History of Architecture Exam 1 (weeks 1-5)

Temple of Amun-Re Karnak

1250 BCE New kingdom Form: columns -obelisks -hypostyle hall -pylons Materials: sandstone and mudbrick Content: one of the largest religious complexes -working estate for priestly community who lived on the site -hypostyle hall built Context: Mut, Monty, Anum Re Function: Religious building

Chatras

3 tiered umbrella that symbolized Buddha, the law, and community of the monks.

Mecures

356ft^2 base | 215ft height

Fun Fact

37% of people have never moved from their hometown

Step Pyramid

397ft x 358ft | 204ft high

Kafures

706ft^2 base | 448ft height

Kufu

750ft^2 base | 481ft height

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Vishnu

A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk

A gleaming temple built atop a mud-brick platform, it towered above the flat plain of Uruk.

Krishna

A god associated with divine playfulness; a form of Vishnu

Sphinx

A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human - used to show his power , strength, and intellect because the lion was all these things. Also to protect the Pharaoh and show that this is where he lies

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.

Colonnade

A series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels.

Volute

A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic and the Roman Composite capital

Obelisk

A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top

Hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Corbeled Arch

An arch formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the blocks meet at a keystone.

Geometric Period

Archaic Greek 600-480 BCE Classical Greek 480-323 BCE

Hall of Bulls, Lascaux

"______________" Altamira Caves, Lascaux, France/Spain Paleolithic Period c. 15,000-13,000 BC These ancient paintings of bulls line the roofs of the Altamira Caves.

Aerial View of the Acropolis

#2 Grand entrance #4 temple devoted to many gods #1 parthenon #3 temple

Mastaba

(arabic meaning bench) a rectangular tomb made of mudbrick and stone for the higher class Egyptians

Random Fact

**In 1948, 2.3% of American households had televisions. Today 99% do.**

Chaitya Hall Karli, India 100-125 CE

- 2nd type of Buddhist structure - veneration hall - carved, rock cut gathering hall to practice Buddhism and circumambulation - sculpted stone roof - no capitals with the arched - carved in a cave - space for gathering or worship - 30 columns with decorated capitals of lotus with couples that represent fertility or harmony. These capitals act as a freize - Relates back to the Buddhist idea that we should seek the invisible world (brahman and nirvana)

The great pyramids of Giza

- Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom Egyptian 2575-2134 BCE 4th-8th dynasty - under construction for 75 years

Great Pyramids of Giza

- Buildings are large blocks of stone and built by dry masonry - Stoned was quarried on the site

Great Stupa Sanchi, India 300 BCE-100 CE

- Built 300 years after Buddha achieved nirvana - started by pre-Buddhist dynasty - place of devotion acts as a cosmic mountain that connects to the cosmos - made under the ruler, Ashoka - made of rubble, covered with stone, hemispheric monument that symbolizes that power of the Buddha - Walled of sacred space demarcated by four gates that are on the cardinal points -Track that goes around the base of the hemisphere where people walk and chant

Southern Indian Temple

- Built for Rajaraja - Dravida style temple - Emperor did not live to see it - Took 15 years to build - temple dedicated to SHIVA

Ancient Aegean

- Culture Period/styles -Minoane & Mycenaean - BRONZE PERIOD

Polykleitos the Younger "theater" Epidauros, Greece

- Designed to have wonderful natural acoustics - Theater was built in remembrance of Dionysus god of wine - Seats and rows are marble - NOT an amphitheater - Still used today for plays

Parthenon

- Doric order temple - Carved out of marble and dry masonry - Columns are made out of drums of marble

Hatshepsut

- Expanded Egypt with trade negotiations which then brought more wealth Was the half sister of her husband & her husband Tutmose II dies and claims authority over Egypt - She builds new temples after going on major building campaigns - Had a HUGE standing army - Daughter of Amun-Re

Temple of Amun-Re Karnak, Egypt (c.2000 - 325 BCE)

- Had various pharaohs invested in this - Thutmose III built the temple to how it looks today - the higher your status, the further in the temple you can get

Newgrange Near Dublin, Ireland 33200 - 2500 BCE Neolithic Architecture

- Largest Tumulus to be built Purpose of these were to honor the dead - Winter solstice was so important because the people get more time for people to plant crops - Theory: solstice is so important to this chamber because the dead are in the light for longer amount of time

Lion Gate Mycenaean Greece

- Only one way to enter these buildings - Invaders had a disadvantage because of the one narrow post and lintel entrance

Capital

- Persia cylindrical shafts, ornate capitals, - Inspired by plants, lotus flower - Top part usually animals that supports the roof above it

Dharmaja Ratha, Mamallapuram , India

- Shrine structures made out of stone - 3 dimensional - Based on domestic architecture - Solid rock. Not meant to enter

Acropolis Athens, Greece

- The high city - 480m BCE Persians were at war with the Athens and stole the Athens goods - Spartans, Athens, Greeks formed a group to go against the Persians

Catal Hoyuk, Turkey (7500 BCE - 6000 BCE)

- The importance of hunting as food source is reflected in the wall paintings of the site's older decorated rooms, where hunting scenes predominate - Entrances and exits were on the rooftops - Ovens and stoves were communal and on the roof as well - Walls were made of mudbrick and a sort of plaster

Ain Ghazal

- The site featured houses of irregularly shaped stone with plastered floors and walls painted red - The most striking finds, however, are two caches containing three dozen plaster statues and busts, some with two heads datable to ca. 6500 BCE

Reconstruction of the White Temple and Ziggurat

- The temple would have towered well above (approximately 40 feet) the flat plain - ORIENTED TO THE CARDINAL POINTS

The Neolithic Temple at Gobekli Tepe

- This area consists of 20 circular structures with monolithic T-shaped stone pillars - The pillars served as roof supports -Many of the pillars are covered with shallow reliefs depicting a wide array of animals, birds, and insects

Restored view of Temple of Aphaia

- battle scene sculptures in the pediment - Athena is the central point of the statue mural in the pediment - Colorful, bright, and painted

Cyrus the Great

- conquered lands and then had him join his administration - considered king of kings

Caved at Ajanta Interior and Plan of Cave 1 Vihara India 450-500 CE

- courtyard area and rooms for each monk - monks live in dark caves with no light - balanced square monastery with rooms built around the courtyard - had a large porch that leads into the main hall that is flanked by rooms, but it collapsed - Buddhist temple is in the back with images of the life of the Buddha

Mycenaeans

- fierce warriors and great engineers who designed and built remarkable bridges, fortification walls, and beehive-shaped tombs

Hatshepsut

- first woman pharaoh and was completely erased from history - had different ways and policies of doing things from other Pharaohs

Artisan House at Deir el-Medina

- houses are linear - vary in size - all close together

Ziggurat

- is a built raised platform (artificial mountain) with four sloping sides—like a chopped-off pyramid. - Made of mud-brick

Ancient Persia

- located in Persepolis, Iran - Grew under Cyrus the great, one of the largest empires in the world

Palace of Pesepolis Iran C. 500-465 BCE

- made of stone, mudbrick (most common), fired brick (clay) - Sits on a high plateau that leads into a mountain range In state of ruins shortly after it was created - Axial plan, rectangular. - Balanced design, ceremonial staircase, ceremonial hall, pandora (colinated enclosed space where 10,000 people could be held here)

Ur

- man-made island - large bronze age city - ports for trade - surrounded by water and (defensive walls

Purpose of the agora:

- open space that served as a meeting ground for various activities of the citizens - Place for markets, govt. administration, temples

Agora

- spaced designed for humans - big area in the middle for gatherings - Almost all buildings were rectangular

central plan

- structure built based around a core axial-flat linear plan - building upwards -ex: city of UR housing

Deer hunt wall scene at Catal Hoyuk

- the painter depicted an organized hunting party - The representation of the hunters is a rhythmic repetition of basic shapes Technique painting changed dramatically from Paleolithic to the Neolithic Age. The Cal Hoyuk painters used brushes to apply their pigments to a background of dry white plaster

Homer

- the seat of King Agamemnon - led the greeks in the Trojan War

Nar agar Style

- there is only one peak - the style of NORTH INDIA

Dry Masonry Walls at Jericho

- these were created to keep marauding nomads out of their wealth -The walls were 5 feet thick, 13ft tall with a population of 2,000

Temple of Athena Nike - Kallikrates

-Not a very big building - Built on the reminisce of the Mycenaean structure

Panathenaic Festival Frieze

-The second frieze behind the exterior on the entrance of the Parthenon - Sculptures told a narrative story

Exterior Caves at Ajanta Interior of cave 19 India 450-500 CE

-caves were carved into stone and created spaces - 30 caves all dedicated to the life of the Buddha - gather for worship (cave 19) - use is to house Buddhist monks (cave 1) - series of caves with various designs, purposes, and form around a horseshoe canyon around a river - caves were vary dark because the caves are meant to be experiential (lack of light allows one to focus better) - congregational hall - horseshoe arch

Jericho, Jordan 8000-7000 BCE, Neolithic

-covers about 10acres of land - Was the site of a small village as early as the ninth millennium BCE - Its mudbrick houses sat on round or oval stone foundations and had roofs of branches covered with earth

Vihara

Buddhist monastery

Sumerians Ancient Egyptians Akkadians Mycenaeans Assyrians Minoans

Cultures during the Bronze Age (3000-755 BCE)

Persians

Cultures during the Iron Age

turana

Entry gates with carvings.

Harmika

Fenced in area that helps connect the world with the cosmos.

Romulus

First king of Rome

North

Lower Egypt is located in the ________

Devi

Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual

Imhotep

Name of the architect who designed the Step Pyramid

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1473-1458 B.C.E. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite. - axial plan: linear in the middle

Cardinal Points

North, South, East, West

Artisan House at Deir el-Medina layout

One main entry Reception hall w alter Center living space Bedroom Roof access Food storage

the great Ziggurat at Ur

One of the largest and best-preserved ziggurats of Mesopotamia

The Neolithic Temple at Gobekli Tepe

One of the most important archaeological discoveries of the past few decades is this site located in southeastern Turkey near Sanliurfa. This hilltop site appears to have been a religious, or at least a ceremonial, center rather than a habitation site

Vedika

Outer fence that separates the sacred from the profane world.

Chaitya

Refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple, or prayer hall in Indian religions. Common in Buddhism where is refers to a space with a stupa.

Nirvana

Release through earthly desires and establishes a new code to live by.

Greek Doric Order

Simpler design Entablature is longer in length Simple capital Fancier frieze

Garbhagriha

The "womb chamber" or shrine room at the heart of a Hindu temple

Exterior

The ________ of the Parthenon was filled with Lapith versus Centaur images - and was all filled with religious stories

Stupa

The major building type of Buddhist faith where people meditate to get to nirvana.

Stonehedge (England)

The most famous megalithic monument in Europe is Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plain in southern England

South

Upper Egypt is located in the _________

Prince Siddhartha Gautama

Used his life to liberate the pain of humanity from the death cycle of Brahman in Hindu Faith by meditation and nirvana. Founder of Buddhism.

Start seeing cultural developments (Religious systems, people's community and livelihood, trades, traditions/customs/rituals, government systems are forming, oral traditions)

What changes do we start to see in the Neolithic Period

The Step Pyramid

What does the Step Pyramid symbolizes the absolute and god like power of the pharaoh

Sumerians

What was the Mesopotamian Culture?

Made of small sandstone blocks

What was the Step Pyramid made out of?

At the top of Hatshepsut's temple

Where is Amun-RE's temple?

Inside Uruk

Where was the greatest monument was the Anu Ziggurat on which the White Temple was built?

Medes

Who brings tribute to Kings?

Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu (small→large)

Who do the 3 great pyramids belong to?

Column-base

a base on which a column is placed, carved according to set patterns and proportions, transfers load onto a plinth or to a foundation

Temple of Aphaia

a doric order; devoted to the goddess Athena Entered through the short end

Citadel

a fortress overlooking a city; a stronghold

Egyptian Engaged Column

a half column that is attached to the wall connected to 9most times) papyrus at the top

Hypostyle Hall

a hall with a roof supported by columns

ocher

a kind of pigmented, earthen material, that is soft and can be mixed with liquids, and comes in a range of colors like brown, red, yellow, and white

shaman

a kind of priest or healer with powers involving the ability to communicate with spirits of other worlds

tripartite plan

a long rectangular central hall with rooms on either side (plan)

Labyrinth

a maze

Mortar

a mixture of sand, water, lime, and cement used in building for holding bricks and stones together

Shrine

a place where people worship

Terrace

a raised, flat mound of earth (dirt) that looks like a platform with sloping sides

twisted perspective

a representation of a figure, part in profile and part frontal viewpoint

Temenos

a sacred enclosure built to separate the ancient temple from the rest of the city

Capstone

a stone that forms the top of wall or building

Passage Grave

a tomb with a long corridor leading to a burial chamber beneath a tumulus

Palace

administration and living rooms for kings

Mastabas

an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof

Henge

an arrangement of megalithic stones in a circle often surrounded by a ditch

Arthur Evans

archaeologist that discovered Minoan civilization

Tummulus

artificial burial mound covered by dirt

Archaic Greek

artwork is typically funerary or for ritual; male figures are nude, while female figures are clothed; bodies are idealized, with little negative space and no contrapposto

Bitumen

black tar like substance used on top of mud brick

Medes

clothes fall straight down, simple clothing, more leg shown, wearing pants, long tunic shirt

Periportal structure

columns on all 4 sides all along the perimeter

Erechtheion Acropolis

has an asymmetrical structure - half of it is elevated - Had to build around different things - Tree that Athena planted Spot where Poseidon and Athena battled - Site where the "ref" of the battle is buried - Multiple levels to the temple - Blue limestone was soused

Menes

headdress

Relieving Triangle

in Mycenaean architecture, the triangular opening above the lintel that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by the lintel itself

Megalith

large stone structures

Base

large with plant leaves coming out of the bottom

Shikara

largest column in the temple

Diplan Gate

main gate into the city of Athens

Fresco

plastered painting on walls with wet plaster & adding pigments to it for color ; dries as a type of painting technique

Plinth

platform that the structure sits on

Caryatids

sculptures of women that serve as columns

Cropalise

space for the palace

Courses

stacked horizontal rows

Theater

stadium like structure that would seat ~12,000 people

dry masonry

stone stacked on one another to form a wall

Ur

streets in ___ were filled with trash

Amalaka

sunburst part at the top of the shikara

Amphiprostyle temple

temple that has a colonnade on the short ends. You can only end through the short ends; traditionally has 4 columns on the end

Shaft (column shaft)

the body of a column

Paleolithic Period

the era of prehistory that lasted from at least 2 million B.C. to about 9000 B.C.; also called the Old Stone Age

Neolithic Period

the final era of prehistory, which began about c. 10,000-15,000 B.C.; also called the New Stone Age

Ur

the more room you had in your home at ___, the wealthier you were

the Nanna temple at its top

the most important part of the ziggurat

Ziggurat

the only way up to the __________ was via a steep stairway that led to a ramp that wrapped around the north end of the ___________and brought one to the temple entrance

Axial Plan

the parts of a building are organized longitudinally, or along a given axis

Stylobate

the top "step" located at the bottom of the columns

Pediment

the triangular form that resides on top of the building, sloping over the rest of the structure

a priest HENRI BREUIL, believed that the images played a role in "hunting magic." The theory suggests that the prehistoric people who used the cave may have believed that a way to overpower their prey involved creating images of it during rituals designed to ensure a successful hunt.

theory to why people made the hall of bulls

Sumerians

these people were a polytheistic religion (multiple gods)

Megarod

throne room known as precursor to temples

Dark Age

time period when there is no writing present. An example of a Dark Age was when the Dorians moved into the Mycenaean civilization from 1150 and 750 BC. The Dorians were far less advanced and this civilization lost the art of writing for this time.

Post-and-lintel system

two upright stones (posts) support a horizontal block (lintel)

Protomes

type of capital with combination of animal and plant design

the step pyramid

type of pyramid with sides that rise in giant steps - one of the first grand royal tombs - one of the biggest tombs

Orchestra

what we would call a stage; where musicians and actors would perform

Corbel arch

when rocks a stone start leaning in to create an arch

Uruk

where the first writing emerged was one of the most important places in southern Mesopotamia

Persians

wore pleated skirts, had beards, draped robes - Persian dignity

Cuneiform

writing with triangles

Athena

Goddess of wisdom and war

The step pyramid

In what structure is the pharaoh located underground? (corners sit on four cardinal points)

Low Relief Sculpture

figures themselves sit out from the background but are still clearly attached to the background

8 fold path

Heart of Buddhism. Moved one from Vedic (caste system) and focused on the individual and opened up the access to the faith of meditation and nirvana.

Cyclopean Masonry

Dry masonry with megalithic rocks being used & had corbel walls

Poseidon

God of the sea and earthquakes

Ionic Order

Has a base "Dentals" (rectangular cut outs) on the cornice

Cosmopolitan City

place with lots of diversity and had a blending of that diversity

23

How many cultures made up Persia?

3

How many entrances did the White Temple have?

Palace of Knossos, Crete

Huge complex multi floor, built into hillside, maze-like plan and this reinforced the story of King Myon, long empty rooms for storage

richer

If you had more fabric, you were considered _________

boddisattva

In Buddhism, a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so to remain on earth as a spiritual guide to others.

Yasti

In Buddhist architecture, the mast or pole that arises from the dome of the stupa and its harmika and symbolizes the axis of the universe; it is adorned with a series of chatras

Sarsen Stone

Larger stones of Stonehenge, and similar stone circles; make up the outer ring, and inner U of Stoneheng

The Tomb of Hatshepsut

focused on the tombs of Pharaohs during the Fourth Dynasty

Pylons

Monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance portal.

Mandapa

pillared entrance hall of a Hindu temple

Double cruciform plan

double cross

Staos

open stalls for markets

Transom

opening beneath the entrance to the Tumulus

Sun Wells

openings to allow sun in through roofs and sides

Flutes

ornamental vertical grooves cut into a column