history nationalism + imperialism quiz october 11 - alex sinins

causes of "new imperialism": applying social darwinism

Behind the idea of the West's civilizing mission was a growing sense of racial superiority. Many Westeners had embraced the ideas of Social Darwinism. They applied Darwin's ideas about natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies. European races, they argued, were superior to all others, aand imperial domination of weaker races were simply nature's way of improving the human species. As a result, millions of non-Westerners were robbed of their cultural heritage.

african resistance to western imperialism: a new african elite emerges

During the Age of Imperialism, a Western-educated African elite, or upper class, emerged. Some middle class Africans admired Western ways and rejected their own culture. Others valued their African traditions and condemned Western societies that upheld liberty and equality for whites only. By the early 1900s, African leaders were forging nationalist mobements to pursue self-determination and independence.

Japan's imperial goals and its impacts

- As in Western industrial nations, Japan's economic needs fed its imperialist desires. As a small island nation, Japan locked many basic resources that were essential for industrial growth. It depended on other countries to obtain raw materials. Spurred by this dependency and a strong ambition to equal the West, Japan sought to build an empire. With its modern army and navy, it maneuvered for power in East Asia. - Korea in the Middle - Japan gains power - Japan rules Korea

aspects of dual monarchy - why was it ineffective

- Austrias disatorous defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from the Hungarians within the empire. One year later, Ferenc Deák, a moderate Hungarian leader, helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. - the Austrian-Hungary government - nationalist unrest increases

leopold starts a scramble for colonies: britian takes its share

- Britian's share of Africa was more scattered than that of France. However, it included more heavily populated regions with many rich resources. Britian took chuncks of West and East Africa. It gained control of Egypt and pushed south into the Sudan. - In southern Africa, Britian clashed with the Boers, who were descendants of Dutch settlers. Britian acquired the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1814. At that time, many Boers fled British rule, migrating north and setting up their own republics. In the late 1800s, the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer lands led to conflict with Britian. The Boer War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, involved bitter guerrilla fighting. The British won in the end, but at a great cost. - In 1910, the British united the Cape Colony and the former Boer republics into the Union of South Africa. The new constitution set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that would remain in force until 1993.

powers that shaped Africa: Islamic crusades in west africa

- By the early 1800s, an Islamic revival spread across West Africa. It began among the Fulani people in northern Nigeria. The scholar and preacher Usman dan Fodio denounced the corruption of the lical Hausa rulers. He called for social and religous reforms based on the sharia, or Islamic law. Usman inspired Fulani herders and Hausa townspeople to rise up against their European rulers. - Usman and his sucessors set up a powerful Islamic state in northern Nigeria. Under their rule, literacy increased, local wars were quieted, and trade improved. Their success inspired other Muslim reform movements in West Africa. Between about 1780 and 1880 more than a dozen Islamic leaders rose to power, replacing old rulers or founding new states in the Western Sudan. - In the forest regions, strong states like the Asante kingdom had arisen. The Asante traded with Europeans and Muslims and controlled several smaller states. However, these tributary states were ready to turn to Europeans or others who might help them defeat their Asante rulers.

causes of "new imperialism"

- European imperalism did not begin in the 1800s. Imperalism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. European powers who had colonies had little influence on the lives of the people in China, India or Africa. - By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power. Strong, centerally governed nation-states had emerged and the Industrial revolution had greatly enriched European economies. Encouraged by their new economic and military strength, Europeans embarked on a path of agressive expansion, now called "new imperalism". Begining in the 1870sm Europeans brought much of the world under their influence and control. Like other key developments in world historym the new imperalism exploded out of a combination of causes. - economic interests spur expansion - political and military moves - humanitarian and religious goals - applying social darwinism

african resistance to western imperialism

- Europeans met armed resistance across the continent. The Algerians battled the French for years. Samori Touré fought French forces in West Africa, where he was building his own empire. The British battld the Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa. When their king was exiled, the Asante put themselves under the command of their queen, Yaa Asantewaa. She led thr fight against the British in the last Asante war. Another woman who became a military leader was Nehanda, of the Shona in Zimbabwe. Although a clever tactian, Neganda was captured and executed. However the memeory of her achievements was captured and executed. However, the memory of her achievements inspred later generations to fight for freedom. - In East Africa, the Germans fought wars against the Yao and Herero. Fighting was especially fierce in the Maji-Maji Rebellion of 1905. The Germans triumphed only after burning acres and acres of farmland, leaving thousands of local people to die of starvation. - ethiopia survives - a new african elite emerges

factors that lead to the spread of western imperialism

- From about 1870 to 1914, imperalist nations gained control over much of the world. Leading the way were soliders, merchants, settlers, misionaries, and explorers. In Europe, imperial expansion found favor with all classes, from bankers and manufacturers to workers. Western imperialism expanded rapidly for a number of reasons. - weakness of non-western states - western advantages - resisting imperialism - facing criticism at home

european contact with africa increased

- From the 1500s through the 1700s, European traded along the African coast. Africans wanted to trade with Europeans but did not want to "house them". Resistance by Africans, diffcult geography, and dieases all kept Europeans from moving into the interior regions of the continent. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s. - explorers advance into africa's interior - missionaries follow explorers - livingstone blazes a trail

Japan's imperial goals and its impact: Korea in the middle

- Imperialist rivalries put the spotlight on Korea. Located at a crossroads of East Asia, the Korean peninsula was a focus of the competition among Russia, China, and Japan. Korea had been a tributary state to China for many years. A tributary state is a state that is independent but acknowledges the supremacy of a stronger state. Although influenced by China, Korea had its own traditions and government. Korea had also shut its doors to forgeiners. It did maintain relations with China and sometimes Japan. - By the 1800s, Korea faced pressure from outsiders. As Chinese power declined, Russia expanded into East Asia. Then, as Japan industrialized, it too eyed Korea. In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea to open its ports to Japenese trade.

describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg empire

- In 1800, the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe. Their homeland was Austria but they were also in control of Bohemia and Hungary as well as parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and northern Italy. - austria faces change - a multinational empire - Francis Joesph grants limited reforms

issues in feudal Japenese society

- In the early 1600s, Japan was still ruled by shoguns, or supreme military dictators. Although emperors still lived in the ceremonial capital of Kyoto, the shoguns held the real power in Edo. Daimyo or landholding warrior lords, helped the shoguns control Japan. In 1603, a new family, the Tokugawas, seized power. The Tokygawa shoguns reimposed centralized fuedalism, closed Japan to forgeiners, and forbade Japense people to travel overseas. The nation's only window on the world was through Nagasaski, where the Dutch were allowed very limited trade. - For more than 200 years, Japan developed in isolation. Internal commerce expanded, agricultural production grew, and bustling cities sprang up. However these economic changes strained Japenese society. Many daimyo suffered financial hardship. They needed money in a comercial economym but a daimyo's wealth was in land rather than cash. Lesser samurai were unhappy, too because they lacked the money to live as well as urban merchants. - Merchants in turn resented their places at the bottom of the social ladder. No matter how rich they were, they had no political power. Peasants meanwhile, suffered under heavy taxes. - The government responded bytrying to revive old ways, emphasizing farming over commerce and praising traditional values. These efforts had scant success. By the 1800s, shoguns were no longer strong leaders, and corruption was common. Discontent simmered throughout Japans.

powers that shaped Africa: southern africa

- In the early 1800s, the Zulus emerged as a major force in southern Africa under a ruthless and brilliant leader, Shaka. Between 1818 and 1828, Shaka waged relentless war and conquered many nearby peoples. He absorbed their young men and women into Zulu regiments. By encouraging rival groups to forget their differences, he cemented a growing pride in the Zulu kingdom. - His conquests set off mass migrations and wars, creating chaos across much of the region. Groups driven from their homelands by the Zulus then migrated north, conquering still other peoples and creating their own powerful states. By the 1830s, the Zulus faced a new threat, the arrival of well-armed, mounted Boers, descendants of Dutch farmers who were migrating north from the Cape Colony. In 1814, the Cape Colony had passed from the Dutch to the British. Many Boers resented British laws that abolished slavery and otherwise interferred with their way of life. To escape British rule, they loaded their goods into covered wagons and started north. Several thousand Boer families joined this "Great Trek". - As the migrating Boers came into contact with Zulus, fighting quickly broke out. At first, Zulu regiments held their own. But in the end, Zulu spears could not defeat Boer guns. The struggle for control of the land would rage until the end of the century.

Japan's imperial goals and impact: Japan rules Korea

- Japan made Korea a protectorate. In 1910, it annexed Jorea outright, absorbing the kingsom into the Japenese empire. Japan ruled Korea for 35 years. Like Western imperialists, the Japenese set out to modernize their newly acquired territory. They built factories, railroads, and communications systems. Development generally benefited Japan. Under Japenese rule, Koreans preduced more rice than ever before, but most of it went to Japan. - The Japenese were as unpopular in Korea as Western imperialists were elsewhere. They imposed harsh rule on their colony and deliberately set out to erase the Korean language and idenitfy. Repression bred resentment. And resentment, in turn, nourished a Korean nationalist movement, - Nine years after annexation, a nonviolent protest against the Japenese began on March 1, 1919, and soon spread throughout Korea. The Japenese crushed the uprising and massacred many Koreans. The violence did not discourage people who worked to end Japenese rule. Instead, the March First Movement became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists. - The Koreans would have wait many years for freedom. Japan continued to expand in East Asia during the years that followed, seeking natural resources and teritory, By the early 1900s, Japan was the strongest power in Asia

reforms of meiji government: an amazing success

- Japan modernized with amazing speed during the Meiji period. Its success was due to a number of causes. Japan had a strong sense of identity, partly because it had a homogenous society- that is, its people shared a common culture and language. Economic growth during Tokugawa times and had set Japan on the road to developement. Japan also had experience in learning and adapting ideas from forgein nations, such as China. - The Japanese were determined to resist forgein rule. By the 1890s Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the unequal treaties. By then, it was already aquiring its own overseas empire.

leopold starts a scramble for colonies: horrors in the congo

- Leopold and other wealthy Belgiums exploited the riches of the Congo, including its copper, rubber, and ivory. Soon, there were horrifying reports of Belgian overseers brutalizing villagera. Forced to work for almost nothing, laborers were savagely beated or mutilated. The overall population declined dramatically. - Eventually, international outrage forced Leopold to turm over his personal colony to the Belgian governement. It became the Belgian Vongo in 1908. Under Belgian rule, the worst abuses were ended. Still, the Belgians regarded the Congo as a possession to be exploited. Africans were little or no role in the governemtn, and the wealth of heir mines went out of the country to Europe.

factors that led to the collapse of the Ottoman empire

- Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a multinational empire. It streched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East. There, as in Austria, nationalist demmands tore at the fabric of the empire. - balkan nationalism errupts - european powers divided up the ottoman empire - war in the balkans

reforms of meiji government: industrialization

- Meiji leaders made the economy a major priortiy. They encouraged Japan's buisness to adpot Western methods. They set up a modern bankig system, built railroads, improved ports, and organized a telegraph and postal system. - To get industries started, the governemtn typically built factories and then sold them to wealthy buisness families who developed them further. With such support, buisness dynasties like the Kawasaki family soon ruled over industrial empires. These powerful banking and industrial families were known as zaibatsu. - By the 1890s, industry was booming. With modern machines silk manufacturing soared. Shipyards, copper and coal mining, and steel makinb also helped make Japan an industrial powerhouse. As in other industrial countries, the population grew rapidly, and many peasants flocked to the growing cities for work.

leopold II started a scramble for colonies

- Shortly afterward, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanely to explore the Congo River bassin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders. Publicly, Leopold spoke of a civilizing mission to carry the light of "a better era". Privately, he dreamed of conquest and profit. Leopold's activities in the Congo set off a scramble by other nations. Before long, Britian, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to the region - berlin confrence - horrors in the congo - france extends its influence - britian takes its share -others join the scramble

european contact with africa increases: livingstone blazes a trail

- The best-known explorer and missionary was Dr. David Livingstone. For 30 years, he crisscrossed Africa. He wrote about the many people he met with more sympathy and less bias than did most Europeans. He relentlessly opposed the slave trade, which remained a profitable buisness for some African rulers and forgein traders. The only way to end this cruel traffic, he belived, was to open up the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade. - Livingstone blazed a trail that others soon followed. In 1869, the journalist Henry Stanley trekked into Central Arica to find Livingstone who had not been heard from for years. He finally tracked him down in 1871, in what is today Tanzania.

reforms of meiji government: changes in society

- The constitution ended legal distinctions between classes, thus allowing more people to become involved in nation building. The governemnt set up schools and a university. It hired Westerners to teach the new generation how to use modern technology. - Despite the reforms, class distinctions survived in Japan as they did in the West. Also, although literacy increased and some women gained an education, women in general were still assigned a secondary role in society. The reform of the Japenese family system, and women's position governement agreed to some increases in education for women, it dealt harshly with other attempts at change. After 1898, Japenese women were forbidden any political participation and legally were lumped together with minors.

describe how imperial governments ruled their empires

- The leading imperial powers developed several kinds of colonial rule. The French practiced direct rule, sending officals and soldiers from France to administer their colonies. Their goal was to impose French culture on their colonies and turn them into French provinces. - The British, by contrast, often used a system of indirect rule. To govern their colonies, they used sultans, cheifs, or other local rulers, They then encouraged the children of the local ruling class to get an education in Britian. In that way, they groomed a new "Westernized" generation of leaders to continue indirect imperial rule and to spread British civilization. Like France and other imperalist nations, however, Britian could still resort to military force if its control over a colony was threatened. - In a protextorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity. A protextorate cost less to run than a colony did, and usually did not require a large commitment of military forces. - A third form of Western control was the sphere of influence, an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privledges. Europeans carved out these spheres in China and elsewhere to prevent conflicts among themselves.

structural changes leading to upheval opening of country: external pressure and internal revolt

- The offical's fears were correct. In july 1853, a fleet of well-armed American ships commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into lower Tokyo Bay. Perry carried a letter from Millard Fukkmore, the President of the United states which demmanded that Japan open its ports to diplomatic and commerical exchange. The shogun's advisor debated what to do. Japan did not have the ability to defend itself against the powerful US navy. In the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, the shogun Iesada agreed to open two Japenese ports to American ships, though not for trade. - The US soon won trading and other rights, including extraterritorialiry and low taxes on American imports. European nations demanded and won similar rights. Like the Chinese, the Japenese felt humiliated by the terms of those unequal treaties. Some bitterly criticized the shogun for not taking a strong standpoint against the forgeiners. - Forgein pressure depended the social and economic unrest. In 1867, discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun and "restored" the 15-year-old Mutsuhito to power, When he was crowne emperor, Mutsuhito took the name Meiji, which means "enlighted rule". He moved from the ld imperial capital in Kyoto to the shoguns's palace in Edo, which was renamed Tokyo, or "eastern capital".

reforms in meiji government: a modern government

- The reformers wanted to create a strong central governement, equal to those of Western powers. After studying various European governements, they adapted the German model. In 1889, the emperor issued the Meiji Consitution. It set forth the princiiple that all citizens were equal before the law. Like the German system, it gve the emperor autocratic, or absolute, power. A legislature, or diet, was formed, made up of one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor. Additionally, voting rights were sharply limited. - Japan then established a Western-style bureaucracy with seperate departments to supervise finance, the army, the navy, and education. To strengthen the military, it turned to Western technology and ended the special privilege of samurai. In the past, samurai alone were warriors. In modern Japan, as in the West, all men were subject to military service.

structural changes leading to upheval opening of country: the meiji restoration

- The young emperor began a long reign known as the Meiji Restoration. This period, which lasted from 1868 to 1912, was a major turning point in Japenese history. The Meiji reformers, who ruled in the emperor's name, were determined to strengthen Japan. Their goal was summarized in their motto, "A rich country, a strong military". - The new leaders set out to study Western ways, adapt them to Japenese, needs, and thereby keep Japan from having to give in to Western demmands. In 1871, members of the governement traveled overseas to learn about Western governments, economies, technology and customs. The government brought experts from Western countries to Japan knowledge of Western industrial technology.

leopold starts a scramble for colonies: berlin confrence

- To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international conference in 1884. It took place not in Africa but in Berlin, Germany. No Africans were invited to the conference. - There, European powers recognized Leopold's private claims to the Congo Free State bur called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers. They further agreed that a European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there. This principle led Europeans to send officals who would exert their power over local rulers and peoples. - The rush to colonize Africa was on. In the 20 years after the Berlin Conference, the European powes partitioned almost the entire continent. As Europeans carved out their claims, they established new borders and frontiers. They redrew the map of Africa with little regard for traditional patterns of settlement or ethnic boundaries.

structural changes leading to upheval opening of country

- While the shoguns faced troubles at home, disturbing news of the British victory over China in the Opium War and the way in which imperialists had forced China to sign unequal treaties reached Japan. Surely, Japanese officals reasoned, it would not be long before Western powers turned towards Japan. - external pressure and internal revolt - the meiji restoration

Japan's imperial goals and impact: Japan gains power

-As Japan extended its influence in Korea, it came into conflict with China. In 1894, competition between Japan and China in Korea led to the first Sino-Japenese War. Although China had greater resources, Japan benefited from modernization. To surprise of China and the West, Japan won easily. It used its victory to gain treaty ports in China and control over the island of Taiwan, thus joining the West in the race for empire. - Ten years later, Japan successfully challenged Russia, its rival for power in Korea and Manchuria. During the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese armies defeated Russian troops in Manchuria and its navy destroyed almost an entire Russian fleet. For the first time in modern history, an Asian power humbled a European nation. In the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan gained control of Kprea as well as rights in parts of Manchuria.

reforms of meiji government

-The Meiji reformers faced an enormous task, They were committed to replacing the rigid feudal order with a completely new political and social system and to building a modern industrial economy. Change did not come easily. In the end, Japan adapted forgein ideas with great speed and success. - a modern governemnt - industrialization - changes in society - an amazing success

describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg empire: Franic Joesph grants limited reforms

18-year old Franic Joesph inherited the throne and would rule until 1916, presiding over the empire during its fading days into World War I. In 1859, Austria suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of France and Sardinia. He realized he had to stregthen his nation at home. He made limited reforms and granted a new constitution that set up a legislature. This body was dominated by German-speaking Austrians, therefore the reforms satisfied no other naational groups. The Hungarians, were determined to settle for nothing less than total self-governement.

factors that led to the spread of western imperialism: resisting imperialism

Africans and Asians strongly resisted Western expansion into their lands. Some people fought the invaders, even though they had no weapons to equal the Maxim gun. Ruling groups in certain areas tried to stregthen their societies against outsiders by reforming their own Muslim, Hindu, or Confucian traditions. Finally, Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel the imperalisrs from their lands.

aspects of dual monarchy: nationalist unrest increases

Although Hungarians welcomed the compromise, other subjet peoples resented it. Relentlessness increased among various Slavic groups, especailly the Czech in Bohemia. By the early 1900s, nationalist unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems.

european contact with africa increased: missionaries follow explorers

Catholic and Protestants missionares followed the explorers. All across Africa, they sought to win people to Christianity. The missionaries were sincere in their desire to help the Africans. They built schools and medical clinics alongside churches. They also focused attention on the evils of the slave trade. Still, missionaries, like most Westerners, took a paternalistic view of Africans, meaning they saw them as children in need of guidance. To them, African cultures and religions were "degraded". They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of Western Civilization.

describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg empire: a multinational empire

Equally disturbing to the old order were the urgent demands of nationalism. The Hapsburgs presided over a multinational empire. Of its 50 million people fewer than a quarter were German-speaking Austrians. Almost half belonged to different Slavic groups, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukranians, Serbs, Croats, and Sloveness. Often, rival groups shared the same religion. The empire also included large numbers of Hungarian and Italians, The Hapsburgs ignored nationalists' demands as loong as they could. When revolts broke out in 1848, the government crushed them.

factors that led to the spread of western imperialism: western advantages

European powers had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments and powerful armies and navies. Superior technology included riverboats and the telegraph, as well as improved medical knowledge helped Europeans survive deadly tropical dieases. And advances such as Maxim machine guns, repeating riffles, and steamdriven warships were very strong arguments in persuading Africans and Asians to accept Western control.

leopold starts a scramble for colonies: france extends its influence

France took a giant share of Africa. In the 1830s, it had invaded and conquered Algeria in North Africa. The victory cost tens of thousands of French lives and killed many times more Algerians. In the late 1800s, France extended its influence along the Mediterranean into Tunisia. It also won colonies in West and Central Africa. At its height, the French empire in Africa was as large as the contiental US.

factors that led to the collapse of the ottoman empire: balkan nationalism errupts

In the Balkans, Serbia won autonomy in 1830, and southern Greece won independence during the 1830s. But many Serbs and Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman empire was also home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. During the 1800s, various subject peoples staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own indpendent states.

factors that led to the spread of western imperialism: facing criticism at home

In the West itself, a small group of anti-imperalists emerged. Some argued that colonalism was a toll of the rich. Others said it was immoral. Westerners, they pointed out, were moving toward greater democracy at home but were imposing undemocratic rule on other people.

european contact with africa increases: explorers advance into africa's interior

In the early 1800s, European explorers began pushing into the interior of Africa. Explorers like Mungo Park and Richard Burton set out to map the course and sources of the great African rivers such as the Niger, the Nile, and the Congo. They were fascinated by African geography, but they had little understanding of the peoples they met. All, however, endured great hardships while exploring Africa,

powers that shaped africa: impact of the slave trade

In the early 1800s, European nations began to outlaw the transatlantic slave trade, though it took years to end. Meanwhile, the East Arican slave trade continued to Asia. Some people helped freed slaves resettle in Africa. In 1787, the British organized Sierra Leone in West Africa as a colony for former slaves. Later, some free blacks from the US settled in nearby Liberia. By 1847, Liberia had become an independent republic.

factors that led to the collapse of the ottoman empire: war in the Balkans

In the end, a complex wen of competing interests contributed to a series of crisis and wars in the Balkans. Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans. France and Britian sometimes joined the Russians and sometimes the Ottomans. Germany supported the Austrian authority over the discontented national groups. But Germany also encouraged the Ottomans because of their strategic location in the eastern Mediterranean. In between, the subject peoples revolted and fought among themselves. By the early 1900s, observers were referring to the region as the "Balkan power keg." th explosion that came in 1914 helped set off World War I.

powers that shaped Africa: east africa

Islam had long influenced the east coast of Africa, where port cities like Mombasa and Kilwa carried on profitable trade. The cargoes were often slaves. Captives were marched from the interior to the coast to be shipped as slaves to the Middle East. Ivory and copper from Central Africa were also exchanged for goods such as cloth and firearms from India.

causes of "new imperialism": humanitarian and religious goals

Many Westerns felt a genuine concern for their "little brothers" beyond the seas. Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officals believed they had a duty to spread what they saw as the blessings of Western civilization, including its medicine, law, and Christian religion.

forces that shaped Africa: North Africa

North Africa includes the enormous Sahara and the fertile land along the Mediterranean. Since long before 1800, the region was part of the Muslim world. In the early 1800s, much of North Africa remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire.

african resistance to western imperialism: ethiopia survives

One ancient Christian kingsom in East Africa, Ethiopia managed to resist European colonization and maintain its independence. Like fuedal Europe, Ethiopia had been divided up among a number of rival princes who ruled their own domains. In the late 1800s, however, a reforming ruler Menelik II, began to modernize his country. He hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a Western school system. He imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army. Thus, when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1896, Menelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa, the Ethiopians smasdhed the Italian invaders. Ethiopia was the only African nation, aside from Liberia, to preserbe its independence.

leopold starts a scramble for colonies: others join the scramble

Other European powers joined the scramble for colonies, in part to bolster their national imahe, while also furthering their economic growth and influence. The Portuguese carved out large colonies in Angola and Mozambique. Italy reached across the Mediterranean to occupy Libya and then pushed into the "horn" of Africa, at the southern end of the Red Sea. The newly united German empire took lands in eastern and southwestern Africa, including Cameroons and Togo. A German poltician, trying to ease the worrries of European rivals explained, "We do not want to put anyone in the shade, but we also demmand our place in the sun".

causes of "new imperialism": political and military moves

Political and military issues were closely linked to economic motives. Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessles needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. Industrial powers seized islands or harbors to satisfy these needs. Nationalism played an important role. When France, for example, moved into West Africa, rival nations like Britian and Germany seized lands nerby to halt further French expansion. Western leaders claimed that colonies for needed for national security. They also felt that ruling a global empire increased a nation's prestige around the world.

describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg empire: austria faces change

Since the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian emperor Francis I and his forgein minister Metternich had upheld conservative goals against liberal forces. Under their rule the newspapers could not even use the world constitution, much less discuss this key demand of liberals. The government also tried to limit industrial development, which would threaten traditional ways of life. By the 1840s, factories were springing up and Austria found itself facing the same problems Britian did- the growth of cities, worker discontent, and the stirrings of socialism.

factors that led to the collapse of the ottoman empire: european powers divided up the ottoman empire

Such nationalist stirrings became mixed up with the ambitions of the great European powers. In the mid-1800s, European came to see the Ottoman empire as the "sick man in Europe." Eagerly, they scrambled to divide up the Ottoman lands. Russia pushed south towards the Black Sea and Istanbul, which Russians still called Constantinople. Austria-Hungay took control of providences of Bosina and Herzegovina. This action angered the Serbs, who also had hoped to expand into that area. Meanwhile, Britian and France set their sights on other Ottoman lands in the Middle East and North Africa.

causes of "new imperialism": economic interests spur expansion

The Industrial Revolution created needs and desires that spurred overseas expansion. Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources such as rubber, petrikeym, managenese for steel, and palm oil for machinery. They also hoped for a new market of consumers to whom they could sell their factory goods. Bankers sought ventures to invest their profits. In addition, colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe growing population.

Africa before the scramble for colonies began

To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began. Africa is a huge continent, nearly three times the size of Europe. Across its many regions, people spoke hundreds of languages and had developed varied governments. Some people lived in large centralized states, while others lived in village communities.

aspects of dual monarchy: the austrian-hungary government

Under the argreement, Austrian and Hungary were seperate states. Each had its own constitution and parliment. Francis Joesph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. The two states also shared ministries of finance, defense, and forgein affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas.