History of Sport UNL Exam 1 Spring 2021

AAU

Amateur Athletic Union

"Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (something the National League did not do)

Violent Games

approval of aggression, hostile attribution

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

"Book of Sports"

1618 order by James I of England which permitted games on Sunday for people who attended the Church of England services; this upset the Puritans, who believed quite the contrary was appropriate; rescinded after many clergy refused to read this order from the pulpit

Walking City

A city in which a majority of people walk to get from one spot to the other, which was the case for every city before 1850.

Kolven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf.

Strenuous Life

A phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt to describe his ideal of a vigorous, athletic new approach to life at the turn of the century

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Lawful Sport

Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture

Needful Recreation

Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, needful recreation was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise or providing food.

Tavern Pastimes

Alcohol, gambling, betting, which was sometimes a requirement of an establishment. Sporting events such as billiards, horse-racing, cockfighting

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures

Playground Movement

Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade

Barn Ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick

Seperate Spheres

As part of the Victorian middle class, seperation of sexes. Public was the domain of men and the private sphere(home, family) was the domain of women.

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Bank Clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised the game's first rules

Leonard Jerome

Builds Jerome park, no alcohol, no fixed races, shortens the races • Yearly stakes races- Belmont Stakes 1870s Horse Races

Paper Chases

Called "hare and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses

4 Folkways

Chesapeake, New England, Backcountry, and Middle Colonies

"King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

Knickerbockers

Earliest organized baseball club, more of a social aspect for gentlemen

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

New York Athletic Club

First all athletic club founded in 1860s

William Cammeyer

First to charge admission for baseball games. --Enclose his baseball field in Brooklyn, 1862, with a fence and charged admission, in 1876 he was president of Brooklyn mutuals who voted to make the league a charter member and set a fixed rate of 50cents/game

Folk Games

Foot races, quibits, skittles, etc..

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball"

Harry Wright

Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. he was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

James Gordon Bennett

Founder of the New York Herald in 1835. He initiated features found in modern newspapers, including a financial page, editorial commentary, and public-affairs reporting

Toli

Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse

Britain's Festive Culture

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs.

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, Stevens used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts and people.

Royal Sports

Jousting and tennis

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s

Sabbatarian Laws

Laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Victorian Counterculture

Made up mainly of working-class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th century who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restrain of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports.

Southern Gentry

Men, who weren't firstborn(as they were the ones to inherit their father's land) took a chance on the "new world" Many of those men emulated their fathers by building large mansions in Virginia and other Southern Colonies. Also known as the "landed gentry"

Enlightenment

Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason, began in Europe

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work

N4A

National Association of Amateur Athletes of America

New York Clipper

Newspaper that covered all sports in the New York area but it especially is credited with promoting baseball in its formative years

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually this. It most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game.

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstar players of baseball. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association)

One place the Strenuous Life could be practiced was at the YMCA. Focused more on Christian part of its name, but became more synonymous with exercise and sports.

Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL)

Organized in NYC by Luther Gulick to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (immigrant youth) out of trouble after school

John Montgomery Ward

Played for NY Giants, only man in major league w/ 100 wins and 2000 hits, lawyer and educated man, part of Baseball Brotherhood (union of payers)

Rough and Tumble

Popular violent sport with no rules in the backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. Goal was to gauge out the eyes of your opponent

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people

Rational Recreation

Recreation that was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books, and playing musical instruments. Some sports were allowed but always under the umbrella of non-competitiveness

2nd Great Awakening

Religious movement that led to social reforms- 18th century that was more wide-spread and longer-lasting than the movement of the previous century

College Crew

Rowing culture first started by Harvard and Yale in 1852 competing- races were called regattas

"Muscular Christianity"

Second half of the 19th Century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement.

Pageant of Misrule

Someone unmarried makes fun of the upper class and the married

Players League

Started by Ward and the Brothers to get new rights for them, did well at first but three leagues was too many, ended by the end of the 1890 season

Elysian Fields

Steven's property in Hoboken, NJ that was donated for use as cricket fields and the New York Yacht Club

Sporting Fraternity

Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood

Caledonian Clubs

The Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

National League

The first professional baseball league, begun in 1876 with eight teams

Positive Sports Ideology

The idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life

Quarter Horses

Top horse breed in the US, known for Quarter races, great sprinters

Turner Societies

Turners are members of German-American gymnastic clubs

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning.

1st Great Awakening

a religious revival of going to the old standards of Puritanism (back to the bible movement)

AG Spalding

better known for manufacturing sporting goods, this man helped organize professional baseball

"Race of the Century"

considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers - it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island

Cincinnati Red Stockings

first salaried baseball team

"Nouveau Riche"

newly rich

self-restraint

the ability to control yourself?

Republicanism

the belief that everything done by the colonist should be separate from Europe. should be based on the consent of the people