History Midterm

The Japanese daimyo were:

Regional warlords

Living on the edge of poverty in many areas, with old trade routes and handicrafts disrupted by the treaty ports, many _______ saw in the Taipings, the Nian, and other local rebellions a desperate way to change their situations.

peasants

Governmental auction of the taxes in kind of a particular district to the highest bidder was known as _________.

tax-farming

The apogee of the Ottoman Empire was reached under Sultan Süleyman I, also known as:

the Magnificent

The Ottomans and the _________ dominated Islamic civilization in the early modern period of 1450-1600.

Indian Mughals

All of the following were true of Tenochtitlán EXCEPT:

Iron workers and blacksmiths were segregated because of the heat their labor generated.

The revivalist _________ of the 1730s and 1740s used a literal understanding of Protestantism as one of its main foundations and received its main impulse from the work of the brothers John and Charles Wesley, English Methodist preachers who made quite an impact during their tour of Georgia in 1735.

"Great Awakening"

In the aftermath of losing the war, a group of young Chinese officials pushed for a series of widespread reforms aimed at completely revamping China's government and many of its leading institutions in what became known as the _________.

"Hundred Days of Reform"

Bowing to the pressure of the Church and against the advice of some Christian landowners, the Crown opted for the expulsion of all moriscos from Spanish territories in 1580, although the actual expulsions would not begin until _______.

1609

The poetic form of haiku reached its golden age in the Tokugawa period, and the most renowned practitioner of the form, composed of ___-syllable couplets, was Matsuo Basho.

17

The threat of human sacrifice was:

A fear-inducing tactic that was an innovation in Aztec imperialism.

Some slave-ship captains favored the "tight packing" method, deliberately overcrowding their human cargo on a Middle Passage voyage on the assumption that:

A few more captives might survive than on a ship that was less crowded.

All of the following statements are true of the Portuguese interaction or contacts in West Africa EXCEPT:

African agriculturalists became much more productive after adopting Portuguese iron plow shears.

The ____________ was the site of the showdown between Mexican forces and Texans intent on independence.

Alamo

In "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

An item of moveable personal property

Between 1894 and 1896, the Ottoman sultan armed Kurdish tribal units, which massacred thousands of _______ villagers.

Armenian

Akbar's religious policies were viewed, by his fellow Muslims:

As proof that he had actually become a non-believer.

On St. _______'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots.

Bartholomew

All of the following is true of Chichén Itzá EXCEPT:

Because of the dearth of available resources, Chichén Itzá could not develop merchant groups or participate in regional trade.

Important weapons in the Aztec arsenal included

Bows and arrows, three-foot obsidian-spiked broadswords, thrusting spears, dart throwers, and slings.

The _________ East India Company, having established its base at Calcutta in 1690, soon sought to expand its operations to China.

British

______________ virtually ended the importation of slaves to Brazil.

British warships.

The long-range impact of a Muslim invasion of northern Sub-Saharan Africa in the sixteenth century:

Brought empire-building in the northern Sub-Saharan African societies to a halt.

The family of Simón Bolívar owned _______ plantations worked by African slaves and was engaged in colonial trade.

Cacao

All of the following are true of political organization under the Incan empire EXCEPT:

Care was taken not to disturb local practices, such as burial rituals.

In a reform of the educational system in 1782, _________ made education, from urban primary schools to high schools, free and mostly staffed with clergy.

Catherine II the Great

Aztec farmers constructed soil islands in Lake Texcoco called _________ and grew corn, beans, squash, and other vegetables on them.

Chinampas

Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, _________ after Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.

Died in the general massacre and pillaging.

Akbar's four principal ministries included all of the following except:

Diplomatic relations with European trading companies

In 1822, __________ proclaimed, "Independence or death!" thereby making Brazil an independent kingdom.

Dom Pedro I

After the Manchus captured Beijing, some Ming loyalists fled to the island of Taiwan, where they expelled the ________, who had established a trading base there.

Dutch

All of the following are true of the single-whip system EXCEPT:

Each village was responsible directly to the Emperor or his Court designee, thus eliminating potentially dangerous rural aristocracies from developing.

The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________ entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.

Encomiendas

Because any target beyond the range of four days' march (roughly 40 miles) from Tula was beyond the capabilities of the Toltec army to subdue, they __________ instead.

Established colonies

Louis XVI held an assembly of the ________, which had not met since 1614, at Versailles beginning in May 1789.

Estates-general

Through a treaty, the British imposed the policy of _________, by which their subjects who were accused of violating Chinese laws would be tried and punished by British consuls.

Extraterritoriality

The following order is correct:

First African slaves land in Hispaniola; first African slaves land in Brazil; first African slaves in England's North American colonies; proprietors of Barbados establish Colony of Carolina.

Adjacent to the main pyramid on the platform at the center of Tenochtitlán was a:

Food market

The most systematic of the so-called idealist philosophers in Germany, ______________ asserted that all thought proceeded dialectically from the "transcendental ego" to matter and from there to the spiritualized synthesis of nature.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hege

Humanism was an intellectual movement focused on human culture, in such fields as philosophy, philology, and literature, and based on the corpus of ___________ texts.

Greek and Roman

All of the following is true of Peter the Great of Russia EXCEPT:

He often rewarded western technical experts by giving them estates and serfs in the Balkans.

Leading a motley force of about 530 Spanish men, _________ defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518.

Hernán Cortés

In the second half of the 1600s, the ___________ drove many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains.

Iroquois

Publication of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie was difficult because:

It was banned as subversive by the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

In an address to the National Assembly on October 10, 1789, Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin argued that:

It would be best to abolish capital punishment altogether.

Louverture became emperor of Haiti, renaming Saint-Domingue after:

Its supposed original Taíno

The only founder of an English colony in North America who lived to see it become part of the United States was:

James Oglethorpe

The astronomers of the Kerala school had calculated elliptical orbits for the visible planets a century in advance of __________.

Johannes Kepler

The portolan (nautical chart) drawn by Pedro Reinel is the earliest known map to include _____________.

Lines of latitude

In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there.

London

The Congress of Vienna restored the French Bourbon monarchy with the coronation of King _________, the brother of Louis XVI.

Louis XVIII

The ____________ cast doubt on the impression created by the Spanish conquerors of the magnitude of human sacrifice among the Aztecs.

Minuscule numbers of victims' bodies found at Tenochtitlán

The basic administrative unit of the Mughals was the _________, a unit comprising an area usually containing a town and from a dozen to about a hundred villages.

Pargana

_________ writers, painters, and poets followed Humayun to India, where their talents enlivened the arts and helped develop Urdu verse forms.

Persian

Gran Colombia was divided in 1831 into its component parts, which included all of the following except:

Peru

When Latin American republics declared their independence, the Popes in Rome:

Refused to recognize their independence, concerned with the power of naming bishops.

Resources of the Andean region around Lake Titicaca included all of the following EXCEPT:

Rich fields of corn at the highest elevations.

Chikamatsu Monzaemon's most famous play is based on a real incident, in which the daimyo of 47 samurai was killed by a political opponent, leaving them as _________—masterless.

Ronin

Growing to a city of 30,000 inhabitants by the seventh century, Wari enlarged its agricultural base through the expansion of __________.

Terrace farming

The priest Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès argued in a pamphlet that the Third Estate should itself be:

The "national assembly", since it represented the will of the nation.

The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans EXCEPT:

The Parliament took over governance and the Sultan retained only symbolic power.

Around 600, two groups arrived in the Peruvian Andes as conquerors:

The Tiwanaku and the Wari

The problems identified in the textbook as leading to the deterioration of the late Mayan states included all of the following EXCEPT:

The area experienced uncontrollable population growth, as was true in China.

By 1750, the armies in larger European countries were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

The pikemen were still the most effective protection for musketeers.

All of the following are true of Songhay EXCEPT:

They amassed the wealth to embark on a drive of military conquest by raiding caravans and other trade missions

The Incans did all of the following with their mummies (mallquis) except:

Using them to terrorize enemy armies

In 1811, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla:

Was captured and executed by loyal Spanish forces.

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:

Was murdered, together with his unarmed retainers.

Some Catholic monks in the kingdom of Kongo denounced ngangas as:

Witches

At the very end of the period of Teotihuacán, Maya, and Toltec expansion, the three cultural traditions finally merged in the ____________, but the merger did not last long.

Yucatán Peninsula

In later treaties signed by China with France and the United States, an important addition was the most-favored nation clause, which stated that:

any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who by treaty were "most-favored nations."

As part of the complex hierarchical administrative system established by the Spaniards in the New World, the municipal councils, or _________, were set up in towns and cities to serve as elective bodies under the supervision of appointed inspectors.

cabildos

Generally speaking, the 19th century Latin American economy revolved around _______.

exports

In his Social Contract, and to the consternation of French radicals, Jean-Jacques Rousseau espoused the notion that humans _________.

had suffered a steady decline from their "natural" state ever since civilization began and imposed its own external authority on them

After the demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and in an effort to regain control over Spain's American possessions, the new French-descended Bourbons put into practice a series of reforms aimed at _________.

improving Spain's naval connections and administrative control in the New World

Lin Zexu confiscated 20,000 chests of opium, publicly treated the product with ______ and water and flushed the resulting mess into the sea at Canton.

lime

Ethnic combinations of Europeans and Native Americans and Europeans and Africans were collectively called castas, or "castes," a term originating out of a desire on the part of Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of racial mixture in hopes of counterbalancing the vast masses of Native Americans and Africans. The two most important castes were mestizos (Spanish) /mestiços (Portuguese), born of Iberian fathers and Native American mothers, and _________, born of Iberian fathers and Black mothers.

mulatos

The power of opium to suppress pain and hunger made it particularly attractive to the ____________ inhabitants of south China.

poor and ordinary

In the formulation of his "law of falling bodies", Galileo systematically combined imagination with empirical research and ___________.

Experimentation

In Tiwanaku society, llamas were used as transportation animals and as a __________.

Food source

During the period between 1774 and 1808, the Ottoman empire suffered humiliations in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

They were defeated by the British in the Opium War.

After conquering a city-state, the Incas instituted a decimal system of population organization to provide the necessary numbers for the mit'a, or '__________'.

To take a turn

The _______ shoguns adopted Neo-Confucianism as the governing ideology, thus joining the commonwealth of Confucian "religious civilizations" in the region.

Tokugawa

"Creole" cultures emerge:

When two or more distinct cultures exist in proximity and absorb influences from each other.

The vast pine forest running from southern Virginia to northern Florida supplied material primarily for ____________.

shipbuilding

The large trade network in which the Toltecs participated can be characterized by the following:

It was based on the exchange of goods, such as gemstones, obsidian, cacao, vanilla, and bird feathers.

These discriminatory religious policies also created great distrust and many difficulties in dealing with self-governing, non-Muslim groups within the empire, most notably among the _________, who blended Hindu and Muslim traditions.

Sikhs

The conclusion that porcelain was the single most important commodity in the unfolding world commercial revolution between 1500 and 1800 is supported by all of the following except:

The depiction of Muhammad's face on many of them, in spite of Islamic prohibitions.

Scholars have concluded that Tiwanaku emigrants established colonies some 200 miles to the west of their settlement on the basis of:

The goods that were exchanged between the villages and the Tiwanaku capital.

All of the following were true of the Incan empire EXCEPT:

The name of the empire, "Tawantinsuyu," means "Land of Warriors."

All of the following is true of communications in the Inca empire EXCEPT:

The rugged, mountainous terrain prevented the construction of roads of the same quality as those in the Aztec empire.

The final provinces added to the Inca empire, in the __________ century, were in northern Ecuador as well as on the eastern slopes of the Andes.

sixteenth

Under Aurangzeb, there were two major trends: the start of an ongoing decades-long war with the Marathas, a federation of fiercely independent Central Indian clans; and his controversial bid for a more robust and legalistically effective _________ of Mughal India.

"Islamification"

The Mughals gave India one of its most prolific eras in terms of profusion and synthesis of literary genres, with _________ remaining the chief languages of literature.

Arabic and Persian

Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) produced a woodblock print depicting Thirty-Six Views of _________ that also became famous in the West.

Mt. Fuji

Around 900, migrants speaking the language __________ arrived in the vicinity of the collapsed Teotihuacán.

Nahuatl

The Russian Empire expanded during the 1800s at the expense of:

The Qajar and Ottoman Empires.

In contrast to their counterparts in West Africa, the Fur and Funj federations between Lake Chad and the Nile ____________

Were fully converted to Islam, from the royal clans down to the commoners.

When they established power, the Qajars:

Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges.

The Toltec state introduced all of the following military innovations EXCEPT:

Wheeled chariots that were used to terrify the enemy.