History- Industrialization of Russia and Japan + Imperialism in China

Japan's Industrial Revoluton

1. Army improved to Western standards, and a modern navy was established with the aid of Western advisors 2. New government banks funded growing trade and provided capital for industry 3. Railroads spread and agriculture advanced

Social effects of industrialization

1. Massive population growth strained resources and stability, but ensured a constant supply of low-cost labor 2. Government introduced a universal education system that stressed science 3. Pulled back foreign influences 4. Adopted Western haircuts, calendar, and metric system but kept their distinctive Japanese spirit 5. Japanese women were inferior; the Japanese were offended by the Western treatment of women 6. Buddhism lost found but Shintoism rose

Kulaks

Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at the Congress of Vienna by the most conservative monarchies of Europe

Matthew Perry

American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights on American trade with Japan in 1854

Why didn't the countries of Europe take China as a colony & what did they do instead

Because China was too big for any 1 country to come and take it as a colony, so they all chose an area of China to be their "sphere of influence" (America- Open Door Policy)- force them to trade, Empress still rules

Why did Russia stop copying the West

Because of the French Revolution; then Napoleon invaded them and they needed new security

Why did Russia become a debtor nation

Because the industry was foreign-owned

Japanese reformers

Believed the Confucian tradition undervalued science and math; they promoted Western education but had to be careful about speaking out against tradition

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Better known as Lenin; most active Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolution cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Similarities/ differences between China and Japan

Both isolated themselves and lagged behind, but Japan was more flexible than China and reacted better to Western pressures

Compare to Russia

Both sates were centralized and authoritarian; Japan had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure, while Russia defended a more traditional social elite

Unequal treaties

British forced Chinese to sign treaties like the Treaty of Nanking- forced to pay the British, open up 5 more ports, give them island of Hong Kong, let missionaries in

Opium War

British got Chinese addicted to opium (a plant grown in India) to balance the trade deficit- silver started flowing out of China to pay for opium

When did Russia and Japan launch their industrialization programs

By 1900/ during the 19th century

New political structure in Japan

Centralized imperial rule, wielded by a handful of Meiji advisors, combined with limited representative institutions copied from the West

Peace negotiations after Sino-Japanese War

China cedes Taiwan to Japan and gives them the right to open factories in China

What 2 things transformed China's relations with the West

China entered a period of decline (dynastic cycle) and the Industrial Revolution created a need for expanded markets for European goods and at the same time gave the West superior military power

Canton system

China only allowed foreign traders to come to certain ports

Trade in China

Chinese sold silk, porcelain, tea, etc. for gold and silver- only trade in certain ports, strict limits on foreign traders; trade surplus: they got more gold and silver

Terakoya

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40%, of Japanese malea

Trans-Siberian railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect Russia with the Pacific; brought Russia into a more active Asian role; stimulated export of grain to the West> Russia earned the foreign currency it needed to pay for advanced Western machinery

Tokugawa Shogunate

Continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semifeudal alliances between regional lords, daimyo, and military samurai; taxes based on agriculture; problems with the economy/ finances

Russo-Japanese War

Disputes over Russia's influence in Manchuria and Japan's influence in Korea; Japan won because of its superior navy

What happened after China's loss of power

Emperor Guangxu tried to modernize China, Cixi had her own son arrested, took back the power, and reverse the reforms she had made (stopped railroads, moved China back)

Problems with Russia

Factories were not up to Western technology, labor force was not highly trained, agriculture was backward, absence of a large, confident middle class

Crimean War

Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II

Dutch studies

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century; urged freer exchange with the West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan

Results of emancipation of the serfs

Helped create a larger urban labor force, but did not spur an agricultural revolution & many groups protested/ revolted

Taiping (Great Peace) rebellion

Hong Xiuquan believes he is Jesus' brother and has to overthrow the Qing emperor to bring wealth to China- he organizes 1 million peasants, captures Nanjing and makes it his capital, and rules a large are of China

Zaibatsu

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

When/ how did the crisis end

In 1868 the reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito, whose reign was called "Meiji" or "Enlightened"

Where were Russian patterns paralleled

In smaller Eastern European states such as Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece

Why did Perry come to Japan and insist they trade with the Americans

Japan had isolated itself

Diet

Japanese Parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise the government, but not control it

Results of the reform era

Literacy increased rapidly; women gained new positions (some got higher education and some from the upper class got professions like medicine); trans-Siberian railroad

Bolsheviks

Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution

Zemstvoes

Local political councils that gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy

Unlike Russia, Japan

Maintained closer supervision of foreign advisors

The Qing dynasty was _____

Manchurian

What did the war defeat cause in Russia

Massive protests and revolution

Duma

National Parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during he reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution

Reforms made by Tsar Alexander II

New law codes cut back traditional punishments on serfs; created local political councils called zemstvoes; army reforms after the Crimean War; some strides made to provide state-sponsored basic education, but schools spread unevenly

Conditions for Russian factory workers

No special sleeping quarters for workers, work areas were musty with bad air, long hours, bad hygiene, fines and wages were not determined, high fines because lots of rules and regulations, low wages

Army reforms made after Crimean War

Officers promoted by merit, recruitment extended to peasants

Boxer rebellion

Peasants and workers resent the foreigners, they form the Society of Harmonious Fists and keep Beijing under siege for several months

Anarchists

Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorists movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Decembrist uprising

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas II but resulted in stiffened supervision

Strain of modernization

Poor living standards in crowded cities, tension between generations and in politics

China's internal problems

Population growth, widespread hunger, corrupt government, bad infrastructure, people rebelling because they aren't being taken care of

Similarities between Russia and Japan pre-industrialization

Prior experience of imitation (Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West); knew learning from outsiders would be profitable and didn't have to destroy their native cultures; improved their political effectiveness in the 17th and 18th centuries (Japan with Tokugawa Shogunate and Russia with tsarist empire); could use the state to sponsor changes

Empress Cixi

Qing emperor's wife, rules for her younger son; introduces self-strengthening program (improve education, diplomatic service, advance military, make boats and guns), but then pulls China back

What did the Meiji government do

Quickly set about abolishing feudalism and centralizing, sent samurai officials to Western Europe and the US to study economic and political institutions and technology, abolished samurai class (but it continued to exist), reorganized bureaucracy and set up civil service exams

Stolypin reforms

Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempted to create a market-oriented peasantry

Japan was a ______ nation

Resource-poor; depended on the West and exports; silk production grew rapidly by the labor of poorly paid women

Differences during change

Russia had authoritarian traditions> political repression and harsh conditions for workers that undercut social stability; Japan had experience with cultural adaptation> retained a great deal of political and social cohesion while transitioning from feudal to industrial society

Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia

Intelligentsia

Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

Civil war in 1866

Samurai were attacking foreigners, they realized Western technology

Like in Russia, what compelled state direciton

Scarce capital and the unfamiliarity of new technology

How was Japan able to avoid revolutin

Strong nationalism and firm police repression

Chinese constitutional monarchy

Sun Yatsen succeeds in getting it , but it is VERY weak- in the end, they get rid of the emperor and have a democracy

What was similar to Russia in Japan

Tensions between traditionalists and reformist intellectuals were emrging

What happened when the Chinese tried to stop the British from pulling into harbor

The Chinese warships clashed with the British, but the British wide out the Chinese because they were more advanced because of the revolution

Pressures on Japan

The West's growing power, military superiority, and insistence on opening markets for its growing economy

What were the attitudes of Japanese society

The daimyo were intensely conservative, while the samurai were more divided

What did Russia's industrialization period start with

The emancipation of the serfs

What happened in Russia as Marxist doctrines spread

The intelligentsia became committed to a tightly organized proletarian (working class) revolution

What had the complex Shogunate system depended on

The isolation policy- it could not survive the stresses of foreign influence and internal reactions

Why was revolution in Russia inevitable

The regime remained opposed to compromise and conservative ministers urged a vigorous policy of resistance and repression

Extraterritoriality

The right to live under your own laws and get tried in your own courts (British got this in China)

What did China do in response to the rebellion

They asked France and Britain to help them squash the rebellion- it took 14 years and lots of farmland was destroyed>> starvation

What did Japan begin to do

They began to incorporate more of the West and shut out the Chinese

Why were the Chinese mad about the reforms

They didn't want to embrace the West, the foreigners had to show them what to do but they thought they were better, etc.

Chinese emigrate in search of work

They emigrate to European colonies to work as indentured laborers- bring their culture with them> Chinatowns

Why was there pressure for expansion in Japan

They needed access to markets and raw materials

What did the Chinese government do in response to the opium addiciton

They outlawed opium and started to imprison/ execute dealers

Russia before reform

They remained conservative but continued their tradition of territorial expansion (Poland)

How did Russian landlords increase their exports

They tightened labor obligations on their serfs

Beginnings of Chines reform

Too little, too late- they send out officials and try to establish a constitutional monarchy, Empress died and poisoned the emperor

Emancipation of the serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; were required to stay in villages until they could repay the aristocracy for land

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance

Sino-Japanese War

War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895 over influence of Korea; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from the Liaodong peninsula

Yellow peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region

Women in Russia and Japan

Widely used in the early factory labor force because low wages = advantage in glove markets; upper class women and opportunities for higher education