and plantation owners engaged in sharecropping?

Sharecropping was mandated by the government to maintain the productivity of the Southern economy now that slavery was abolished.

In what way was Eliza Frances Andrews similar to many of her fellow Americans, both North and South?

She was anti-Catholic.

Which of the following Union military campaigns does Thomas express fear about in her letters?

Sherman's March to the Sea

Why did laws that were passed after Nat Turner's Rebellion to tighten control over the lives of slaves end up harming the South economically?

Signaling that slaves were dangerous discouraged outside investment.

Which of the following accurately describes slavery according to Brown's memories?

Slave experiences varied based on a variety of factors.

What does Abdy imply at the end of his observations?

Slave traders were often unethical.

Which of the following groups was of particular interest to the women of the Female Anti-Slavery Society?

Slave women

What does Harriet Jacob's experience demonstrate about the recourse available for abused or mistreated slave women?

Slave women had little to no options for recourse

According to White, why do slave women primarily view themselves as mothers rather than as wives, daughters, or any other familial role of women?

Slaveholders encouraged such a mentality.

What issue does Thomas Jefferson consider to be a possible "knell of the Union"?

Slavery

What issue does Toombs cite as the cause of the impending conflict?

Slavery

On what basis did the Free-Soil Party argue that slavery should not be permitted in the new territories?

Slavery empowered aristocratic men over the rights of the people.

On what grounds did Thoreau defend John Brown's use of force and violence?

Slavery is a violent system and necessitates violence in response.

What caused the eruption of violence in Kansas in 1855?

Southern supporters of slavery invaded Lawrence and killed one resident.

In this image from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, whom does the illustrator imply is at fault for the food shortages in Richmond?

Southern women

How did the Civil War efforts of women in the South differ from those in the North?

Southern women engaged in individual, uncoordinated efforts to help.

The abolitionist convictions of Sarah and Angelina Grimké carried particular weight because they were

Southerners.

How did the United States ultimately secure Florida from Spain?

Spain surrendered the land rather than go to war.

What is William Travis trying to do by writing this letter from the Alamo?

Spare civilians from facing Mexican troops

What can be surmised about Fred Spooner from his letter to his brother (see Source 13.6)?

Spooner did not see any similarities between himself and his southern counterparts.

What does the Freedmen's Bureau Bill say about northern white views towards freedmen after the Civil War?

Steeped in racism and stereotypes

In what way does Grimke argue that men and women are equal?

Strength of mind

How does Andrews feel about the "Yankees?"

Sympathetic to an extent

What character flaw of Jackson's seemed to most concern the authors?

Temper

What social reform movement gained the greatest impetus from evangelical revivalism after the late 1820s?

Temperance

What region became the focus of the new debates over slavery in the late 1840s?

Territories gained from Mexico

What argument did Cherokee leader John Ross make to the Jackson administration in opposition to Indian Removal?

That Indian lands were sovereign nations inside the United States

What message does the Resolution send about Jackson in comparison to Adams?

That Jackson is more patriotic

Based on his views of political participation, what might Jackson himself think of the image?

That it is democratic and positive

Of what does the author seem afraid when women are seen speaking in public and being politically active?

That there is no need for men in their lives

According to Pike, what is the chief reason that the government of South Carolina is unjust?

The African American majority does not represent the state's white constituency.

With which of the following statements would the authors of this broadside most likely agree?

The African American population is not intellectually ready for abolition.

The authors of the Virginia Agricultural Society petition explicitly frame their protest within which of the following contexts?

The American Revolution

On what grounds did the Colored Citizens of Boston oppose the Fugitive Slave Law?

The Fifth Amendment

As indicated by the map, what was the result of the Louisiana Purchase?

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

What part of the country did Democratic candidate James Buchanan nearly sweep in the presidential election of 1856?

The South

What does the article reveal about the southern views on abolition in the mid-1800s?

The South defended their institution against outside agitators.

Which institution did James Kent suggest would serve as a check on the potential dangers posed to the United States by universal suffrage?

The U.S. Senate

Why was it so easy for southeastern planters to expand the amount of land under cultivation following the War of 1812?

The U.S. government had added vast tracts of land to the country.

Under what conditions do the authors of the peace petition suggest they would be willing to continue the war?

The Union refuses to concede that Southerners should be allowed to maintain slavery

What impact did the massive migration west in the mid-nineteenth century have on the national identity of the United States?

The United States became an expanding empire.

When the Cherokee women reference the plan of the "General Government to effect our removal West of the Mississippi," they are referring to which of the following?

The United States government

What is meant by manifest destiny as touted by politicians during the 1840s?

The United States has a God-given right to expand its borders.

What did the continued practice of impressment of American sailors by the British Royal Navy signal in the nineteenth century?

The United States was still politically weak.

What major event in American history ultimately undermined black suffrage in the early-nineteenth-century North, per Horton and Horton?

The War of 1812

In which regions was James Madison most popular during his reelection in 1812?

The West and South

What can be implied about viewpoints towards slavery in the early 19th century based on Jefferson and Sansay's writings from that era?

The abolition movement was gaining increasing strength in the New World.

What symbolism within the image supports the ideas of emancipation?

The broken chains

How did canals out of the Allegheny Mountains fuel industrial development in the early nineteenth century?

The canals allowed vast quantities of coal to be transported out of the mountains.

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the debate over statehood for Missouri and Maine in 1819?

The debate made clear how quickly a disagreement over slavery could escalate.

Why did American farm incomes plummet by roughly one-third in the late 1810s?

The demand for American food dropped sharply in Europe.

What did James Kent fear would be a consequence of universal male suffrage?

The demise of Americans' right to private property

What is the biggest difference between the message of Whittlesey's report and the Freedmen's Bureau Bill?

The depiction of freedmen

Why did nineteenth-century slaves embrace evangelical Protestant denominations such as the Baptists and the Methodists?

The emotional style of evangelical worship was similar to the worship style found in Africa.

What development led slaveholders to treat slaves better and increasingly view them as "valuable property"?

The end of the international slave trade

What piece of information did Hines leave out of his letter regarding the Battle of Shiloh?

The fact that the Confederacy lost the battle

The authors suggest in one of their resolutions, "That it is a great crime . . . to conceal the truth from the people." What truth do they suggest the Confederate government has concealed from them?

The fact that the South was likely losing the war, despite winning some battles

What does the article use as an aside to justify slavery?

The fact that the founding fathers owned slaves

According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, why should the island's land belong to them?

The federal government gave them title to the land.

Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Flint's account of the panic?

The financial collapse devastated agriculture, increased unemployment, and left many landless.

The memorial to Congress from the Colored People's Convention of South Carolina supports which of the following conclusions?

The freedpeople who made up this group's membership were already knowledgeable about the Constitution and their civil rights as Americans.

Why did Lincoln dispatch ships to Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston harbor in April 1861?

The garrison was running out of food and medicine.

In her letter to Mrs. S. B. Shaw, Lydia Maria Child expresses optimism about which of the following?

The growing appeal of antislavery sentiment and the Republican Party in the North

Why did the United States require more banks after the 1810s?

The growth in trade required such commercial institutions.

Why did the California gold rush also lead to conflicts over gender roles in the area?

The huge gender imbalance created a large demand by men for domestic services.

The introduction to the Republican Party platform of 1856 states that the party's purpose is to unite Americans who agree on which of the following issues?

The importance of limiting slavery's extension into the West

What was the result of a loophole in the Fifteenth Amendment?

The law did not deny states the power to restrict suffrage.

How did the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 encourage the arrest of suspected runaways?

The law offered commissioners more for returning slaves than for finding them innocent.

Which of the following characterizes the "Young America" movement in the Democratic Party during the early 1850s?

The movement imagined manifest destiny leading expansion southward.

Why did the traditional roles of men and women often break down on the overland trail during the 1840s and 1850s?

The new and strange environments forced men and women to adjust their work routines.

Why did both Union and Confederate governments have to institute conscription laws in the middle of the Civil War?

The number of deserters was growing rapidly.

What piece of this report differs dramatically from the reality of what happened at Harper's Ferry?

The numbers involved

Why did laboring men demand the right to vote after 1819?

The panic of 1819 shook their trust in political leaders.

What made women's organizing efforts in factories at least temporarily impossible in the 1830s?

The panic of 1837

Why were so many U.S. settlers drawn to Oregon in the late 1830s and early 1840s?

The panic of 1837 prompted Americans to turn west for new economic opportunities.

Which of the following accurately describes the "spoils system" common in politics in the 1870s?

The party in power rewarded loyal supporters with political appointments.

What attracted Protestant farmers to the American Party in the congressional election of 1854?

The party's anti-immigrant message

In addition to the Freedmen's Bureau, to what does Whittlesey attribute much of the smooth transition between war and peace for the freedmen?

The paternalism and kindness of former slave owners

Despite the difficulties described in Elizabeth Smith Geer's diary, tens of thousands of Americans chose to travel on the westward trail systems. What motivated Americans to make such a strenuous voyage on the Oregon Trail?

The possibility of prosperity at the end

Examine the Currier and Ives lithograph account of John Brown's execution. What does the illustration demonstrate about the legacy of John Brown?

The power of cultural memory of the incident was strong.

What pushed Republicans in Congress to unite in opposition against President Andrew Johnson in 1866?

The president vetoed the Civil Rights Act designed to protect southern blacks from the black codes.

What complaint did Thomas Jefferson have regarding the handling of Gabriel's Rebellion?

The punishments were too harsh for those involved

With which of the following statements about secession in 1861 would both Johnson and Thornton agree?

The reasons behind secession were more complicated that merely Republicans winning in 1860.

Based on Charles Grandison Finney's sermon, what can be concluded about the Second Great Awakening?

The religious movement focused on personal spirituality as well as the spirituality of others.

Why did southern whites fear the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791?

The revolution was a slave rebellion, which slave owners feared would inspire their bondsmen to revolt.

How did the shift from craft to factory work in the mid-nineteenth century affect workingmen?

The skills and pay of workingmen were threatened.

Which of the following was a feature of Unitarians?

They were committed to a rational approach to understanding the divine.

Why did American advocates of western expansion call for war with Britain in 1812?

They were convinced that the British in Canada fueled Indian resistance in the West.

Why did Indian leaders agree to sell the United States three million acres of land in the Indiana Territory for only $7,600 in 1809?

They were deceived by the American negotiator.

What does William Clark's journal reveal about the Native American relations in the local region?

They were dependent on many factors

Why might Clark feel frustrated by the many rules and meanings related to relationships and gift giving among the Indians?

They were difficult to understand, flexible, and complicated

What forced many Indian nations to settle in the northern half of the Louisiana Territory?

They were displaced by white American settlers again.

What happened to the slaves of the Amistad who were apprehended at sea and imprisoned in the United States in 1839?

They were eventually freed.

According to Northup, what would happen if slaves picked more cotton than expected in one day?

They were expected to pick as much or more the next day.

Why did the younger sons of wealthy planters from the 1830s to the 1850s often live in rougher quarters than their fathers?

They were forced to move to the frontier and work on isolated plantations.

Why were house slaves among the most feared by owners in the South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

They were in intimate contact with white families.

Why did men and women of the American middle class form the core of many reform movements in the 1830s and 1840s?

They were less tied to traditional ways than the wealthy.

How do the petitioners justify their claim to the land that they do not own?

They were loyal to the US when slave owners were not.

How might Tecumseh define the Indians compared to the Americans based on his speech?

They were more dependable

How did congressional Republicans respond to the black codes enacted by southern state legislatures in 1865 and thereafter?

They were outraged at what they saw was an attempt to undo the result of the Civil War.

Why did many Americans, even abolitionists, object to John Brown's actions?

They were too violent.

Why were skilled workers offended by the factory work organization of the 1830s?

They were treated as dependents rather than independent craftsmen.

In the late 1820s and early 1830s, what did free blacks in Cincinnati and Philadelphia have in common?

They were victims of white mob violence.

With which of the following statements about Union soldiers' motivations for enlisting would Manning agree, based on what is evident in the excerpt reproduced here?

Though soldiers wanted to end slavery, they largely were disinterested in racial equality.

How did slaves bring West African culture into Christian worship services?

Through the use of drums, conch shells, and dancing

Why was incumbent Martin Van Buren vulnerable in his 1840 reelection campaign?

Van Buren failed to intervene in the panic of 1837.

What was the only way for free blacks to avoid the Fugitive Slave Law according to this resolution?

Vigilant self defense

From 1820 to 1860, the largest concentration of slaves remained in

Virginia, Maryland, and South Carolina.

How did work at the Lowell mills change over the course of the nineteenth century?

Wages fell and hours lengthened.

The National Road ran from

Washington D.C. to St. Louis.

Which of the following terms best summarizes Vallandigham's characterization of the Civil War?

Wasteful

How does Nast depict the black leaders in his illustration?

Well-dressed but acting out

Why did most pioneers moving to the West in the 1840s and 1850s come from middling status?

Westward migration required a certain amount of funds.

Which of the following assumptions lies at the foundation of Angelina Grimké's analysis of slavery as she expresses it in this document?

White and black people are fundamentally the same.

According to his letter, how did Travis and his men initially respond to calls for a surrender?

With courageous determination

How did the growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers of the 1820s and after hope to achieve upward mobility?

With hard work

Why is owning land so important to the freedmen of Edisto Island?

With land, they could live independently in the future.

Why might the children of freed slaves find themselves in a vulnerable position following the Civil War?

Without a legal marriage for their parents, custody issues might arise if their parents separated.

According to Harriet Robinson, what was the greatest goal for which she fought?

Woman suffrage

What assumption about women forms the foundation of the Pastoral Letter to the Liberator (see Source 10.9)?

Women are dependent upon men.

Why did the Whigs invite women to participate in the presidential campaign of 1840?

Women embodied the kind of moral force the Whig Party sought to represent.

According to Robinson's memoir, which of the following applies to this era in history?

Women were increasingly active in political advocacy.

Robert Sutcliff's views on slavery were shaped by his status as

an Englishman and a Quaker.

The painting of New Orleans, 1841, shows the city as typical of southern urban centers in that it is

an active seaport.

In contrast to Johnson's views about Georgia, Thornton argues that secession in Alabama was

an effort to co-opt poor whites.

During the early decades following the Revolutionary War, even most white men could not vote because they

did not own property.

The authors of this peace petition argued that the Confederacy had treated North Carolina unfairly by

failing to recognize its citizens' extraordinary valor and patriotism.

According to Sumner, those who oppose the usurpation of the Kansas government by proslavery forces are carrying on the legacy of

martyrs for human rights.

Newly freed slaves' expressions of joy caused proslavery southern whites to feel

outraged and insulted by the happiness of the freed people.

The results of this election illustrate

regional division.

For civilians at home, the photograph of Union Soldiers in Camp suggests that a soldier's life was

relatively pleasant.

Despite their interpretive differences, both Friedman and Sinha argue that the immediatist movements had their roots, at least partially, in

religious movements.

What was the result of the U.S. victory over Mexico at the Battle of Cerro Gordo?

General Santa Anna lost power and Mexico sought peace.

What argument does Cain make to justify the large purchase of land for resale to freedmen?

It will ultimately bring money into the treasury.

Why did William H. Seward refuse to support the Compromise of 1850?

It would have forced Northerners to help hunt down fugitives from slavery.

According to William Lloyd Garrison, what determines the validity and legitimacy of a government's agreement or policy, such as the Constitution?

Its adherence to morality and the laws of God

What, according to John Marshall and the other justices, made the Cherokee Nation different from a fully sovereign nation?

Its reliance on the United States for protection

The 1835 cartoon entitled "Andrew Jackson as the Great Father" was intended to

emphasize the contradiction between Jackson's rhetoric and his policies regarding Indians.

In the proceedings from the New Jersey pro-Jackson convention, what did the speaker imply when he referred to Jackson as "an American, and nothing but an American"?

Jackson was a self-made man.

What effect did Anglo-American culture have on the lives of Seneca and other Indian women in the 1840s?

They lost traditional landowning and decision-making rights as they adopted Anglo-American traditions.

How did U.S. forces finally defeat the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1842?

They lured the Seminole chief into a trap with the promise of a peace settlement.

How did factory owners respond to the panic of 1837?

They mechanized with technologies like the power loom.

How did Congress ensure U.S. merchants could use an ancient Indian trail from Missouri to Santa Fe in the 1820s?

They negotiated a treaty with Indians for access to the trail.

How did most military and political officials feel about women's direct engagement in the Civil War?

They opposed it initially.

Why were some northern Democrats called "Copperheads" during the Civil War?

They opposed the war, a treacherous act like that of a copperhead snake.

What did the slaves who followed Nat Turner and the slaves aboard the Amistad have in common?

They outraged southern slave owners by opposing slavery.

Why did Sarah Grimké align the ministers who wrote the Pastoral letter with Cotton Mather?

They placed too much faith in poorly guided traditions.

What was John Ross's strategy for the advancement of the rights of Cherokee people in the United States in the early nineteenth century?

To encourage them to embrace Anglo-American religion and culture

Why did Albert Gallatin urge Congress to fund internal improvements during Jefferson's administration?

To enhance the nation's economic development

Why might the artist have chosen to depict Lady Liberty teaching the arts and sciences rather than free people working their own land or learning trade skills?

To equate the intellect of Africans and Europeans

Why did Noah Webster publish the American Spelling Book?

To establish an American standard for the English language

Why might Shulz have depicted all the slaves as women and all of the slave traders as men?

To expose the underlying power struggle of men and women

According to Lundy, why does the United States want to expand into Texas?

To give slave states more power

In addition to any possible affection, why might Elizabeth have married Joseph Geer?

To help care for the 17 children

Why, according to Johnson, did Georgian planters support secession in 1861?

To maintain their control of the state's political and social systems

Why might the Currier and Ives image have been made four years after the execution of John Brown?

To motivate abolitionists during the Civil War

Why would Southerners mention "the godly city of Boston, built up and sustained by the products of negro slave labor..."?

To point out northern hypocrisy

Why might Lewis and Clark have been so determined to keep the peace among the Indian nations?

To prepare for peaceful future settlements and trade

Why did British navy ships stop American ships in the Atlantic Ocean in the early nineteenth century?

To press thousands of sailors into military service

Why might Harrison have invited Tecumseh to visit the President of the United States?

To pressure him to accept the sale of lands

Why was it necessary to create the Freedman's Pauper Fund?

To prevent having to use white money on black "indigents"

Southerners were opposed to forced service in the Confederate army because they

felt it undermined the tradition of states' rights.

Why did educated men from Boston and Salem found the American Academy of Arts and Sciences during the early republic?

To promote American literature and build the scientific expertise of the new nation

Why might the authors have largely avoided focusing on Jackson's honored military service in their statement?

To prove he has other qualifications

Why does the Pawnee warrior Loots-Tow-Oots hold a sword in the photograph taken of him and his wife in 1868?

To recall his service in a Union cavalry unit during the war

In this dramatic speech to Congress, Charles Sumner accused South Carolina senator Andrew Butler of having a mistress. The alleged "mistress" Sumner describes is

slavery.

After January 1, 1863, a slave living in a place controlled by the Union army was

still considered a slave.

When Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, some legislators in the Upper South

still hoped for a compromise.

Why would the artist have included the Virginia state flag with its motto, "Sic Semper Tyrannis," or "Thus always to tyrants," in such a prominent position in the image?

To reference the tyranny of slavery against which Brown fought

Why would the authors mention the results of the 1824 election?

To remind Americans of the Corrupt Bargain

In its 1844 platform, the Liberty Party presented itself as the party

that represented the ideals of 1776.

According to William C. Nell, why is defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) justified?

A law that violated the law of God and the Constitution must not be obeyed.

Which of the following matches Lydia Maria Child's description of herself in these two letters?

A pacifist whose antislavery passions have led her to sometimes wish for civil war

According to Leonora Sansay, what did the white population of Saint Domingue hope would come of the arrival of General Rochambeau?

A return to a slave labor system

What did sharecropping represent for many African Americans in the Reconstruction South?

A state of virtual slavery

To what are the authors referring as northern "fanaticism"?

Abolition

Which of the following accurately describes the intended message of Samuel Jenning's "Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences"?

Abolition

Who would stand to benefit from the publication of Abdy's observations?

Abolitionists

Why were Andrew Jackson's claims that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had hatched a "corrupt bargain" to deny him the presidency in 1824 misguided?

Adams's and Clay's policy views overlapped significantly.

With which of the following statement would both Dunning and Franklin agree about Reconstruction state governments?

African Americans in charge of these governments were generally unfit for their task.

In what ways was sharecropping similar to the institution of slavery?

African Americans labored on the farms of white plantation owners.

What does John Binns claim is his purpose in creating the handbill images and text?

An honest examination of Jackson's actions

Although Andrew Jackson claimed to be representative of the "common man" as president, he was actually supported only by

white people.

Why did beauty "hasten the degradation of the female slave," according to Harriet Jacobs?

An attractive slave was more likely to be sexually abused by her owner.

According to Manning, U.S. soldiers began opposing slavery after

witnessing slavery firsthand.

To whom is Benjamin Lundy referring to when he mentions the "slaveholding interest...now paramount in the Executive Branch..."?

Andrew Jackson

In order to make his point most effectively, Stephen Symonds Foster employed which of the following tones in his writing?

Angry and inflammatory

What material provided Harriet Beecher Stowe with the basis for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)?

Autobiographies of former slaves

What did the economies of the North and South have in common between 1820 and 1850?

Both became more reliant on cotton.

What did the events underlying the panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise have in common?

Both involved the extension of cotton farming into new lands.

What did northern immigrants and poor southern whites have in common during the Civil War?

Both resented the leadership of elites.

What did the panic of 1819 and the crisis touched off by Missouri's bid for statehood have in common?

Both revealed the extent of regional economic differences.

What did the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) have in common?

Both were U.S. victories that paved the way for the acquisition of new lands for Americans to settle.

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 allowed Americans to trade with every nation except

Britain and France

Sanford makes which of the following distinctions between the United States and Great Britain?

Britain's government represents three estates, whereas the U.S. government represents only "the people."

How did craft work change over the course of the nineteenth century?

Fewer skilled craftsmen were required to complete the work.

How did the Lowell textile factory owners worsen working conditions of their female employees in the 1830s?

By speeding up the machines

How did slaves try to sustain their African heritage on southern plantations from the 1820s to the 1850s?

By using African names for themselves

What federal policy was unwelcome by most Southerners?

Confinement of slavery to the South

Which of the following assessments of changes in the nation's banking system during the Civil War is accurate?

Congress gave the federal government the power to take on national debt.

What impact did the invention of the cotton gin have on slavery?

Cotton plantations expanded, which increased reliance on slavery.

What group of planters was especially hard hit by the panic of 1819?

Cotton planters

What limited the ability of southern yeomen farmers to challenge the political control of southern planters from the 1830s to the 1850s?

Cotton remained the dominant crop of the South.

How did Finney appeal to Mrs. Matthews at the revival?

Created a sense of guilt

Why was the work of minister Charles Finney especially important and influential in Rochester, New York?

Finney converted many of the city's most influential people to a life of faith.

What was the goal of free blacks who opposed the American Colonization Society and its objectives?

To work for the abolition of slavery in the United States

What prompted the westward migration of Americans in the first quarter of the nineteenth century?

Exhaustion of farmland along the eastern seaboard

By what means did Edwin Epps keep discipline and order on his plantation?

Fear and violence

Advocates of secession claimed the federal government failed to enforce what key laws protecting the rights of slaveholders?

Fugitive Slave Act and Dred Scott decision

Why was education so unobtainable for so many in the South, black or white, following the Civil War?

Funding for teachers and supplies never kept up with demand.

The slave on trial for organizing an insurrection against whites framed his defense by comparing himself to whom?

George Washington

When Richard Allen said he believed the "great head of the church" would support him and his fellow black Methodists in founding their own church, he was referring to

God.

How did General Ulysses S. Grant defeat General Robert E. Lee late in the Civil War despite taking heavier losses on his way toward Richmond?

Grant had the larger army and could endure heavier losses.

How does the artist depict the freed peoples within the image?

Grateful and excited

Congregationalist ministers in Massachusetts criticized the Grimkés for their speeches in the 1830s because the

Grimkés were women speaking to a mixed crowd of men and women.

According to her memoir, what particular aspects of the war did Taylor have to learn to deal with as a part of her service?

Gruesome injuries

What did the Shoshone want most from either the Spanish or the Americans according to Meriwether Lewis' journal account?

Guns and ammunition

What drove Nat Turner to organize a slave revolt in rural Virginia in 1831?

He believed that God had given him this mission.

Why did Abraham Lincoln think that Southerners had to meet only minimum standards for their restoration of statehood?

He believed that Reconstruction should be a process of national reconciliation.

Why did James Madison veto much of the legislation funding federal transportation projects that Congress passed during his presidency?

He believed that they overreached federal constitutional authority.

How does Pike characterize the white members of South Carolina's legislature?

He calls them important and respectable men who represent the old civilization.

What position did nineteenth-century writer Washington Irving take on Indian-English conflicts?

He challenged colonial accounts that celebrated white atrocities.

Why did local authorities arrest Joseph Smith in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the mid-1830s?

He claimed to have received revelations that sanctioned polygamy.

What was Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward European nations at the beginning of his presidency?

He considered American isolation from Europe a great advantage.

In addition to the physical violations she faced, what seemed to upset Jacobs the most about her master's behavior?

He corrupted an innocent mind.

Why did President James Madison order territorial governor William Henry Harrison to attack Prophet Town?

He feared the growing power of the Shawnee brothers Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh.

According to the Albany County Resolution, why is John Quincy Adams a Whig?

He was an opportunist

On what grounds do the authors argue that Jackson is unqualified for the presidency?

His inexperience in public office

What did Lincoln suggest was necessary to inspire human beings and motivate them to work hard?

Hope

Why did Mary Reynolds use the term "n*****"?

It was the commonly accepted term for black people.

Which of the following properly characterizes the task system for southern slaves during the 1820s to 1850s?

It was typical on rice plantations.

Which can be implied about Brown's experience based on his description of the "negro-whip"?

It likely scarred him physically and mentally.

When fugitive slave Anthony Burns was ordered removed from Boston and returned to his master in the South, why were hundreds of ordinary citizens agonized by the process and trying to stop it?

It made them realize how powerless they were over the federal government.

What effect did the presence of Union troops in the South have on slaves?

It offered them hope and the taste of freedom.

What role did the Union army play in the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867?

It supervised the South, which was divided into five military districts during the process.

Why did the Cherokee march from their land in the Southeast to Indian Territory become known as the Trail of Tears?

It took longer than expected and many people died.

What does Abdy seem to think of the closeness of the slave pen to the American Capitol Building?

It was a negative message to send in the capitol of a free democracy.

With which of the following statements would both Keyssar as well as Horton and Horton agree about the democracy in the Age of Jackson?

Jacksonian democracy was for white men only; it was intentionally calculated and articulated to restrict black rights.

According to the authors, why are Jackson's opponents spreading lies and slander about him?

Jealousy

When Lottie Rollin wrote of "woman's ennobling influence," she was referring to

women's "natural" domestic and maternal roles, which made them nurturing and orderly.

New Lights were most likely to be members of which political party?

Jeffersonians

How did the United States end up occupying the Oregon Territory jointly with Great Britain in the early nineteenth century?

John Quincy Adams negotiated the settlement in London.

In what way was Cain's idea out of the norm for antebellum Southern Democrat political tactics and goals?

Large involvement of the federal government

What characterization describes the Republican Party at the time of the election of 1860?

Largely sectional

What percentage of the popular vote did Abraham Lincoln receive in the election of 1860?

Less than 40 percent

According to her account, what part of Suzy King Taylor's experience was affected by her race?

Little to nothing was different in her account.

Which of the following conclusions can be supported by evidence in the ad on Andrew Jackson's escaped slave?

Many southern whites, whether they owned slaves or not, participated in the policing of African Americans' movements and activities.

Based on Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey's report, what were the fears of Southern whites that he was trying to address in his statement?

Mass exodus of freedmen leaving no laborers

What does Timothy Claimright argue will happen in Missouri before Maine will "yield" to the creation of a slave state?

Missourians will farm their own land without slaves

Why did President Monroe add a codicil to a treaty with Russia that declared the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence in the early 1820s?

Monroe wanted to challenge European authority in the Atlantic world.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the results of the 1860 presidential election?

Most of the southern states voted for John Breckinridge.

Which of the following was true about free blacks in the South from the 1830s to the 1850s?

Most states forbade free blacks who left the state from returning.

The results of the strike reflected which of the following statements regarding the strength of such activities in the early nineteenth century?

Most strikes resulted in little to no improvement in working conditions, if not a deterioration of conditions.

What do Emery and Abbott feel makes women particularly suited to abolition activism?

Most women were more sympathetic than men.

The authors of the Virginia Agricultural Society's petition argued that the proposed tariff was unfair because it

would be borne primarily by farmers, who depended on imported goods.

Of what does Binns accuse Andrew Jackson?

Murder

What can be implied about Native American relations in the west according to William Clark's journal?

Native American relations were complex and fluid.

Which of the following is true about public assistance in the United States in the 1840s?

Nearly every town provided some form of public assistance.

Based on his language, how did Edward Strutt Abdy view the institution of slavery?

Negative

Why was Mexico's hold on New Mexico still weak by the mid-1840s?

New Mexicans flouted Mexican authority to trade with Indians.

Conclusion: Despite nearly unrelenting discrimination, free blacks in the early Republic maintained pride in themselves and waged persistent efforts to secure their own place in American society. Evidence: Source 8.5: "Bobalition Broadside"

No

What encouraged husbands and wives to work more closely in their domestic enterprises in the early nineteenth century?

New ideas of companionate marriage

Why was it challenging for election organizers to determine who had the right to vote on the Kansas referendum about slavery?

New people settled in the region daily hoping to influence the vote.

What effect did the development of new technology in the 1830s and 1840s have on factory workers?

New technology displaced workers in some industries but created new industries and new jobs for others.

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "Go on, in these practices—we do not wish nor mean to interfere, for the rescue of your victims, even by expostulation or warning—we like your company too well to offend you by denouncing your conduct. . . . Go on, from bad to worse—add link to link to the chains upon the bodies of your victims—add constantly to the intolerable burdens under which they groan—and if, goaded to desperation by your cruelties; they should rise to assert their rights and redress their wrongs, fear nothing—we are pledged, by a sacred compact, to shoot them like dogs and rescue you from their vengeance!"— Source 10.1: William Lloyd Garrison, On the Constitution and the Union

No

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "You will agree with me, I think, that slaveholding involves the commission of all the crimes specified in my first charge, viz., theft, adultery, man-stealing, piracy, and murder. But should you have any doubts on this subject, they will be easily removed by analyzing this atrocious outrage on the laws of God, and the rights and happiness of man, and examining separately the elements of which it is composed. Wesley, the celebrated founder of the Methodists, once denounced it as the 'sum of all villainies.' Whether it be the sum of all villainies, or not, I will not here express an opinion; but that it is the sum of at least five, and those by no means the least atrocious in the catalogue of human aberrations, will require but a small tax on your patience to prove."— Source 10.3: Stephen Symonds Foster, The Brotherhood of Thieves

No

Conclusion: Although the Cherokee Nation adopted many white values, including Christianity, private property, and republican government, the Jackson administration refused their pleas for continued autonomy and resorted to deceitful means to displace them from their land after 1835. Evidence: "[A] speedy removal . . . will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions; will retard the progress of decay, which is lessening their numbers, and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels, to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community."—Source 11.1: Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message

No

Conclusion: Although the Cherokee Nation adopted many white values, including Christianity, private property, and republican government, the Jackson administration refused their pleas for continued autonomy and resorted to deceitful means to displace them from their land after 1835. Evidence: Source 11.4: Andrew Jackson as the Great Father

No

Conclusion: As the U.S. Congress debated about how to solve the nation's economic problems, northern manufacturers called for higher tariffs to protect U.S. products while southern farmers argued that such tariffs would only worsen their economic problems. Evidence: "Agriculture languishes—farmers cannot find profit in hiring laborers. The increase of produce in the United States is greater than any increase of consumpt that may be pointed out elsewhere. To increase the quantity of provisions, then, without enlarging the numbers who eat them, will only be diminishing the price father."—Source 9.2: James Flint, Account of the Panic

No

Conclusion: As the U.S. Congress debated about how to solve the nation's economic problems, northern manufacturers called for higher tariffs to protect U.S. products while southern farmers argued that such tariffs would only worsen their economic problems. Evidence: "We have to apprehend the oppression of minorities, and a disposition to encroach on private right—to disturb chartered privileges—and to weaken, degrade, and overawe the administration of justice; we have to apprehend the establishment of unequal, and consequently, unjust systems of taxation, and all the mischiefs of a crude and mutable legislation."—Source 9.4: James Kent, Arguments against Expanding Male Voting Rights

No

Conclusion: As the U.S. Congress debated about how to solve the nation's economic problems, northern manufacturers called for higher tariffs to protect U.S. products while southern farmers argued that such tariffs would only worsen their economic problems. Evidence: Source 9.1: Auction in Chatham Square

No

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "In short, we hold [slavery] to be a system of lawless violence; that it never was lawful, and never can be made so; and that it is the first duty of every American citizen, whose conscience permits so to do, to use his political as well as his moral power for its overthrow."—Source 10.5: Frederick Douglass, Abolitionism and the Constitution

No

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "Resolved, That we hereby give it to be distinctly understood by this Nation and the world that, as Abolitionists, considering that the strength of our cause lies in its righteousness, and our hope for it, in our conformity to the laws of God and our respect for the rights of man, we owe it to the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, as a proof of our allegiance to Him, in all our civil relations and offices, whether as private citizens or public functionaries sworn to support the Constitution of the United States, to regard and to treat the third clause of the fourth article of that instrument, whenever applied to the case of a fugitive slave, as utterly null and void, and consequently as forming no part of the Constitution of the United States whenever we are called upon or sworn to support it."— Source 10.4: Liberty Party Platform

No

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "Are you willing to enslave your children? You start back with horror and indignation at such a question. But why, if slavery is no wrong to those upon whom it is imposed? why, if as has often been said, slaves are happier than their masters, freedom from the cares and perplexities of providing for themselves and their families? why not place your children in the way of being supported without your having the trouble to provide for them, or they for themselves?"— Source 10.2: Angelina Grimké, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South

No

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "Slaveholding loses none of its enormity by a voyage across the Atlantic, nor by baptism into the Christian name. It is piracy in Africa; it is piracy in America; it is piracy the wide world over; and the American slaveholder, though he possess all the sanctity of the ancient Pharisees, and make prayers as numerous and long, is a pirate still; a base, profligate adulterer, and wicked contemner [condemner] of the holy institution of marriage; identical in moral character with the African slave-trader, and guilty of a crime which, if committed on a foreign coast, he must expiate on the gallows."— Source 10.3: Stephen Symonds Foster, The Brotherhood of Thieves

No

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "We pledge you our physical strength, by the sacredness of the national compact—a compact by which we have enabled you already to plunder, persecute and destroy two millions of slaves, who now lie beneath the sod; and by which we now give you the same piratical license to prey upon a much larger number of victims and all their posterity."— Source 10.1: William Lloyd Garrison, On the Constitution and the Union

No

Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: "The results of the war, as seen in reconstruction, have settled forever the political status of my race. The passage of this bill will determine the civil status, not onlyof the Negro, but of any other class of citizens who may feel themselves discriminatedagainst. It will form the cap-stone of that temple of liberty, begun on thiscontinent under discouraging circumstances, carried on in spite of the sneers of monarchists and the cavils of pretended friends of freedom, until at last it stands, in all its beautiful symmetry and proportions, a building the grandest which the world has ever seen, realizing the most sanguine expectations and the highest hopes of those who, in the name of equal, impartial, and universal liberty, laid the foundation-stone."—Source 14.3: Robert Brown Elliott, In Defense of the Civil Rights Bill

No

Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: "We protest against any code of black laws the Legislature of this State may enact, and pray to be governed by the same laws that control other men. The right to assemble in peaceful convention, to discuss the political questions of the day; the right to enter upon all the avenues of agriculture, commerce, trade; to amass wealth by thrift and industry; the right to develop our whole being by all the appliances that belong to civilized society, cannot be questioned by any class of intelligent legislators."—Source 14.1: Colored People's Convention of South Carolina, Memorial to Congress

No

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: Source 13.1: "Sowing and Reaping"

No

Conclusion: Despite Stephen Douglas's efforts to paint Abraham Lincoln as one of the Republican Party's radical abolitionists, in 1858 Abraham Lincoln's positions on abolitionism and black equality represented those held by the party's dominant moderate wing. Evidence: "The outrage upon Charles Sumner made me literally ill for several days. It brought on nervous headache and painful suffocations about the heart. If I could only have done something, it would have loosened that tight ligature that seemed to stop the flowing of my blood. But I never was one who knew how to serve the Lord by standing and waiting; and to stand and wait then! It almost drove me mad."—Source 12.3: Lydia Maria Child, Letters to Mrs. S. B. Shaw

No

Conclusion: Despite nearly unrelenting discrimination, free blacks in the early Republic maintained pride in themselves and waged persistent efforts to secure their own place in American society. Evidence: "[He] will pass for a free man, as I am informed he has obtained by some means, certificates as such—took with him a drab great-coat, dark mixed body coat, a ruffled shirt, cotton home spun shirts, and overalls. He will make for Detroit, through the states of Kentucky and Ohio, or the upper part of Louisiana."—Source 8.1: Andrew Jackson, Runaway Slave Advertisement

No

Southern senators blocked Maine's admission to statehood because Maine

would have given more power in the Senate to free states.

Conclusion: Despite the daily brutality they faced, enslaved African Americans regularly used a variety of strategies to resist both the institution of slavery and white society's efforts to dehumanize them. Evidence: "The ultimate and final abolition of slavery in the United States, by the operation of various causes, is, under the guidance and protection of a just God, progressing. Every year witnesses the release of numbers of the victims of oppression, and affords new and safe assurances that the freedom of all will in the end be accomplished."—Source 8.4: Free Blacks in Philadelphia Oppose Colonization

No

Conclusion: Despite the daily brutality they faced, enslaved African Americans regularly used a variety of strategies to resist both the institution of slavery and white society's efforts to dehumanize them. Evidence: Source 8.5: "Bobalition Broadside"

No

Conclusion: Despite their rhetoric about liberty and equality, most whites in the United States viewed African Americans—both free and enslaved—as inferior and used that perception as the rationale for depriving them of their civil and political rights and for the continued existence of slavery in the new Republic. Evidence: "Eloped from the subscriber, living near Nashville, on the 25th of June last, a Mulatto Man Slave, about thirty years old, six feet and an inch high, stout made and active, talks sensible, stoops in his walk, and has a remarkably large foot, broad across the root of the toes."—Source 8.1: Andrew Jackson, Runaway Slave Advertisement

No

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: "Resolved, That the course of the administration at Richmond towards North-Carolina has been any thing but fair. While she has put more men in the field than any other State according to population, and while her sons have every where fought and charged the enemy with unsurpassed courage, she receives but little credit for valor or patriotism, and has fewer Generals than any other State to command her troops. Our people have long complained of this injustice, but thus far their complaints have been disregarded."—Source 13.4: Calls for Peace in North Carolina

No

Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: "Here, then, is the outcome, the ripe, perfected fruit of the boasted civilization of the South, after two hundred years of experience. A white community, that had gradually risen from small beginnings, till it grew into wealth, culture, and refinement, and became accomplished in all the arts of civilization; that successfully asserted its resistance to a foreign tyranny by deeds of conspicuous valor, which achieved liberty and independence through the fire and tempest of civil war, and illustrated itself in the councils of the nation by orators and statesmen worthy of any age or nation."—Source 14.4: James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State

No

Conclusion: The Cherokee nation resisted removal to the West by citing the success of its Americanization efforts and fighting Jackson's policies in public and in the courts, where it won some battles and lost others. Evidence: "And we sincerely hope there is no consideration which can induce our citizens to forsake the land of our fathers of which they have been in possession from time immemorial, and thus compel us, against our will, to undergo the toils and difficulties of removing with our helpless families hundreds of miles to unhealthy and unproductive country."—Source 11.2: Petition of the Women's Councils to the Cherokee National Council

No

Conclusion: The Republican Party attracted both ardent abolitionists and Americans who cared only about keeping the western territories open to settlement by free white laborers whose ambitions for social mobility depended on it. Evidence: "I have reason to recollect that some people in this country think that Fred Douglass is a very good man. The last time I came here to make a speech, while talking from the stand to you, people of Freeport, as I am doing to-day, I saw a carriage—and a magnificent one it was,—drive up and take a position on the outside of the crowd; a beautiful young lady was sitting on the box-seat, whilst Fred Douglass and her mother reclined inside, and the owner of the carriage acted as driver. I saw this in your own town."—Stephen Douglas's remarks in Source 12.5: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

No

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 had a devastating impact on the American economy, causing many business failures and widespread poverty among farmers and laborers. Evidence: "Society is an association for the protection of property as well as of life, and the individual who contributes only one cent to the common stock ought not to have the same power and influence in directing the property concerns of the partnership as he who contributes his thousands. He will not have the same inducements to care, diligence, and fidelity."—Source 8.4: James Kent, Arguments against Expanding Male Voting Rights

No

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 had a devastating impact on the American economy, causing many business failures and widespread poverty among farmers and laborers. Evidence: "[T]he interests of dealers and consumers necessarily conflict with each other, the first always aiming to narrow, whilst the latter, who form the majority of every nation, as constantly endeavor to enlarge competition; by which enlargement alone extravagant prices and exorbitant profits are prevented, it is the duty of every wise and just government to secure the consumers against both exorbitant profits and extravagant prices by leaving competition as free and open as possible."—Source 9.3: Virginia Agricultural Society, Antitariff Petition

No

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 led to debates about the need for political reforms, including the abolition of the property requirement for voting, especially by those groups who felt the government was not responsive to the needs of the laboring classes. Evidence: "Labourers and mechanics are in want of employment. I think I have seen upwards of 1500 men in quest of work within eleven months past, and many of these declared, that they had no money. Newspapers and private letters agree in stating, that wages are so low as eighteen and three-fourth cents (about ten-pence) per day with board, at Philadelphia, and some other places."—Source 9.2: James Flint, Account of the Panic

No

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 led to debates about the need for political reforms, including the abolition of the property requirement for voting, especially by those groups who felt the government was not responsive to the needs of the laboring classes. Evidence: Source 9.1: Auction in Chatham Square

No

What does McKenzie reveal about the Lewis and Clark expedition regarding experiences with the local Native Americans that they encountered?

Not all interactions were positive nor were all violent or aggressive.

Which American city counted more than 100,000 residents by 1810?

Philadelphia

What type of activism was considered acceptable by the church leaders?

Prayer and church ministry

Which of the following exposed soldiers most to disease and starvation during the Civil War?

Prisoner-of-war camps

What effect did the Civil War have on the economy of the North?

Production, efficiency, and jobs all increased.

Why did one-third of Whigs desert their party to vote for Democrat Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election?

Proslavery Whigs wanted to vote for a candidate who was firmly in favor of protecting slavery.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the presidential election of 1876?

Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote.

The Cherokee women's petition implies that they had which of the following concerns about Jackson's proposed policy?

Some Cherokees would have an interest in accepting the U.S. government's offer to buy their land and relocate them.

How did the Indians view the Corps of Discovery according to McKenzie's narrative?

Selfish and useless

What does the author claim that northerners would want to do with John Brown's gallows and execution rope?

Sell pieces for money

From her diary account of the Union army's march through Columbia, South Carolina, how did Eleanor Cohen Seixas feel about General William Sherman's presence in her hometown?

She hated him for destroying the city and ruining her way of life.

How does Selah Matthew's conversion reflect traditional concepts of women?

She is described as having childlike behavior.

How did Mrs. Statts finally escape the rioters?

She left the city on foot and reached New Jersey.

Why was Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas wary about Jefferson Davis's plan to allow slaves to fight in the Confederate forces?

She saw it as an indication that the Confederate forces had become depleted and weak.

Which of the following points does Angelina Grimké emphasize to appeal to her readers specifically as women?

She suggests that they consider whether they would willingly enslave their children.

On what grounds did Professor Thomas Dew of the College of William and Mary defend slavery in the 1830s?

Slavery turned Africans from "brute beasts" into civilized Christians.

In their letter to the Liberator, which of the following is an argument that Elizabeth Emery and Mary P. Abbott construct to oppose slavery?

Slaves are intelligent human beings who should not be possessed as chattel.

How does the artist depict the freedman in the Freedmen's Bureau Bill?

Sloppily-dressed and lazy

According to Thomas Jefferson's letter to Rufus King, why should removal of rebelling slaves outside the country be an alternative to execution?

So many executions conducted at once were seen as cruel.

Based on the actions of the women and the result of the strike at the Lowell Factory, what can you learn about participation in strikes during the early nineteenth century?

Some strike leaders suffered repercussions due to their roles in the action.

Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Shepherd Pike's argument about the result of Reconstruction in South Carolina?

South Carolina is being ruled by the bottom ranks of its society.

Who was likely to benefit the most from the publication of this image?

Southern Democrats

When Congress reconvened in 1867, moderate Republicans had come to agree with radicals that

Southern blacks needed the right to vote.

How did southern slavery change from the 1820s to the 1840s?

Southern states passed more stringent slave codes.

In the nineteenth century, what did southern planters, yeomen farmers, and middle-class professionals have in common?

Support for slavery

What emotion does the image of the auction in Chatham Square attempt to evoke from its audience?

Sympathy

What triggered the creation of a pan-Indian alliance in the Ohio River valley in the 1790s?

The Indians' defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers inspired their resistance.

On what point do the authors give Jackson "his full share of the glory"?

The Battle of New Orleans

What made the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia of 1832 a victory for the Cherokee tribe?

The Court ruled that the federal government protected both Cherokee territory and rights.

Gallagher asserts that until late 1862, Union soldiers were willing to leave slavery intact in exchange for ending the war. Which of the following events, therefore, does Gallagher infer re-oriented war aims in the soldiers' minds?

The Emancipation Proclamation

Who helped push back Confederate forces in a battle in Missouri in October 1862?

The First Kansas Colored Volunteers

What did this decision of the Supreme Court state about Indians' relationship to the land they occupied at the time?

The Indians had a right to the lands they occupied until they ceded it voluntarily to the United States government.

Andrew Jackson argues that relocating the Indians will protect them from "immediate contact with settlements of whites," "free them from the power of the States," and "retard the progress of decay, which is lessening their numbers." With whom does Jackson place the blame for the conflicts he alludes to here?

The Indians themselves

Why were most plantations in the South relatively small prior to the 1840s?

The availability of fertile land was limited.

What drove Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to push for the Embargo Act?

They hoped to force Great Britain to recognize American neutrality.

How might Carey and Kempshall differ in their perspectives on how the rich could help their respective organizations?

The rich can hire women for Carey or donate funds to Kempshall

Which of the following outcomes was part of Richard H. Cain's appeal for the sale of land to southern freedmen (see Source 14.7)?

The sale of land will lessen the dependency of freedmen on the government.

Why did southern blacks enter into tenant contracts with large landowners to become sharecroppers from the late 1860s onward?

They lacked the capital to buy farms on their own.

How did Northerners react to the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter in April 1861?

They lined up behind President Lincoln's call for war.

Which of the following is true about northern teachers who traveled south to set up schools for the children of former slaves?

Their attitudes were often paternalistic, and they segregated the students.

On what factor did the Mandans base much of their views towards William Clark and the Corps of Discovery?

Their gift giving

What does Grimke argue men have taken from women that women are called by Biblical scripture to share?

Their influence

Why were African Americans so eager to interpret the Bible for themselves after the Civil War?

Their masters had claimed that the Bible sanctioned black slavery.

Why did some slaves not find out about emancipation for months, even years, after the Civil War ended?

Their masters, especially in remote locations, withheld the news.

How did housework change for American middle-class women after the 1820s?

Their work became less visible.

What led to the acceptance of women serving as military nurses?

There was a severe shortage of nurses and doctors.

What effect did Supreme Court rulings in cases such as Slaughterhouse (1873) and United States v. Cruikshank (1876) have on black civil rights?

These cases narrowed the Fourteenth Amendment, reducing black civil rights.

Why did African American community organizations in the South almost exclusively use churches for meetings in the post-Civil War era?

These were the largest structures available to freedpeople.

How did the Comanche empire end up undermining its own expansion in the 1850s?

They allowed too many bison to be killed.

What can the reader infer about why the Colored People's Convention of South Carolina submitted this appeal to Congress in 1865?

They anticipated the development of a legal system in which whites and blacks were afforded different rights and restrictions.

In the mid-nineteenth century, what inspired so many middle-class Protestants to participate in reform movements?

They believed in a social gospel.

How did Christian abolitionists respond to the reluctance of larger denominations to denounce human bondage in the 1830s?

They broke with their denominations and formed antislavery union churches.

How did northern manufacturers hope to revive the economy in the wake of the panic of 1819?

They called for higher tariffs.

How did the Democratic-Republicans in Congress change between 1800 and 1815?

They came to support the expansion of federal authority.

What did Irish immigrants and free black workers have in common in nineteenth-century cities?

They competed for jobs at the bottom of the economic ladder.

Why did New England farm girls of the early nineteenth century consider work in factory towns like Lowell an adventure?

They could acquire a wider view of the world.

Why did Jefferson Davis and his advisers choose to attack Fort Sumter in April 1861?

They could not permit a foreign power on the territory of the Confederacy.

Why did Liberal Republicans challenge the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872?

They criticized the Grant administration for its corruption.

How did the "forty-niners" shape California in the late 1840s and early 1850s?

They destroyed the environment where they sought gold.

Why did women not try to pursue their reform goals through direct political participation in the 1830s and 1840s?

They did not have the right to vote.

How does Thoreau argue Americans are criminals in comparison to John Brown?

They did not stand up to slavery like he did.

What did the cases of Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland have in common?

They enhanced the powers of the federal government.

How were Elizabeth and Cornelius Smith as well as Joseph Geer reflective of the time period and the Western migration experience?

They faced many difficulties but overcame them.

How did Southerners create a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction?

They formed interracial political coalitions.

What is the significance of the lower social classes depicted at the rear of the crowd in the image?

They reveal the inclusion but separation of commoners

How did southern blacks of the Reconstruction period feel about politics?

They saw it as a community responsibility.

Why did many Northerners believe in 1850 that America's international reputation was suffering?

They saw the slave trade in the District of Columbia as a horrid spectacle.

Which of following characterized the role of women in the frontier colleges of the early nineteenth century?

They served as maternal figures and agents of social refinement.

How did the Indians respond to the American's request not to cause war?

They sought revenge on another tribe

Why did abolitionist lecturers tour Britain in the early years of the 1860s?

They sought to prevent the British from recognizing the Confederacy.

Why did the authors of this document oppose the idea of sending those who still lived as slaves to Africa as part of the process of emancipation?

They still had enslaved friends and family and were committed to maintaining those ties.

How did most ordinary Americans respond to efforts of the Democratic-Republican Party to use the power of the federal government to invest in infrastructures?

They supported them because such plans advanced industry and agriculture.

What does Jacob's narrative and experience reveal about slave owners' wives?

They too had to deal with the misdeeds of slave masters

How did some states try to defy the Constitution and the Supreme Court in the wake of the panic of 1819?

They tried to tax branches of the Bank of the United States.

Why did so many freedpeople move to establish legal marriages after the end of the Civil War?

They wanted to enjoy the rights and legal status that had long been denied them.

Why did California's political leaders decide to apply for admission to the Union as a free state in the winter of 1849?

They wanted to keep the state's population white

Why did southern senators oppose the admission of Maine as a state in 1819?

They wanted to maintain the balance of power in the Senate.

Why did employers across the country ask the federal government to remove troops from the South in 1877?

They wanted troops dispatched against striking workers in the North and West.

What distinguished products—like shoes—made in factories after the 1820s from those made in the old craft tradition?

They were cheaper.

Why did Virginia and Maryland have more extensive rail networks in the 1850s than other southern states?

They were close to the nation's capital.

How does Northup describe the aspects of his life that were not occupied by hard field labor?

Tiring and harsh

Why was she instructed not to use anyone's name during the home invasion and rape?

To avoid accusations or prosecution after the fact

Why would the Corps of Discovery be willing to help negotiate peace between the Ricaras and the Mandans?

To create peace for future settlements

What was the purpose of exchanging gifts according to Clark's journal narrative?

To demonstrate good will

Why did farm families in early-nineteenth-century New England send their daughters to work in textile factories?

To earn cash for the growing market economy

In 1844, Mexico, Britain, and the Comanches united in contesting newly elected President James K. Polk's position favoring

U.S. expansion into Oregon and Mexico.

To which audience would the interpretation of the Richmond Bread Riot reproduced here appeal?

U.S. federal officeholders

Why did Thomas Freeman equate fighting for the Union Army with slavery (see Source 13.9)?

Under both conditions, men were not compensated for perpetual labor.

What sentiment does Frederick Douglass's announcement express about his former political ally William Lloyd Garrison?

Understanding and gratitude

For Gallagher, which of the following was the primary rationale for men to enlist in Union forces?

Unionism

Why did the westward expansion of cotton production shatter black families between the 1820s and 1840s?

Westward expansion extended the slave trade within the South.

What led New England farm girls to resign from working in the mills and return to their family farms in the 1840s?

Working conditions became increasingly unbearable.

What made the formation of the first political workingmen's party in Philadelphia a sensible move for workers in 1827?

Workingmen gained the right to vote at that time.

According to Flint's account of the panic of 1819, which of the following groups was most negatively affected by the crisis?

Workmen

Which of the following groups received the harshest penalties for adultery, interracial employment or assembly?

White men

What did the Declaration of Sentiments of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention call for?

Women's equality

In her appeal for universal suffrage, what concession does Lottie Rollin make?

Women's place is naturally and primarily in the private sphere of the home.

Conclusion: A proponent of expanding white settlement in the West, Andrew Jackson opposed Indians' claim to sovereignty within the United States and pursued policies that aimed to force their migration to new lands west of the Mississippi River. Evidence: "By opening the whole territory between Tennessee on the north and Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites it will incalculably strengthen the southwestern frontier and render the adjacent States strong enough to repel future invasions without remote aid. It will relieve the whole State of Mississippi and the western part of Alabama of Indian occupancy, and enable those States to advance rapidly in population, wealth, and power."—Source 11.1: Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message

Yes

Conclusion: A proponent of expanding white settlement in the West, Andrew Jackson opposed Indians' claim to sovereignty within the United States and pursued policies that aimed to force their migration to new lands west of the Mississippi River. Evidence: "We believe the present plan of the General Government to effect our removal West of the Mississippi, and thus obtain our lands for the use of the State of Georgia, to be highly oppressive, cruel, and unjust."—Source 11.2: Petition of the Women's Councils to the Cherokee National Council

Yes

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "Resolved, That we regard voting in an eminent degree as a moral and religious duty, which, when exercised, should be by voting for those who will do all in their power for immediate emancipation. . . . Resolved, That we hereby give it to be distinctly understood by this Nation and the world that, as Abolitionists, considering that the strength of our cause lies in its righteousness, and our hope for it, in our conformity to the laws of God and our respect for the rights of man, we owe it to the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, as a proof of our allegiance to Him, in all our civil relations and offices, whether as private citizens or public functionaries sworn to support the Constitution of the United States."— Source 10.4: Liberty Party Platform

Yes

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "The debate on the resolution relative to anti-slavery newspapers [at the annual meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society] assumed such a character as to make it our duty to define the position of the North Star in respect to the Constitution of the United States. The ground having been distinctly taken, that no paper ought to receive the recommendation of the American Anti-Slavery Society that did not assume the Constitution to be a pro-slavery document, we felt in honor bound to announce at once to our old anti-slavery companions that we no longer possessed the requisite qualification for their official approval and commendation; and to assure them that we had arrived at the firm conviction that the Constitution, construed in the light of well established rules of legal interpretation, might be made consistent in its details with the noble purposes avowed in its preamble; and that hereafter we should insist upon the application of such rules to that instrument, and demand that it be wielded in behalf of emancipation."—Source 10.5: Frederick Douglass, Abolitionism and the Constitution

Yes

Conclusion: Although the Cherokee Nation adopted many white values, including Christianity, private property, and republican government, the Jackson administration refused their pleas for continued autonomy and resorted to deceitful means to displace them from their land after 1835. Evidence: "The instrument in question is not the act of our Nation; we are not parties to its covenants; it has not received the sanction of our people. The makers of it sustain no office nor appointment in our Nation, under the designation of Chiefs, Head men, or any other title, by which they hold, or could acquire, authority to assume the reins of Government, and to make bargain and sale of our rights, our possessions, and our common country. And we are constrained solemnly to declare, that we cannot but contemplate the enforcement of the stipulations of this instrument on us, against our consent, as an act of injustice and oppression, which, we are well persuaded, can never knowingly be countenanced by the Government and people of the United States; nor can we believe it to be the design of these honorable and highminded individuals, who stand at the head of the Govt., to bind a whole Nation, by the acts of a few unauthorized individuals."—Source 11.5: John Ross, On the Treaty of New Echota

Yes

Conclusion: Although the Cherokee Nation adopted many white values, including Christianity, private property, and republican government, the Jackson administration refused their pleas for continued autonomy and resorted to deceitful means to displace them from their land after 1835. Evidence: "We the females, residing in Salequoree and Pine Log, believing that the present difficulties and embarrassments under which this nation is placed demands a full expression of the mind of every individual, on the subject of emigrating to Arkansas, would take upon ourselves to address you. Although it is not common for our sex to take part in public measures, we nevertheless feel justified in expressing our sentiments on any subject where our interest is as much at stake as any other part of the community."—Source 11.2: Petition of the Women's Councils to the Cherokee National Council

Yes

Conclusion: Americans who led the Republican Party in its first few years argued against the extension of slavery into the territories and advanced a program advocating economic development in order to attract a broad base of support. Evidence: ". . .[O]ur republican fathers, when they had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, it becomes our duty to maintain this provision of the constitution, against all attempts to violate it for the purpose of establishing slavery in the United States, by positive legislation prohibiting its existence or extension therein; that we deny the authority of congress, of a territorial legislature, of any individual or association of individuals to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States while the present Constitution shall be maintained."—Source 12.2: Republican Party Platform

Yes

Conclusion: Americans who led the Republican Party in its first few years argued against the extension of slavery into the territories and advanced a program advocating economic development in order to attract a broad base of support. Evidence: "The men who strive to bring back the government to its original policy, when Freedom and not Slavery was national, while Slavery and not Freedom was sectional, he arraigns as sectional. This will not do. It involves too great a perversion of terms. I tell that senator that it is to himself, and to the "organization" of which he is the "committed advocate," that this epithet belongs. I now fasten it upon them. For myself, I care little for names; but, since the question has been raised here, I affirm that the Republican party of the Union is in no just sense sectional, but, more than any other party, national."—Source 12.3: Charles Sumner, The Crime against Kansas

Yes

Conclusion: Americans who led the Republican Party in its first few years argued against the extension of slavery into the territories and advanced a program advocating economic development in order to attract a broad base of support. Evidence: "Twenty-five years ago I was a hired laborer. The hired laborer of yesterday labors on his own account to-day, and will hire others to labor for him to-morrow. Advancement—improvement in condition—is the order of things in a society ofequals."—Source 12.1: Abraham Lincoln, On Slavery

Yes

Conclusion: Americans who led the Republican Party in its first few years argued against the extension of slavery into the territories and advanced a program advocating economic development in order to attract a broad base of support. Evidence: "What a shame the women can't vote! We'd carry our "Jessie" into the White House on our shoulders; wouldn't we? Never mind! Wait a while! Woman stock is rising in the market. I shall not live to see women vote; but I'll come and rap at the ballot-box. Won't you? I never was bitten by politics before; but such mighty issues are depending on this election that I cannot be indifferent."—Source 12.4: Lydia Maria Child, Letters to Mrs. S. B. Shaw and Miss Lucy Osgood

Yes

Conclusion: As the U.S. Congress debated about how to solve the nation's economic problems, northern manufacturers called for higher tariffs to protect U.S. products while southern farmers argued that such tariffs would only worsen their economic problems. Evidence: "That although these attempts are sustained in the plausible pretext of 'promoting national industry,' they are calculated (we will not say in design, but certainly in effect) to produce a tax highly impolitic in its nature, partial in its operation, and oppressive in its effects: a tax, in fact, to be levied principally on the great body of agriculturalists, who constitute a large majority of the whole American people. . ."—Source 9.3: Virginia Agricultural Society, Antitariff Petition

Yes

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "I said at your meeting, among other things, that the American church and clergy, as a body, were thieves, adulterers, man-stealers, pirates, and murderers; that the Methodist Episcopal church was more corrupt and profligate than anyhouse of ill-fame in the city of New York; that the Southern ministers of that body were desirous of perpetuating slavery for the purpose of supplying themselves with concubines from among its hapless victims; and that many of our clergymen were guilty of enormities that would disgrace an Algerine pirate!!"— Source 10.3: Stephen Symonds Foster, The Brotherhood of Thieves

Yes

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "There is much declamation about the sacredness of the compact which was formed between the free and slave states, on the adoption of the Constitution. A sacred compact, forsooth! We pronounce it the most bloody and heaven-daringarrangement ever made by men for the continuance and protection of a system of the most atrocious villainy ever exhibited on earth."— Source 10.1: William Lloyd Garrison, On the Constitution and the Union

Yes

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "[W]e ha[ve] arrived at the firm conviction that the Constitution, construed in the light of well established rules of legal interpretation, might be made consistent in its details with the noble purposes avowed in its preamble; and that hereafter we should insist upon the application of such rules to that instrument, and demand that it be wielded in behalf of emancipation."— Source 10.5: Frederick Douglass, Abolitionism and the Constitution

Yes

Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: "In the place of this old aristocratic society stands the rude form of the most ignorant democracy that mankind ever saw, invested with the functions of government. It is the dregs of the population habilitated in the robes of their intelligent predecessors, and asserting over them the rule of ignorance and corruption, through the inexorable machinery of a majority of numbers. It is barbarism overwhelming civilization by physical force. It is the slave rioting in the halls of his master, and putting that master under his feet. And, though it is done without malice and without vengeance, it is nevertheless none the less completely and absolutely done."—Source 14.4: James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State

Yes

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: "And were men wanted? More than a million rushed to arms! Seventy-five thousand first (and the country stood aghast at the multitude), then eighty-three thousand more were demanded; and three hundred and ten thousand responded to the call. The President next asked for four hundred thousand, and Congress, in their generous confidence, gave him five hundred thousand; and, not to be outdone, he took six hundred and thirty-seven thousand. Half of these melted away in their first campaign; and the President demanded three hundred thousand more for the war, and then drafted yet another three hundred thousand for nine months."—Source 13.3: Clement L. Vallandigham, The Civil War in America

Yes

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: "At 3 o'clock of that day the mob arrived and immediately commenced an attack with terrific yells, and a shower of stones and bricks, upon the house. In the next room to where I was sitting was a poor woman, who had been confined with a child on Sunday, three days previous. Some of the rioters broke through the front door with pickaxes, and came rushing into the room where this poor woman lay, and commenced to pull the clothes from off her. Knowing that their rage was chiefly directed against men, I hid my son behind me and ran with him through the back door, down the basement."—Source 13.2: Testimony of New York City Draft Riot Victim Mrs. Statts

Yes

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: "Resolved, That North Carolina has men as well qualified to examine and enroll her conscripts as can be sent here from the City of Richmond; and the course pursued in this respect towards the State is an insult to the intelligence of her people. . . . Resolved, That the President having called upon the Governor of the State for more troops, we deem the call unjust until other States have furnished their quota. . . ."—Source 13.4: Calls for Peace in North Carolina

Yes

Conclusion: Despite Stephen Douglas's efforts to paint Abraham Lincoln as one of the Republican Party's radical abolitionists, in 1858 Abraham Lincoln's positions on abolitionism and black equality represented those held by the party's dominant moderate wing. Evidence: "Equality in society alike beats inequality, whether the latter be of the British aristocratic sort or of the domestic slavery sort. We know Southern men declare that their slaves are better off than hired laborers amongst us. How little they know whereof they speak! There is no permanent class of hired laborers amongst us. Twenty-five years ago I was a hired laborer. The hired laborer of yesterday labors on his own account to-day, and will hire others to labor for him to-morrow."—Source 12.1: Abraham Lincoln, On Slavery

Yes

Conclusion: Despite Stephen Douglas's efforts to paint Abraham Lincoln as one of the Republican Party's radical abolitionists, in 1858 Abraham Lincoln's positions on abolitionism and black equality represented those held by the party's dominant moderate wing. Evidence: "I am told that one of Fred Douglass's kinsmen, another rich black negro, is now traveling in this part of the State, making speeches for his friend Lincoln as the champion of black men. [Voices: "What have you to say against it?"] All I have to say on that subject is, that those of you who believe that the negro is your equal and ought to be on an equality with you socially, politically, and legally, have a right to entertain those opinions, and of course will vote for Mr. Lincoln."— Stephen Douglas's remarks in Source 12.5: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Yes

Conclusion: Despite Stephen Douglas's efforts to paint Abraham Lincoln as one of the Republican Party's radical abolitionists, in 1858 Abraham Lincoln's positions on abolitionism and black equality represented those held by the party's dominant moderate wing. Evidence: "That we invite the affiliation and co-operation of freemen of all parties, however differing from us in other respects, in support of the principles herein declared; and, believing that the spirit of our institutions, as well as the constitution of our country, guarantees liberty of conscience and equality of rights among citizens, we oppose all legislation impairing their security."—Source 12.2: Republican Party Platform

Yes

Conclusion: Despite nearly unrelenting discrimination, free blacks in the early Republic maintained pride in themselves and waged persistent efforts to secure their own place in American society. Evidence: "By the time prayer was over, and we all went out of the church in a body, and they were no more plagued with us in the church. This raised a great excitement and inquiry among the citizens, in so much that I believe they were ashamed of their conduct. But my dear Lord was with us, and we were filled with fresh vigour to get a house erected to worship God in."—Source 8.3: Richard Allen, The Life, Experience, and Gospel Labours

Yes

Conclusion: Despite nearly unrelenting discrimination, free blacks in the early Republic maintained pride in themselves and waged persistent efforts to secure their own place in American society. Evidence: "We, therefore, a portion of those who are the objects of this plan, and among those whose happiness, with that of others of our colour, it is intended to promote; with humble and grateful acknowledgements to those who have devised it, renounce and disclaim every connexion with it; and respectfully but firmly declare our determination not to participate in any part of it."—Source 8.4: Free Blacks in Philadelphia Oppose Colonization

Yes

Conclusion: Despite the daily brutality they faced, enslaved African Americans regularly used a variety of strategies to resist both the institution of slavery and white society's efforts to dehumanize them. Evidence: "Eloped from the subscriber, living near Nashville, on the 25th of June last, a Mulatto Man Slave, about thirty years old, six feet and an inch high, stout made and active. . . . He will make for Detroit, through the states of Kentucky and Ohio, or the upper part of Louisiana. The above reward will be given any person that will take him and deliver him to me or secure him in jail so that I can get him."—Source 8.1: Andrew Jackson, Runaway Slave Advertisement

Yes

Conclusion: Despite the daily brutality they faced, enslaved African Americans regularly used a variety of strategies to resist both the institution of slavery and white society's efforts to dehumanize them. Evidence: "I passed by a field in which several poor slaves had lately been executed, on the charge of having an intention to rise against their masters . . . one of them being asked what he had to say to the court on his defence, he replied in a manly tone of voice: 'I have nothing more to offer than what General Washington would have had to offer, had he been taken by the British and put to trial by them. I have adventured my life in endeavouring to obtain the liberty of my countrymen, and am a willing sacrifice in their cause.'"—Source 8.2: Robert Sutcliff, Travels in Some Parts of North America

Yes

Conclusion: Despite their rhetoric about liberty and equality, most whites in the United States viewed African Americans—both free and enslaved—as inferior and used that perception as the rationale for depriving them of their civil and political rights and for the continued existence of slavery in the new Republic. Evidence: ". . .when the coloured people began to get numerous in attending the church, they moved us from the seats we usually sat on, and placed us around the wall, and on Sabbath morning we went to church and the sexton stood at the door and told us to go in the gallery. . . . We expected to take the seats over the ones we formerly occupied below, not knowing any better. We took those seats. . . . We had not been long upon our knees before I heard considerable scuffling and low talking. I raised my head up and saw one of the trustees . . . having hold of the Rev. Absalom Jones, pulling him up off of his knees and saying, 'You must get up—you must not kneel here.'"—Source 8.3: Richard Allen, The Life, Experience, and Gospel Labours

Yes

Conclusion: Despite their rhetoric about liberty and equality, most whites in the United States viewed African Americans—both free and enslaved—as inferior and used that perception as the rationale for depriving them of their civil and political rights and for the continued existence of slavery in the new Republic. Evidence: "Richmond appears to be a place of great dissipation; chiefly arising from the loose and debauched conduct of the white people with their black female slaves. It sometimes happens here, as in other places, that the white inhabitants, in selling off the offspring of these poor debased females, sell their own sons and daughters with as much indifference as they sell their cattle."—Source 8.2: Robert Sutcliff, Travels in Some Parts of North America

Yes

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: "I, with several others, then ran to the Twenty-ninth-street Station-house, but we were lore refused admittance, and told by the Captain that we were frightened without cause. A gentleman accompanied us who told the Captain of the facts, but we were all turned away. I then went down to my husband's, in Broome-street, and there I encountered another mob, who, before I could escape, commenced stoning me. They beat me severely."—Source 13.2: Testimony of New York City Draft Riot Victim Mrs. Statts

Yes

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: Source 13.1: "Sowing and Reaping"

Yes

Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: "Conscious of the difficulties that surround our position, we would ask for no rights or privileges but such as rest upon the strong basis of justice and expediency, in view of the best interests of our entire country. We ask first, that the strong arm of law and order be placed alike over the entire people of this State; that life and property be secured, and the laborer free to sell his labor as the merchant his goods."— Source 14.1: Colored People's Convention of South Carolina, Memorial to Congress

Yes

Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: "Let us approach nearer and take a closer view. We will enter the House of Representatives. Here sit one hundred and twenty-four members. Of these, twenty-three are white men, representing the remains of the old civilization. . . . Deducting the twenty-three members referred to, who comprise the entire strength of the opposition, we find one hundred and one remaining. Of this one hundred and one, ninety-four are colored, and seven are their white allies. Thus the blacks outnumber the whole body of whites in the House more than three to one."—Source 14.4: James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State

Yes

Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: "We ask suffrage not as a favor, not as a privilege, but as a right based on the ground that we are human beings, and as such, entitled to all human rights."—Source 14.2: Lottie Rollin, Address on Universal Suffrage

Yes

Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: "We, the colored people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, respectfully present for your attention some prominent facts in relation to our present condition, and make a modest yet earnest appeal to your considerate judgment. We, your memorialists, with profound gratitude to almighty God, recognize the great boon of freedom conferred upon us by the instrumentality of our late President, Abraham Lincoln, and the armies of the United States. . . . We also recognize with liveliest gratitude the vast services of the Freedmen's Bureau together with the efforts of the good and wise throughout the land to raise up an oppressed and deeply injured people in the scale of civilized being, during the throbbings of a mighty revolution which must affect the future destiny of the world."—Source 14.1: Colored People's Convention of South Carolina, Memorial to Congress

Yes

Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: "While I am sincerely grateful for this high mark of courtesy that has been accorded to me by this House, it is a matter of regret to me that it is necessary at this day that I should rise in the presence of an American Congress to advocate a bill which simply asserts equal rights and equal public privileges for all classes of American citizens. I regret, sir, that the dark hue of my skin may lend a color to the imputation that I am controlled by motives personal to myself in my advocacy of this great measure of national justice. Sir, the motive that impels me is restricted by no such narrow boundary, but is as broad as your Constitution. I advocate it, sir, because it is right. The bill, however, not only appeals to your justice, but it demands a response from your gratitude."—Source 14.3: Robert Brown Elliott, In Defense of the Civil Rights Bill

Yes

Conclusion: The Cherokee nation resisted removal to the West by citing the success of its Americanization efforts and fighting Jackson's policies in public and in the courts, where it won some battles and lost others. Evidence: "The Indian Territory is admitted to compose a part of the United States. In all our maps, geographical treatises, histories, and laws, it is so considered. In all our intercourse with foreign nations, in our commercial regulations, in any attempt at intercourse between Indians and foreign nations, they are considered as within the jurisdictional limits of the United States, subject to many of those restraints which are imposed upon our own citizens. They acknowledge themselves in their treaties to be under the protection of the United States; they admit that the United States shall have the sole and exclusive right of regulating the trade with them, and managing all their affairs as they think proper; and the Cherokees, in particular, were allowed by the treaty of Hopewell, which preceded the Constitution, 'to send a deputy of their choice, whenever they think fit, to Congress.'" -Source 11.3: John Marshall, Majority Opinion, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Yes

Conclusion: The Cherokee nation resisted removal to the West by citing the success of its Americanization efforts and fighting Jackson's policies in public and in the courts, where it won some battles and lost others. Evidence: Source 11.4: Andrew Jackson as the Great Father

Yes

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: "A thousand millions have been expended since the 15th of April, 1861; and a public debt or liability of $1,500,000,000 already incurred. And to support all this stupendous outlay and indebtedness, a system of taxation, direct andindirect, has been inaugurated, the most onerous and unjust ever imposed uponany but a conquered people."—Source 13.3: Clement L. Vallandigham, The Civil War in America

Yes

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: "Resolved, That we favor a proposition of peace to the enemy upon such terms as will guarantee to us all our rights upon an equality with the North; and if such a proposition should be made to and rejected by them, we would be willing to die to the last man upon the battle-field in defense of those rights and that equality. We feel that it is time to consult reason and common sense, and to discard prejudice and passion. The people must look and act upon things as they are."—Source 13.4: Calls for Peace in North Carolina

Yes

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: "Short as the time has been since Thursday, I can scarcely collect the link of events sufficiently to tell how the time has been spent. Oh I remember now that Mr Scales spent Friday night with us. He was taking a gloomy view of our prospects, but he talked just this way I remember one year ago. Then I confess I felt more determined 'to do and dare and die' than I do now."—Source 13.5: Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, Diary

Yes

Conclusion: The Republican Party attracted both ardent abolitionists and Americans who cared only about keeping the western territories open to settlement by free white laborers whose ambitions for social mobility depended on it. Evidence: "4. That Kansas should be immediately admitted as a state of this Union, with her present free constitution, as at once the most effectual way of securing to her citizens the enjoyment of the rights and privileges to which they are entitled, and of ending the civil strife now raging in her territory. 5. That the highwayman's plea, that "might makes right," embodied in the Ostend circular, was in every respect unworthy of American diplomacy, and would bring shame and dishonor upon any government or people that gave it their sanction."—Source 12.2: Republican Party Platform

Yes

Conclusion: The Republican Party attracted both ardent abolitionists and Americans who cared only about keeping the western territories open to settlement by free white laborers whose ambitions for social mobility depended on it. Evidence: "Advancement—improvement in condition—is the order of things in a society of equals. As labor is the common burden of our race, so the effort of some to shift their share of the burden onto the shoulders of others is the great durable curse of the race. Originally a curse for transgression upon the whole race, when, as by slavery, it is concentrated on a part only, it becomes the double-refined curse of God upon his creatures."—Source 12.1: Abraham Lincoln, On Slavery

Yes

Conclusion: The Republican Party attracted both ardent abolitionists and Americans who cared only about keeping the western territories open to settlement by free white laborers whose ambitions for social mobility depended on it. Evidence: "The frenzy of Don Quixote in behalf of his wench Dulcinea del Toboso is all surpassed. The asserted rights of Slavery, which shock equality of all kinds, are cloaked by a fantastic claim of equality. If the slave States cannot enjoy what, in mockery of the great fathers of the Republic, he misnames equality under the Constitution,—in other words, the full power in the National Territories to compel fellow-men to unpaid toil, to separate husband and wife, and to sell little children at the auction-block,—then, sir, the chivalric senator will conduct the State of South Carolina out of the Union!"—Source 12.3: Charles Sumner, The Crime against Kansas

Yes

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 had a devastating impact on the American economy, causing many business failures and widespread poverty among farmers and laborers. Evidence: "In the district of Jeffersonville, there has been an apparent interruption of the prosperity of the settlers. Upwards of two hundred quarter sections of land are by law forfeited to the government, for non-payment of part of the purchase money due more than a year ago. A year's indulgence was granted by Congress, but unless farther accommodation is immediately allowed, the lands will soon be offered a second time for sale."—Source 9.2: James Flint, Account of the Panic

Yes

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 led to debates about the need for political reforms, including the abolition of the property requirement for voting, especially by those groups who felt the government was not responsive to the needs of the laboring classes. Evidence: "I have reflected upon the report of the select committee with attention and with anxiety. We appear to be disregarding the principles of the constitution, under which we have so long and so happily lived, and to be changing some of its essential institutions. . . . The tendency of universal suffrage is to jeopardize the rights of property and the principles of liberty. . . ."—Source 9.4: James Kent, Arguments against Expanding Male Voting Rights

Yes

Conclusion: The panic of 1819 led to debates about the need for political reforms, including the abolition of the property requirement for voting, especially by those groups who felt the government was not responsive to the needs of the laboring classes. Evidence: "The question before us is the right of suffrage—who shall, or who shall not, have the right to vote. The committee have presented the scheme they thought best; to abolish all existing distinctions and make the right of voting uniform. . . . To me, the only qualifications seem to be the virtue and morality of the people; and if they may be safely entrusted to vote for one class of our rulers, why not for all? In my opinion, these distinctions are fallacious."—Source 9.5: Nathan Sanford, Arguments for Expanding Male Voting Rights

Yes

In issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, President Lincoln justified the measure as

a military necessity.

Adherents of the Liberty Party took the position that voting was

a moral and religious duty.

Northerners saw the punishment of Confederate leaders following the Civil War as

absurdly lenient, unlike that levied against opponents in other wars.

The Liberty Party differed from the radical abolitionists in that it

accepted the validity of the U.S. Constitution.

The fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1825 mandated that

all states aid in apprehending and returning runaway slaves.

In this presidential election, Hayes won

all western states.

According to Child's letters, the beating of Sumner and the events of Kansas have made her so

angry that she feels a growing motivation to participate in political activism.

Mrs. Statts's description of the violence she witnessed during the draft riots indicates that the rioters attacked

any black people they ran across.

As opposed to the African Americans Thomas Nast depicts, the whites in this political cartoon

are obscured from public view.

Dunning, writing only about thirty years after the end of Reconstruction, treats African Americans who participated in Reconstruction governments

condescendingly and as tools of northern whites.

According to Edward Strutt Abdy, slave dealers in the nation's capital are not only cruel but also

cunning.

When Union forces took control of Atlanta, Georgia, it

cut the South in two and ensured its defeat.

Rollin's argument for universal suffrage suggests that women should have the right to vote because they

different from but fully equal to men and entitled to equal rights.

Kent argues that it is unreasonable to believe that "every man that works a day on the road, or serves an idle hour in the militia, is entitled as of right to an equal participation in the whole power of the government" because such men

do not contribute much to American society and cannot be trusted to care for it diligently.

According to Thornton, white secessionists in Alabama made the argument to co-opt poor whites that secession protected slavery, which in turn protected

egalitarian democracy.

The rioting women are depicted in the right panel as

emaciated mothers seeking to feed their children.

Because of repeated losses in battle, the North became

emboldened and turned against slavery more than ever.

The Ostend Manifesto, drafted by a group of U.S. foreign ministers, suggested that the United States

had the right to take by force any territory it desired.

According to Frederick Douglass, he changed his mind about the efficacy of political abolitionism and the validity of the Constitution because

he decided that slavery itself was the fundamentally unlawful institution.

According to Keyssar, early-nineteenth-century Southern white plantation owners lowered property requirements and expanded suffrage to lower-class whites in the region ultimately to

help protect their human property.

The introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 was the result of political maneuvering by Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, who

hoped to get support for his railroad from Southerners by enabling slavery in the West.

Most battles of the Civil War were fought

in states under Confederate control.

Most major canals were located

in the North.

Areas with slave populations greater than 50 percent were concentrated

in the deep south.

The descriptions contained within Thomas's letters suggest that she and the other white members of her community were

increasingly discouraged about the South's future.

The small trading posts that opened up throughout the West in the mid-nineteenth century

inspired the settlement of communities nearby.

Conservative political critics of Andrew Jackson observed at the time of the inauguration of Andrew Jackson that

it suggested the dangers of unruly behavior and mob rule.

This broadside mocks African Americans through the use of

language.

The economic expansion of the 1810s affected relations among U.S. regions, which

made the regions more interdependent than ever before.

Jews in the United States of the 1830s and 1840s were frequently seen by other Americans as

manipulative moneylenders.

Sinha characterizes immediatist abolitionists before the Civil War as

master propagandists.

For many freedmen, the key to long-term survival following the Civil War was

obtaining land to farm.

The relationship between yeomen farmers and neighboring plantation owners was that they were

often related to one another, with the farmers relying on the plantation owners.

When Sanford referred to "the course of things" in America, he meant that the nation had a history of

progressive expansion of the rights of its citizens.

To convince New England farm parents to let their daughters work at the Lowell factories, recruiting agents had to

promise tight oversight over the daughters.

As First Lady, Dolley Madison worked to advance the role of women in the United States by

promoting their inclusion in Washington's political culture.

As suggested by this set of maps, from 1820 to 1860 the slave population grew

proportionately to cotton production.

Based on the advertisement for the runaway slave, it is reasonable to conclude that as a slave owner, Andrew Jackson

provided adequate food and clothing for his slaves.

Southern whites refused to accept the legitimacy of Reconstruction governments after the Civil War, complaining that they were

raising taxes and encouraging corruption.

As Sherman's troops marched across the South, thousands of slaves joined them, so the troops

refused to take the slaves north with them.

Stephen Symonds Foster's writings and speeches, like The Brotherhood of Thieves, often incited violence from the readers or listeners because his work

repudiated the morality and legitimacy of both mainstream churches and their clergymen.

Southerners opposed northern manufacturers' plans to stabilize the economy following the panic of 1819 because northern manufacturers

requested a tariff to protect their industry from competition.

In his description of the slave pen in Washington, Edward Strutt Abdy's tone can be described as

righteous indignation.

The Virginia Agricultural Society argued in its petition that increased competition in the marketplace would

safeguard against unfair pricing.

Although Fogelman and Engerman's argument contrasts greatly with White's argument, they nonetheless both agree with the assertion that

slave labor was delineated by gender with each gender performing certain tasks.

In contrast to the argument that Fogelman and Engerman make about slave life, White gives agency to

slave women.

After 1840, planters went to great measures to discipline and punish slaves because

slaveholders became paranoid of a group over whom they exerted an incredible amount of authority.

John Ross argues in this document that the Treaty of New Echota is illegitimate because

the Indians who negotiated and signed it were not official representatives of the Cherokees.

According to Fogelman and Engerman, the institution of slavery necessarily led slaves to abandon African practices and embrace

the nuclear family.

Secession by the first seven states created anxiety for northern textile manufacturers because they feared

the permanent loss of the cotton crop.

In their memorial to Congress, the Colored People's Convention of South Carolina implied that

they regarded themselves as fully equal to whites but recognized that many whites might disagree.

John Ross invested greatly in protecting Indians from the U.S. government because he

was principal chief of the Cherokee nation.

Jackson refuted the notion that it was unconscionable to force the Indians to leave their ancestral homelands by suggesting that

white Americans had been leaving their homelands for generations.

When civilian governments replaced Reconstruction governments in the South, a group of Democrats referred to themselves as "Redeemers" because they saved the

white South from Reconstruction.