History Unit V - Independence of India and Pakistan
What is the difference between noncooperation and civil disobedience?
-noncooperation is not simply an independence movement but a duty to stand up to unjust laws (passive) -civil disobedience is to invoke a reaction to change the law in dispute (aggressive)
What was the Cripps Mission?
A mission designed to institute an interim government in India during WWII, a government that would contain some Indians. This mission promised independence to India after WWII. This mission fell through because it was rejected by the Muslim League and Indian National Congress. This mission was proposed in 1942.
How did the Japanese initially involved with India?
Bose let the Japanese into India in 1941. The Japanese army partnered with the Indian National Army (which was established by Bose) in their independence movement against the British. The Japanese remained in India until they were kicked out by the British Army back into Burma in 1944.
What happened in 1943?
Famines in Bengal.
What happened between the years 1914-1918?
Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1914. He figured out that independence could not be brought to India in a "suit". Independence would only happen if the leader had real conversations with the population, and connect with the people on a more personal level. Gandhi's return to India basically revitalized the independence movement that had been stagnant up until then. He introduces his method of nonviolent protest. Meanwhile Europe was engaged in WWI, and Britain used Indian troops in WWI. Britain slowly started to lose their grip on India, as the had to deal with nationalist movements in Ireland and India in addition to putting a lot of their resources into WWI. In India during WWI the British Crown enacted the Rowlatt Acts. The Rowlatt Acts was basically Marshall Law, a situation where all civil rights were stripped of civilians in areas of riots. The British justification for Marshall Law was WWI.
What happened in 1974-1975?
Indira Gandhi had been pushing science and tech. This push led to the first nuclear explosion in India's history. China did not accept Indian nonviolence so India felt the need to defend themselves.
What happened later in 1965?
Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter was elected Prime Minister of India by all of the Minister because they thought they'd be able to control her super easily, but that was not the case.
What was the effect of Indira Gandhi's population control efforts?
Indira and Sanjay less mass sterilization efforts to bring down the birth rates. Many rumors spread among the poor that they were using the State of Emergency to castrate the poor, and that the government was trying to take food from the poor.
How did the first India-Pakistan war start?
Pakistan had two parts, West Pakistan and East Pakistan which were separated by India. In 1951, East Pakistan revolted against the central government in West Pakistan. India sided with East Pakistan in an effort to disrupt the power of Pakistan, which led to a Indo-Pak War.
What was the second India-Pakistan war about?
The second India-Pakistan War was all about territory. The Pakistani Army invaded Kashmir in 1965 but their attempt to take Kashmir was shut down by the Indian Army. Pakistan took a little Kashmir territory and India almost took Lahore. The USSR made peace, which pleased its Muslim countries.
What was the effect of the third India-Pakistan war?
The third Indo-Pak war resulted in the independence of East Pakistan and it became Bangladesh. East Pakistan received assistance from Indira Gandhi.
Why did the Japanese invade India?
They invaded India because they were rivals with Britain in WWII. The Japanese wanted "Asia for Asians" to take the British out of India in collaboration with the Indian National Army. In 1944 the Japanese invaded through the India-Burma border but were soon sent back to Burma by the British Army.
Describe India's state of emergency.
In the summer of 1972 famines returned to India and that was the beginning of bad for Indira Gandhi. Inflation and strikes also hurt the economy. 20,000 railroad workers went on strike and she jailed all 20,000 of them, this was an action that lost her a lot of her popularity. IN 1975 she was accused of vote rigging, and when she was found guilty, she called a "State of Emergency" when in essence suspends the democracy and paves the way for a dictatorship. She arrested opposition leaders without a fair trial. People feared she was paving the way for a Gandhi dynasty. While dictator, she promoted her son Sanjay's ideas. Sanjay bulldozed many homes and moved people to the outskirts of New Delhi. He also called for mass sterilization which really polarized the population. Due to Sanjay's ideas the death rate dropped but 12 million more people were being born every year. In 1977, Indira called for an election in which she lost big. But she was back in office in 1980 then she handed it off to her son Rajiv. She ordered the attack at Amritsar called operation Blue Star.
What was happened between 1939-1945?
World War II was going on. This put more pressure on Britain and made them less capable of controlling India. New government took over in Britain after WWII and they made Indian independence possible through Partition.
When was Gandhi assassinated?
1948, by a Hindu. In the years leading up to Partition Gandhi stressed a Hindu Muslim unity which a lot of Hindus didn't like. When communal riots broke out at the Indo-Pakistani border around the time of Partition, Gandhi began to fast in order to get the country's attention t stop fighting. He had even offered Muhammad Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, to be the Prime Minister of India but he rejected the offer because he knew the Muslims and Hindus would not be able to coexist. Anyway, some Hindus did not appreciate how kind Gandhi was to the Muslims, and that one guy shot him in the chest on the way to his prayer session.
What was the Quit India movement?
A movement established by Gandhi in 1942. It was a form of civil disobedience and was basically said that Indians would not fight for Britain in WWII unless they became independent. The British arrested tens of thousands of Indians including majors leaders who weren't released until 1945.
What happened in 1946?
Anti British riots led to the British naming Jawaharlal Nehru as the Prime Minister of the interim government. By this time the British had agreed to leave India, it was not a matter of if but when. The new interim government represented all the people except the Muslim League. This made the Muslim League hesitant to join but they eventually joined. They continued to express their dissatisfaction towards their misrepresentation in the interim government with communal riots.
How were Muslims feeling during Indian Nationalism?
Around the same time as a Salt March, the Muslim League started to ask for special privileges with Britain. They were beginning to fear that if independence did occur, they would be a Muslim minority in a Hindu country.
Describe conflict between the Muslims and Hindus.
As the subcontinent moved closer towards independence, tensions between the Hindus and Muslims grew because the Muslim League saw that the Indian National Congress was taking the lead in the independence movement. The Muslim League worried that if India were to become independent, the Muslims would be a minority, and their interests would not be represented due to lack of voters being able to support a Muslim into the government. This led to communalism and violence. -British tried to pit Hindus and Muslims against each other -Muslims were mad because there were a minority in India, so they started rioting, which was met with Hindu riots -Gandhi wanted Hindu Muslim unity so he fasted in order to influence Hindus and Muslims to stop fighting -Hindus thought that Gandhi was being too nice to Muslims and Gandhi ended up being killed by a Hindu
What was India's first five year plan?
After Partition, the Indian National Congress became the Congress Party. In 1948, they announced a plan for their government called the 1st Five Year Plan. This plan called for economic development, the institution of socialism, and the advocacy of secularism.
What were Gandhi's religious beliefs and influences?
Gandhi believed that God is Truth, and the only way to get to Truth is through ahimsa. You can only discover Truth through 100% ahimsa. A person has to be able to love the meanest creation of themselves in order to see the universal spirit of Truth face to face. Gandhi wanted to become purified, because God can only be seen my someone who is pure of heart. If one person becomes purified, the purification spreads like wildfire. Someone who has been completely purified has no passions in terms of thoughts, speech, or action. People who are completely pure have the mental capacity to rise above love/hate, and attraction/repulsion. Conquering mental challenges in often harder than conquering physical ones. Basically Gandhi's nonviolence stemmed from a religious desire. Gandhi said his religious quest led him into the realm of politics. Ahimsa is the farthest limit of humility. Gandhi's religious beliefs stemmed from his mother, London, and South Africa. His mom was a Jain, and he inherited her devout spirit and her principles of ahimsa, which are seen through Gandhi's nonviolent philosophy. Gandhi's 3 year London education created an interracial interaction norm, and he learned a lot from the Bhagavad Gita and the New Testament which influenced him heavily. Also Gandhi's time in South Africa influenced him. His time in South Africa was his first encounter with racial inequality, and led to the foundation of his nonviolent philosophy, satyagraha. All of these factors led to his leadership of the nonviolent noncooperation and civil disobedience movements that led to India's independence in 1947.
What did Gandhi do in South Africa?
Gandhi was a lawyer, and got called to represent a Hindu in South Africa. On his journey to South Africa Gandhi had an encounter that would forever change his life. Gandhi had bought a first class ticket to South Africa but he wasn't allowed to sit there on account of his skin color. This racial intolerance led Gandhi to stay in South Africa even after his client's trip to fight for the rights of Indians in South Africa and to unite the unorganized Indian community. Indians weren't allowed to walk on the pavement. Living in South Africa allowed Gandhi to develop his own individual ethics because South Africa did not have the Hindu caste system or influential Hindu tradition. The most important idea he developed was pacifist anarchism. Gandhi established a rural community in South Africa for him and his followers, and trademarked the term "satyagraha" which embodied his idea of selfless action, nonviolent protest, and that to suffer lovingly was better than to subject to injustice another way of saying is that they can have you body, but never let them take your soul. In Gandhi's rural community, he cleaned the toilets to show equality within the community. These were ideas he used in the fair treatment of Indians in South Africa movement. As a way of fighting the unfair treatment of Indians in South Africa, Gandhi invited arrest, held nonviolent protests, take violence, and fight against their anger, don't provoke it.
Describe's Gandhi's ideology for combating British rule.
Gandhi's philosophy consisted of many parts that he would use to liberate India from the grasp of Britain. When you think of Gandhi the first thing you think of is peace. This nonviolence stemmed from his emphasis on ahimsa. He practiced ahimsa because he believed that ahimsa was the only way to reach God and Truth. The core of his philosophy was nonviolence. They held nonviolent protests through nonviolent noncooperation and civil disobedience. Gandhi and his followers let themselves be physically abused and imprisoned. One big idea was not to accept injustice, they can take your body but not your soul. People had to have the courage to override their anger. Gandhi figured if the Indians simply did not listen to the British India would no longer be profitable for the British and they would leave. -nonviolent resistance cannot be defeated -love is the only law of life -nonviolence requires discipline
Characterize Pakistan's first government.
Pakistan's first government was very chaotic and their first President, Min Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. Their first government brought no real social or economic reform, so they had no real power.
Partition of Bengal?
Partition of Bengal in 1905 made Hindus mad because they became a minority in East Bengal and Bengalese became a minority in West Bengal.
What happened in 1956?
States in India were being established based on linguistic and cultural bases. This proved problematic as there was disconnect between a few states and some states spoke different languages so they weren't able to communicate to the central government.
What happened in 1935-1937?
The Government of India Act was put into place. This act was passed by the British Parliament and was brokered between the British Parliament and the Indian National Congress. This act basically took away the princely states but made them states of the Indian government. This led to the increased presence of Indians in the government. This was considered "half" of independence, as the creation of states prepared India for independence and future Partition. The Muslim League led by Jinnah did not like this Act because independence would most likely lead to a Hindu dominated India. The leaders of the princely states also didn't like this because it stripped them of their power.
What was the Indian Independence Act and Partition of India and Pakistan?
The Indian Independence Act was the act by British Parliament that officially made India a free country on August 15, 1947. This act was accompanied by the Partition of India which split up the Indian subcontinent into two Dominions. The larger, Hindu dominated Dominion was called India. And the smaller, Muslim dominated Dominion was called Pakistan. Partition was suggested by the last Viceroy of India, Lewis Mountbatten, who deduced that the Hindus and Pakistanis could not live together. Muslims started moving to Pakistan and Hindus moved to India. There was a lot of violence between the two religious groups, especially along the border states where the religious split was near even.
What was the Indian National Congress?
The Indian National Congress was an associated dedicated to ending British power in India. This association was eventually led by Mahatma Gandhi. After independence this association turned into the Congress Party.
What happened in 1919?
The Massacre of Amritsar. Amritsar, a city in the Punjab, was essentially the center of Sikhism. British troops opened fire on a crowd of nonviolent Sikh protesters, the massacre left 379 Sikhs dead. Gandhi denounced this attack and called for action with nonviolence, and made April 13 a day of mourning.
When did Portugal finally leave India?
The Portuguese realized a little bit late that India became independent and in 1961 they gave up their port at Goa, which became an official part of India.
What did Sikhs do after Hindu-Sikh conflict had more/less died down?
The Sikhs became alienated and resorted to forms of terrorism. Meanwhile in the years of 1985-1988 Rajiv Gandhi pushed India in terms of economic development and consumerism. The prices of stuff went up and so did corruption. India had good relations with China, Pakistan, and US.
How did the Hindu-Sikh conflict originate?
The Sikhs were getting restless. They had seen Hindus get their own country, and Muslims get their own country, now they wanted their own country in what was the state of Punjab. The Sikhs were causing violence from 1982-1984 so in 1984 Indira Gandhi decided she had enough. In 1984, she launched Operation Blue Star in which she sent in her army to kill the Sikhs. When they saw the Indian Army approaching they took refuge in their temple in Amritsar. But the Indian Army didn't care they shot up the whole place anyway, and it caught on fire because the Sikhs had a ton of explosives in their temple. Sikhs responded in a big way, Indira Gandhi's bodyguards were Sikhs, so they killed Gandhi. The Hindus then responded by killed 3,000 Sikhs.
What happened in 1988?
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation created a really long list of unattainable goals in for the countries in their group. The UN designated the Indian Ocean as a peace zone. And President Bhutto, a woman was elected in Pakistan.
What happened between 1930-1931?
These years saw the rise of civil disobedience from the nationalist movement under Gandhi's leadership. The key event of civil disobedience was the Salt March in 1930. The British monopolized the salt trade, and taxed that salt. In protest, Gandhi led a 200 mile march to the coast. When Gandhi and his followers reached the coast, they started making their own salt and selling it, which was illegal and considered treason against Britain. The British jailed 27,000 people including Gandhi, Nehru, and even Nehru's grandma.
What happened between 1920-1922?
These years saw the rise of nonviolent noncooperation under the leadership of Gandhi. Noncooperation is basically passive protest, for example staying at home and praying instead of going to work. Gandhi called for an entire day of noncooperation. He figured if they did not cooperate, Britain would soon realize that their operation in India would not be possible nor profitable without the cooperation of Indians. These years also saw Gandhi beginning to be referred to as Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma means "great soul."
What was the Non-Aligned Movement?
This was a movement started by Nehru during the Cold War. Nehru didn't want to get involved with the battle between communism and capitalism. So he and his socialist country set up a neutral team was wasn't aligned with either NATO or the communists. This is the origin of the term "third world country".
What happened in 1945?
United Nations was founded in 1945. India became a member in the same year by signing the United Nations Charter.
How were Indian relations with Nepal and Sri Lanka?
relations with Nepal and Sri Lanka deteriorated. Nepal and Sri Lanka were places were Indians went for cheap work, and Indians were treated so poorly in these countries that it affected relations between these two countries.
What did Prime Minister Rao do?
starts industrial privatization, which created India as a new powerhouse
