HLTH 4900 Ch. 11 and Ch. 14
The Solomon four-group design is an experimental research design in which different participants are assigned to each of 4 groups in such a way that comparisons can be made to: a. determine if a treatment causes changes in posttest measure. b. control for possible confounds or extraneous factors related to giving a pretest measure and observing participants over time. c. strengthen power by reducing the number of participants needed to be able to observe an effect. d. determine if a treatment causes changes in posttest measure and control for possible confounds or extraneous factors related to giving a pretest measure and observing participants over time.
D
The chi-square test is used to analyze what type of data? a. Continuous b. Interval c. Ratio d. Categorical
D
A chi-square test for independence is computed for a study with two categorical factors, each with three levels. What are the degrees of freedom smaller in this example? a. 2 b. 3 c. 6 d. 9
A
For a related samples t-test, the mean difference attributed to the manipulation is measured as: a. the mean difference between groups. b. the difference among participant difference scores. c. within-groups variability. d. between-persons variability.
A
The criteria for a decision regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis is set by the: a. level of significance. b. p-value. c. t-statistic. d. type of research design.
A
The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis, is called: a. power. b. Type I error. c. Type II error. d. null finding.
A
Which type of hypothesis test can use Cohen's d as an estimate of effect size? a. One sample t-test b. One-way ANOVA c. Factorial ANOVA d. Pearson correlation coefficient
A
A researcher records the correlation between gender and response speed (in seconds) to a test stimulus (in seconds). Which correlation measure is most appropriate for this analysis? a. Spearman b. Point-biserial c. Phi d. Regression
B
A researcher selects a sample of varsity athletes from a population of varsity athletes at a local school. To which group will the researcher generalize his or her findings in a study conducted with the sample? a. The sample of varsity athletes b. The population of varsity athletes at the local school c. The population of varsity athletes worldwide d. The population of students who are not varsity athletes
B
As a general rule, the larger the level of confidence, the ________ precise the interval estimate tends to be. a. more b. less c. equivalently d. zero
B
The denominator for each estimate of Cohen's d is: a. sample mean difference. b. sample standard deviation. c. standard error. d. proportion of variance.
B
We use null hypothesis significance testing to identify _______; we compute effect size to identify ________. a. the size of an effect; if an effect exists b. if an effect exists; the size of an effect c. significance; if an effect exists d. significance; significance
B
Which of the following is an example of a measure of proportion of variance? a. Cohen's d b. Cramer's V c. Estimation d. Significance
B
A measure of proportion of variance that is used as an estimate of effect size for the chi-square test for independence, is called: a. eta-squared. b. Cohen's d. c. Cramer's V. d. coefficient of determination.
C
A null finding means that: a. the decision was to reject the null hypothesis. b. a null hypothesis was discovered. c. the decision was to retain a null hypothesis. d. a null hypothesis has yet-to-be discovered.
C
A researcher computes a within-subjects ANOVA. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data? a. A social psychologist compares measures of social loafing among traditional and non-traditional college students. b. a college professor compares final exam grades among students in three separate sections of a research methods' class. c. a biopsychologist tests the time course for the release of a neurohormone before, during, and following a task thought to cause its release. d. a sports psychologist compares mental function scores in a sample of athletes from four different sports.
C
A researcher decides at a .05 level of significance to reject the null hypothesis that the value of a populaiton mean is equal to 12. Which of the following CIs is consistent with this conclusion? a. 95% CI 11, 13 b. 95% CI 8, 12 c. 95% CI 9, 11 d. 95% CI 11.5, 12.5
C
A researcher evaluates preference for each of three advertisements aimed at children. He asks 60 parents to choose their favorite advertisement and records their choice. What type of analysis is appropriate for this research design? a. One-way analysis of variance b. Three-way analysis of variance c. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test d. Chi-square test for independence
C
Each of the following is a source of variation measured by a test statistic using the within-subjects design, EXCEPT: a. between-groups variability. b. between-persons variability. c. within-persons variability. d. within-groups variability.
C
The null hypothesis typically ________ the researchers' hypothesis. a. confirms b. supports c. contradicts d. predicts
C
What are the two types of counterbalancing? a. Grouped and ungrouped b. Same and different c. Complete and partial d. Balanced and unbalanced
C
What formula is computed to determine the likelihood or probability of obtaining a sample outcome, if the value stated in the null hypothesis is true? a. Effect size b. Confidence interval c. Test statistic d. Bayes' theorem
C
What type of estimate uses a sample mean to estimate a population mean? a. Proportion b. Interval c. Point d. Significance
C
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for constructing a Latin square? a. The number of order sequences equals the number of treatments. b. Each treatment appears equally often in each position. c. All possible order sequences are included and fully balanced. d. Each treatment precedes and follows each treatment one time.
C
Which of the following is a common procedure used with partial counterbalancing? a. Random balancing b. Cross manipulation c. Latin square d. Sequential monitoring
C
A measure of effect size in terms of the percent of variability in a dependent variable that can be explained or accounted for by the levels of a factor or treatment, is called: a. estimation. b. significance. c. correlation. d. proportion of variance.
D
A mean difference or discrepancy between what was observed in a sample and what was expected to be observed in the population as stated by a null hypothesis, is called: a. an effect . b. significance. c. power. d. proportion of variance.
A
A point estimate is the ____ precise and the ____ certain estimate. a. most; least b. least; most c. largest; smallest d. smallest; largest
A
A procedure in which all possible order sequences that participants receive different treatments or participate in different groups is balanced or offset in an experiment is called: a. complete counterbalancing. b. partial counterbalancing. c. median counterbalancing. d. intrinsic counterbalancing.
A
A procedure in which the order that participants receive different treatments or participate in different groups is balanced or offset in an experiment is called: a. counterbalancing. b. median positioning. c. carryover effects. d. internal validity.
A
A research design in which the same participants are observed in each group of a research study is called: a. within-subjects design. b. between-subjects design. c. mixed factorial design. d. randomized design.
A
A statistical procedure used to determine whether observed frequencies at each level of one categorical variable are similar to or different from frequencies expected, is called the chi-square: a. goodness-of-fit test. b. test for independence. c. test for ordinal data. d. correlation coefficient.
A
Counterbalancing does not ________ order effects, rather it makes possible order effects ________ in each treatment or group. a. eliminate; the same b. eliminate; different c. balance; variable d. balance; more likely
A
The coefficient of determination is used as an estimate of effect size for which null hypothesis significance test? a. Correlation b. Chi-square test c. t-test d. ANOVA
A
A researcher evaluates the number of traffic accidents that occur daily at each of the four most-travelled roads in a local city to determine if one of the roads is more dangerous (i.e., has an unusually high proportion of traffic accidents). What type of analysis is appropriate for this research design? a. One-way analysis of variance b. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test c. Factorial analysis of variance d. Chi-square test for independence
B
A threat to internal validity in which the order that participants receive different treatments or participate in different groups causes changes in the dependent variable is called: a. sampling effects. b. order effects. c. counterbalancing. d. constant change.
B
Anytime the same participants are observed in each group, the design qualifies as a within-subjects experimental design. a. True b. False, a within-subjects design can never be experimental c. False, added controls are needed for time-related factors d. True, this is the definition of a within-subjects experimental design
B
To apply NHST, we state a null hypothesis, and then set a criterion upon which we will decide to: a. retain or accept the null hypothesis. b. retain or reject the null hypothesis. c. accept or reject the null hypothesis. d. retain or reject the alternative hypothesis.
B
What are the two decisions that researchers can make in hypothesis testing? a. Accept or reject the null hypothesis b. Retain or reject the null hypothesis c. Accept or reject the null hypothesis and retain or reject the null hypothesis d. Assume or justify the null hypothesis
B
What is the decision for a null hypothesis test when the likelihood of obtaining a sample outcome is less than 5% if the null hypothesis were true? a. Retain the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis c. Reject the alternative hypothesis d. Retain and reject the null hypothesis
B
What is the source of variation that is removed from the error term in the denominator of the test statistic when using a within-subjects design? a. Between-groups variability b. Between-persons variability c. Within-persons variability d. Within-groups variability
B
What strategy is used to eliminate between-persons variability from the error term in the denominator of a test statistic when using a within-subjects design with 2 groups? a. The variability between-groups is not calculated. b. Difference scores are computed. c. An error term is not computed. d. Only the between-persons variability is computed.
B
What type of estimate is identified by the interval or range of possible values within which an unknown population parameter is likely to be contained? a. Proportion b. Interval c. Significance d. Point
B
When we compute a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, what strategy is used to reduce the value of error in the denominator? a. Difference scores are computed. b. Variability between-persons is computed and removed from the error term. c. All possible pairwise comparisons are made following a significant ANOVA. d. Variability within-groups is computed and removed from the error term.
B
Which of the following are the two types of estimates using the process of estimation? a. Point estimate and proportion estimate b. Point estimate and interval estimate c. Significance estimate and effect size estimate d. Portion estimate and interval estimate
B
Which of the following is an example of a within-subjects design? a. Participant health scores in a sample are compared to national health averages in the population. b. A researcher records the time that a sample of children play with each of four different toys. c. One sample of adults are selected and randomly assigned to one of three feedback conditions. d. A researcher records the time it takes police officers at two different precincts to respond to a similar emergency call.
B
Which sampling design can be used when the same participants are observed across more than 2 groups? a. Matched samples design b. Repeated measures design c. Pre-post design d. Case study
B
Which source of variation measured by a test statistic is a measure of individual differences between groups? a. Between-groups variability b. Between-persons variability c. Within-persons variability d. Within-subjects variability
B
Which test statistic is appropriate for analyzing the mean difference between 2 groups in which the same participants are observed in each group and the data are measured on an interval or ratio scale of measurement? a. Two-independent sample t-test b. Related samples t-test c. One-independent sample t-test d. None of the above
B
A mathematical formula that allows researchers to determine the likelihood of obtaining sample outcomes if the null hypothesis were true, is called: a. effect size. b. confidence interval. c. test statistic. d. Bayes' theorem.
C
A researcher directly controls for the probability of a ________, but does not directly control the probability of a ________. a. Type I error; alpha level b. Type II error; beta level c. Type I error; Type II error d. Type II error; Type I error
C
A researcher matches participants based upon the common characteristics or traits that they share. The type of sampling design described in this example is: a. random sampling design. b. repeated measures design. c. matched samples design. d. pre-post design.
C
If a researcher records the correlation between happiness (high, low) and relationship status (short-term, long-term), then which correlation measure is most appropriate for this analysis? a. Spearman b. Point-biserial c. Phi d. Significance
C
In hypothesis testing a researcher can never: a. compute a test statistic before making a decision. b. make decisions about the null hypothesis. c. prove that their hypothesis is correct. d. know the likelihood of obtaining a sample mean if the null hypothesis were true.
C
Two researchers identify an effect in a population. Researcher A reports Cohen's d = .09 and Researcher B reports Cohen's d = .19. Which researcher reports a small effect size based on Cohen's conventions? a. Researcher A b. Researcher B c. Both researchers report a small effect size d. None of the researchers report a small effect size
C
Two sources of error that cannot be attributed to having different groups or treatments are called: a. between-groups variability and within-groups variability. b. between-persons variability and between-groups variability. c. between-persons variability and within-groups variability. d. between-groups variability and across-groups variability.
C
Using a within-subjects design, individual differences are the same between groups because: a. random assignment was used. b. different participants are represented in each group. c. the same participants are represented in each group. d. the same dependent variable was measured in each group.
C
Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric test? a. Analysis of variance b. The t-tests c. Chi-square test d. Pearson correlation
C
Which of the following is non-parametric alternative for an ANOVA? a. Chi-square test b. Mann-Whitney U test c. Kruskal-Wallis H test d. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test
C
Which of the following words best describes certainty? a. Inferential b. Significance c. Confidence d. Precision
C
Which of the following words best relates to inferential statistics? a. Describe b. Summarize c. Interpret d. Illustrate
C
Which research design is associated with greater power to detect an effect? a. Within-groups design b. Between-groups design c. Within-subjects design d. Between-subjects design
C
A measure of proportion of variance used to describe effect size for data analyzed using a correlation coefficient or regression, is called: a. estimation. b. significance. c. correlation. d. coefficient of determination.
D
A police academy records the number of men and women who pass or fail their physical training test, which a cadet must pass to become a police officer. To identify if there are gender differences in the pass-fail rate on the physical training test, what type of statistical test should be computed? a. One-way analysis of variance b. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test c. Factorial analysis of variance d. Chi-square test for independence
D
A post hoc test is used for all of the following except: a. following a significant ANOVA. b. to determine which pairs of group means were significantly different. c. to evaluate all possible pairwise comparisons. d. following any non-significant test result.
D
A researcher computes a two-independent sample t-test. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data? a. A graduate student selects a sample of participants to test if the time spend on task is greater than 30 minutes. b. A researcher matches right- and left-handed siblings to test if right-handed siblings express greater emotional intelligence than their right-handed counterparts. c. A professor tests whether students who repeat a course perform better on the first or second time they complete the course. d. A professor tests whether students who always sit in the front row of class score higher on class exams than students who always sit in the back row of class.
D
A researcher recorded resilience among Marines who were either in the reserves, active duty, and officer corps following a single deployment to a foreign war zone. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. Two-way factorial design b. Within-subjects ANOVA c. Two-independent sample t-test d. Between-subjects ANOVA
D
A researcher reports a 95% CI -.02, .04. If the null hypothesis were that the mean in the population equals 0, then what is the effect size for this confidence interval? a. Effect size = .01 b. Effect size is between 0 and .04 points c. Effect size is between -.02 and .04 points d. No effect size can be reported for this CI
D
A researcher reports no effect in the population, when in truth there is an effect. What type of error has the researcher made? a. No error b. Type I error c. Type III error d. Type II error
D
A researcher selects one group of participants and observes them before and after a treatment meant to improve mood. What type of sampling design is described in this example? a. Between-subjects design b. Completely crossed design c. Matched samples design d. Pre-post design
D
All of the following describes a situation in which a non-parametric test is used as an alternative to a parametric test except: a. a researcher records ranked data. b. a researcher recorded ordinal data. c. a researcher determines that the data are positively skewed. d. a researcher determines that the data are negatively skewed.
D
The between-persons variability is removed from the error term in the denominator of a test statistic when using a within-subjects design for all the following reasons except? a. Because the same participants are observed in each group. b. Because individual differences are the same between groups. c. Because we will assume that the value of the between-persons variability is 0. d. Because different participants are observed in each group.
D
The probability or likelihood that an interval estimate will contain an unknown population parameter, is called: a. proportion of variance. b. confidence interval. c. level of significance. d. level of confidence.
D
The type of regression analysis used when two or more predictor variables are analyzed in the same model is called: a. Pearson correlation coefficient. b. linear regression. c. factorial analysis of variance. d. multiple regression.
D
To qualify as an experiment, a within-subjects design must meet all of the following except: a. include manipulation and comparison. b. take added measures to control for order. c. take added measures to control for time-related factors. d. exclude manipulation and comparison.
D
We assume that the between-persons variability is equal to ____ in a within-subjects design because ________. a. any positive value; different participants are observed in each group b. any positive value; the same participants are observed in each group c. zero; different participants are observed in each group d. zero; the same participants are observed in each group
D
We compute a test statistic to: a. check that individual differences can be matched between groups. b. determine whether a within-subjects design or a between-subjects design is most likely to account for differences observed between groups. c. test the hypothesis that participants were assigned to groups at random. d. determine whether some manipulation or individual differences are likely to account for mean differences observed between groups.
D
What is the most appropriate way to sampling participants using the within-subjects design? a. Participants are selected from a single population and are observed in one and only one group. b. Participants are selected from two or more populations and each sample selected constitutes a group in the experiment. c. Participants are selected from a single population and randomly assigned to multiple groups. d. Participants are selected from a single population and observed in multiple groups.
D
Which of the following is a key reason that researchers use a within-subjects design? a. To ensure that random assignment is used b. To manage sample size c. To observe changes in behavior over time d. To manage sample size and to observe changes in behavior over time
D
Which of the following is an advantage of the within-subjects design compared to the between-subjects design? a. The within-subjects design, but not the between-subjects design, allows for random assignment of participants to the levels of an independent variable. b. The within-subjects design requires a larger sample size to detect an effect compared to the between-subjects design. c. The within-subjects design, but not the between-subjects design, allows for the comparison of differences between group means. d. The within-subjects design has great power to detect an effect compared to the between-subjects design.
D
For a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the mean difference attributed to the manipulation is measured as variability ________; the mean difference attributed to individual differences is measured as variability ________. a. between-groups; within-groups b. between-groups; between-persons c. within-groups; between-groups d. between-persons; within-persons
A
For a related samples t-test, the mean difference attributed to the manipulation is in the ________, and the mean difference attributed to individual differences is in the ________ of the test statistic. a. numerator; denominator b. denominator; numerator c. numerator; numerator d. denominator; denominator
A
If a researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis, then the decision was that: a. an effect reached significance. b. an effect failed to reach significance. c. an effect is small. d. an effect is large.
A
What is the decision for a null hypothesis test when the likelihood of obtaining a sample outcome is greater than 5% if the null hypothesis were true? a. Retain the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis c. Retain the alternative hypothesis d. Retain and reject the null hypothesis
A
When a parametric test is used to analyze data, which of the following research designs, if applied correctly, will then have established both statistical control and experimental control of individual error variation? a. Experimental b. Nonexperimental c. Quasi-experimental d. Case study
A
Which of the following groups is NOT included in the Solomon four-group design? a. A group that receives a pretest only. b. A group that receives only a pretest then a posttest, but no treatment. c. A group that receives a pretest, treatment, and then a posttest. d. A group that receives a posttest only.
A
Which of the following is TRUE about the Solomon four-group design? a. It is an experimental research design. b. It does not include a posttest group. c. It is associated with low internal validity. d. Its main strength is the complexity of the design itself.
A
Which of the following is an example of a measure of effect size that described the size of a shift in a population as the number of standard deviations that scores shifted? a. Cohen's d b. Eta-squared c. Cramer's V d. Coefficient of determination
A
Which of the following is the standard level of significance for null hypothesis significance testing in the behavioral sciences? a. .05 b. .10 c. .50 d. 1.00
A
Which of the following tests is a non-parametric alternative for a test in which the same participants are observed in each of three or more groups? a. Friedman test b. Kruskal-Wallis H test c. Mann-Whitney U test d. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test
A
Which source of variation measured by a test statistic is a measure of the mean difference caused by a manipulation? a. Between-groups variability b. Between-persons variability c. Within-persons variability d. Within-groups variability
A
A Latin square is used to balance a design with 4 groups: A, B, C, D. Which order sequence in the second row is missing in the following Latin square? ABDC -------- CDBA DACB a. ABCD b. BCAD c. DCBA d. BACD
B
A researcher computes a one sample t-test. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data? a. A study measuring difference in attitudes about morality among people who identify themselves as a democrat vs. republican. b. A study testing whether night shift workers sleep the recommended eight hours per 24-hour period. c. An experiment comparing brain activity levels in rats placed on a continuous vs. an intermittent reinforcement schedule. d. An Honors class is given an assessment at two times during the semester to test if the class is improving academic performance.
B
A researcher measures intelligence in a sample of children, and then matches them based on their scores. Participants with the two highest scores are paired, then the next two highest scores are paired, and so on. Children then participate in a study in which the differences in scores for each matched pair are compared. What type of matched pairs is described in this example? a. Naturally occurring matched pairs b. Experimentally matched pairs c. Differentially matched pairs d. Statistically matched pairs
B
A researcher reports a 95% CI 2.30, 2.50. If the null hypothesis were that the mean in the populaiton equals 2.00, then what would the decision have been for a significance test at a .05 level of significance? a. Retain the null because 2.00 is not contained in the confidence interval. b. Reject the null because 2.00 is not contained in the confidence interval. c. Retain the null because 2.00 is contained in the confidence interval. d. Reject the null because 2.00 is contained in the confidence interval.
B
A researcher tests the hypothesis that music played at a fast speed and major scale will enhance arousal more than music at a slow speed and minor scale. The researcher finds that the data supports his hypothesis, therefore the decision for a null hypothesis significance test must have been: a. retain the null hypothesis. b. reject the null hypothesis. c. both retain and reject the null hypothesis. d. neither retain nor reject the null hypothesis.
B
A researcher uses a within-subjects design in which one group completes a difficult puzzle and the second group completes an easy puzzle. He finds that participants who completed the difficult puzzle first were able to learn about the puzzle and completed the easy puzzle quicker, compared to participants who did the easy puzzle first. What type of threat to internal validity was described in this example? a. Sampling effects b. Carryover effects c. Participant attrition d. Participant fatigue
B
A significance test that is used to test hypotheses about data that can have any type of distribution and to analyze data on a nominal or ordinal scale of measurement, is called: a. parametric test. b. non-parametric test. c. effect size. d. confidence interval.
B
A statistical procedure used to determine whether frequencies observed at the combination of levels of two categorical variables are similar to frequencies expected, is called the chi-square: a. goodness-of-fit test. b. test for independence. c. analysis of variance. d. correlation coefficient.
B
A test statistic for a within-subjects design will detect ________ mean differences between groups compared to a test statistic for the between-subjects design. a. zero b. smaller c. all d. more obvious
B
Which research design allows for the use of randomization, manipulation, and comparison? a. Within-groups design b. Between-subjects design c. Within-subjects design d. Between-subjects design and within-subjects design
B
For a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the mean difference attributed to the manipulation is in the ________, and the mean difference attributed to individual differences is in the ________ of the test statistic. a. numerator; numerator b. denominator; numerator c. numerator; denominator d. denominator; denominator
C
If a researcher obtains a null finding, then what is the decision? a. The researcher correctly rejected the null hypothesis b. The researcher incorrectly rejected the null hypothesis c. The researcher correctly retained the null hypothesis c. The researcher failed to make a decision
C
Using a within-subjects experimental design, why must the researcher control for time related factors? a. Because the dependent variable is observed in only one group. b. Because the levels of the independent variable are the same, not different. c. Because the order that participants are observed can co-vary with the levels of the independent variable. d. Because there are no threats to internal validity when the same participants are observed in each group.
C
Which test statistic is appropriate for analyzing the mean difference between 2 or more groups in which the same participants are observed in each group and the data are measured on an interval or ratio scale of measurement? a. Two-independent sample t-test b. Related samples t-test c. One-way within-subjects ANOVA d. One-way between-subjects ANOVA
C
A Latin square is a matrix design in which a limited number of order sequences are constructed where all of the following occur except: a. the number of order sequences equals the number of treatments. b. each treatment appears equally often in each position. c. each treatment precedes and follows each treatment one time. d. the number of order sequences are higher than the number of treatments.
D
A Latin square is used for which type of counterbalancing? a. Grouped b. Differential c. Complete d. Partial
D
A chi-square test for independence is computed for a study with two categorical factors, each with four levels. The researcher compute Cramer's V = .29. What is the size of the effect in this example? a. Trivial b. Small c. Medium d. Large
D
A criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis, is called: a. absolute value. b. descriptive statistics. c. decisive criterion. d. level of significance.
D
A decision made in null hypothesis significance testing: a. is always correct. b. is never correct. c. always reveals the truth. d. is always associated with some probability of error.
D
A related sample is selected when: a. the dependent variable is related to sampling error. b. only one level of an independent variable is manipulated. c. different participants are observed in each group. d. the same or matched participants are observed in each group.
D
A researcher has the same soldiers listen to a high-ranking officer give a verbal command in a low and in a high tone. The time it took soldiers to respond to the commands was recorded. The verbal command factor (low, high tone) can best be described as a: a. between-subjects factor. b. matches samples factor. c. within-groups factor. d. within-subjects factor.
D
A researcher uses a within-subjects design in which one group completes an intense workout and a second group completes an easy workout. He finds that participants who completed the intense workout first were tired and so took longer to complete the easy workout the following day, compared to participants who did the easy workout first. What type of threat to internal validity was described in this example? a. Maturation b. Sampling effects c. Participant attrition d. Participant fatigue
D
All of the following are examples of a measure of effect size except: a. Cohen's d. b. eta squared. c. coefficient of determination. d. Cronbach's alpha.
D
All of the following are examples of time-related factors discussed in your textbook except? a. Testing effects b. Participant fatigue c. Regression toward the mean d. Researcher fatigue
D
All of the following are strategies used to control for order effects except? a. Control order b. Control timing c. Counterbalancing d. Randomized assignment
D
All of the following correlation coefficients were mathematically derived from the Pearson correlation coefficient except: a. Spearman b. Point-biserial c. Phi d. Mean
D
A point estimate is generally the ____ of a confidence interval. a. midpoint b. lower boundary c. upper boundary d. level of confidence
A
A researcher observes the same participants in each of 4 groups: A, B, C, D. Which of the following is a representative set of four order sequences? Hint: The correct sequence was computed using a Latin square procedure. a. ABDC BCAD CDBA DACB b. ABCD DACB BDCA ABDC c. AABB BBCC CCDD DDAA d. DCBA ABCD DCAB BADC
A
A researcher reduces their level of confidence from 99% to 90% to estimate the population for a set of data. What will happen to the precision of their estimate for these data? a. The estimate will be more precise b. The estimate will be less precise c. The precision of their estimate will not change d. It depends on the size of the population
A
A social psychologist asks men and women to read a vignette describing an immoral act committed for reason of preservation, protection, or self gain. Differences in rating of the person described in the vignette were compared across vignette type and gender. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. Two-way factorial design b. Multiple regression analysis c. Two-independent sample t-test d. Between-subjects ANOVA
A
A state of physical or psychological exhaustion resulting from intense research demands typically due to observing participants too often, or requiring participants to engage in research activities that are too demanding is called: a. participant fatigue. b. schedule exhaustion. c. within-subjects demands. d. mixed emotions.
A
A statement about a population parameter, such as the population mean, that is assumed to be true, is called: a. null hypothesis. b. alternative hypothesis. c. researchers' hypothesis. d. significance hypothesis.
A
A statistical procedure in which a sample statistic is used to estimate the value of an unknown population parameter, is called: a. estimation. b. proportion of variance. c. significance testing. d. entanglement.
A
Inferential statistics allow us to use data recorded in a sample to draw conclusions about: a. populations. b. other samples. c. the sample from which data were recorded. d. subset of participants in a study.
A
Procedures used that allow researchers to generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected, is called: a. inferential statistics. b. descriptive statistics. c. summary statistics. d. illustrative statistics.
A
The Spearman, Point-biserial, and phi correlation coefficients are mathematically equivalent to the ________ correlation coefficient. a. Pearson b. chi-square c. regression d. universal
A
A researcher computes a test statistic and finds that the p-value for this test is .03. What does this result mean? a. There is a 3% likelihood of obtaining the test statistic value, if the null were true. b. The probability of committing a Type I error if we retain the null hypothesis is 3%. c. The probability of committing a Type II error if we reject the null hypothesis is 3%. d. There is a 3% likelihood that the researchers hypothesis is correct.
A
Which of the following steps are used for the within-subjects experimental design, but not for the between-subjects experimental design? a. Observe the same participants in each group b. Measure the same dependent variable in each group c. Create two or more groups by manipulation the levels of an independent variable d. Observe the same participants in each group and measure the same dependent variable in each group
A
Which source of error is computed in the denominator of the test statistic for the between-subjects design, but not the within-subjects design? a. Between-persons b. Within-groups c. Between-groups d. Within-persons
A
Why is a matched samples design not an experiment? a. Because groups are created based on preexisting characteristics of the participants, and not on a manipulation made by the researcher. b. Because two or more factors are observed at the same time and it is not possible to determine which factors is causing changes in the dependent variable. c. Because the same participants are observed in each group and it is not possible to control for order effects. d. Because the levels of the independent variable are manipulated and participants are randomly assigned to different groups.
A
A procedure in which some, but not all, possible order sequences that participants receive different treatments or participate in different groups is balanced or offset in an experiment is called: a. complete counterbalancing. b. partial counterbalancing. c. median counterbalancing. d. intrinsic counterbalancing.
B
A researcher computes a correlation coefficient equal to .40. What then is the coefficient of determination for this correlation? a. .04 b. .16 c. .40 d. .80
B
A researcher increases their level of confidence from 90% to 95% to estimate the population for a set of data. What will happen to the precision of their estimate for these data? a. The estimate will be more precise b. The estimate will be less precise c. The precision of their estimate will not change d. It depends on the size of the population
B
For a related samples t-test, the mean difference attributed to individual differences is measured as: a. between-persons variability. b. the difference among participant difference scores. c. between-groups variability. d. between-persons variability and the difference among participant difference scores.
B
How many order sequences are possible when participants are observed in each of 2 groups? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
B
The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true, is called: a. power. b. Type I error. c. Type II error. d. Type III error.
B
A statistical measure that allows researchers to describe how far scores shifted in a population, or the percent of variance in a dependent variable that can be explained by the levels of a factor, is called: a. estimation. b. significance. c. effect size. d. null hypothesis significance testing.
C
All of the following groups is included in the Solomon four-group design except? a. A group that receives a posttest only. b. A group that receives only a pretest then a posttest, but no treatment. c. A group that receives a pretest, treatment and then a posttest. d. A group that receives pretest only.
D
All of the following is an example of a parametric test except: a. analysis of variance. b. one sample t-test. c. Pearson correlation. d. chi-square test for independence.
D
All of the following statements about the precision and certainty of an estimate are true except: a. The precision of an estimate is determined by the range of the confidence interval. b. The larger the level of confidence, the more certain the estimate. c. To be more certain that an interval contains a population parameter, we typically give up precision. d. To be more certain that an interval contains a population parameter, we typically enhance precision.
D
All of the following statements for when to use a non-parametric test are true except: a. data in the population can have any type of distribution. b. data are measured on a nominal scale of measurement. c. data are measured on an ordinal scale of measurement. d. data are measured on a nominal scale of measurement.
D
The variability in a dependent measure that is caused by or associated with individual differences or differences in participant responses across all groups is assumed to be ________ in the test statistic for a within-subjects design. a. equal to 0 b. significant c. responsive d. large
A
A researcher reports that the value of a null hypothesis is contained within a 95% CI for that data. What then would have been the decision for a hypothesis test at a .05 level of significance? a. Retain the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis c. Not enough information to make a decision d. Too much information to make a decision
A
A researcher studies pairs of identical twins. The twins then participate in a study in which the differences in scores for each pair of identical twins are compared. What type of matched pairs is described in this example? a. Naturally occurring matched pairs b. Experimentally matched pairs c. Differentially matched pairs d. Statistically matched pairs
A
A researcher test the hypothesis that students will have better recall of words printed in color vs. word printed in black on a white background. To test this hypothesis the researcher has students observe a screen with half the words in color and half the work in black. After 30 second, the screen is turned off and participants are asked to record all words they can recall. The mean number of colored vs. black print words correctly recalled was compared. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. Related samples t-test b. One sample t-test c. Two-independent sample t-test d. Chi-square test for independence
A
A researcher uses a within-subjects design to observe 10 participants in each of 3 groups. How many total participants were observed? a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 60
A
A significance test that is used to test hypotheses about parameters in a population in which the data in the population are normally distributed and measured on an interval or ratio scale of measurement, is called: a. parametric test. b. non-parametric test. c. effect size. d. confidence interval.
A
We observe ____ categorical factor(s) in a chi-square goodness-of-fit test; we observe ____ categorical factor(s) in a chi-square test for independence. a. one; two b. two; one c. one; two or more d. two or more; one
A
What is a key distinction between parametric tests and non-parametric tests in terms of scales of measurement? a. Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data. b. Parametric tests are used for ordinal and nominal data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data. c. Parametric tests are used for ordinal or interval data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for nominal data only. d. There is no distinction; both types of tests are used to analyze data on any scale of measurement.
A
When the same participants are observed in each group, individual differences between groups are: a. the same. b. different. c. variable. d. unequal.
A
A developmental psychologist compares the time a small sample of infants spend near their mother in each of three novel contexts. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. One sample t-test b. Within-subjects ANOVA c. Related samples t-test d. Between-subjects ANOVA
B
Find X in the following formula for error when using the within-subjects design: Error = X + 0. a. Between-groups variability b. Within-groups variability c. Between-persons variability d. Within-persons variability
B
If a researcher decides to retain the null hypothesis, then the decision was that: a. an effect reached significance. b. an effect failed to reach significance. c. an effect is small. d. an effect is large.
B
If a researcher finds that the coefficient of determination for a set of data is equal to .12, then what is the value of eta-squared for this set of data? a. .01 b. .12 c. .24 d. not enough information
B
If many groups are observed, then parametric tests also make the assumption that the variance in the population for each group is: a. positively skewed. b. about the same or equal. c. associated with large variance. d. prone to errors in the data.
B
Suppose a researcher wants to make sure that the probability of committing a Type I error is less than 5%. How can the researcher control for this? a. Set the value for a Type II error at .05 b. Set the level of significance at .05 c. Only select 5% of the possible sample from a population d. Only select 95% of the possible sample from a population
B
The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test are both non-parametric alternatives for: a. the chi-square test. b. the t-test. c. the ANOVA. d. the correlation coefficient.
B
The power of the decision making process is: a. stated by the level of significance. b. the likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis. c. the same as a null finding. d. important only if the goal is to retain the null hypothesis.
B
The within-subjects design is used when: a. different participants are observed in two or more groups. b. the same participants are observed in two or more groups. c. different participants are randomly assigned to each group. d. the same participants are observed in one group.
B
When the number of groups is greater than 3, ________ counterbalancing is most commonly used to control for possible order effects. a. complete b. partial c. grouped d. sequential
B
Which of the following is non-parametric alternative for the t-test? a. Chi-square test b. Mann-Whitney U test c. Kruskal-Wallis H test d. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test
B
A researcher identifies the following conclusion: "The data show the number of patients who complete counseling depends on, or is related to, whether a patient participated in family or individual counseling sessions." What type of chi-square test was computed in this example? a. Factorial analysis of variance b. Goodness-of-fit test c. Test for independence d. Either b or c could be correct
C
A threat to internal validity in which participation in one group causes changes in performance in a second group is called: a. sampling effects. b. counterbalancing. c. carryover effects. d. constant change.
C
A type of factor in which the same participants are observed in each group, or at each level of the factor is called: a. mixed factor. b. matched samples factor. c. within-subjects factor. d. between-subjects factor.
C
A within-subjects research design in which participants are matched, experimentally or naturally, based on common characteristics or traits that they share, is called: a. between-subjects design. b. completely crossed design. c. matched samples design. d. pre-post design.
C
Source of variability measured by a test statistic that have nothing to do with having different groups are called: a. group means b. non-variability c. error d. significance
C
The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to what other measure of proportion of variance? a. Cohen's d b. Cramer's V c. Eta-squared d. Omega-squared
C
The probability of retaining a null hypothesis that is actually false, is called: a. power. b. Type I error. c. Type II error. d. Type III error.
C
The upper and lower boundaries of a confidence interval given within a specified level of confidence, is called: a. point estimate. b. level of significance. c. confidence limits. d. level of confidence.
C
Which of the following is an example of counterbalancing for a two-group design in which participants are observed in Group A and Group B? a. The same participants are observed in Group B, then in Group A. b. The same participants are observed in Group A, then in Group B. c. Half the participants are observed in Group A, then in Group B; the other half of participants are observed in Group B, then in Group A. d. Half the participants are observed in Group A, then in Group B; the other half of participants are not observed in either group.
C
Each of the following is an advantage of the within-subjects design compared to the between-subjects design, EXCEPT: a. the within-subjects design requires a smaller sample size. b. the within-subjects design has great power to detect an effect. c. the within-subjects design can be used to study small populations. d. the within-subjects design can only be used to study large populations.
D
How many order sequences are possible when participants are observed in each of 5 groups? a. 5 b. 25 c. 60 d. 120
D
In hypothesis testing, a researchers decision is all of the following except: a. is based on a probability. b. depends on the level of significance for a hypothesis test. c. can be to retain or reject the null hypothesis. d. based on assumption.
D
Inferential statistics are procedures used to: a. describe a set of scores or observations in terms summary statistics. b. organize a set of scores or observations in a table, graph, or figure. c. make sense of a set of scores or observations by counting how often scores occur in each category. d. make decisions about characteristics in a population based on data measured in a sample.
D
Inferential statistics includes a diverse set of tests of statistical significance more formally known as: a. non-hypothesis testing. b. random effect hypothesis testing. c. alternative hypothesis testing. d. null hypothesis significance testing.
D
Many non-parametric tests are called ________ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population. a. parametric tests b. skewed-distribution tests c. significance-free tests d. distribution-free tests
D
Researchers can control timing by controlling: a. the interval between treatments or groups. b. the total duration of an experiment. c. the time it takes to randomly assign participants to groups . d. the interval between treatments or groups and the total duration of an experiment.
D
The larger the value of Cohen's d, the larger the: a. sample. b. estimate. c. significance. d. size of an effect.
D
The probability of obtaining a sample outcome, if the value stated in the null hypothesis is true, is called: a. effect size. b. significance. c. test statistic. d. p-value.
D