HMD 307 Chapter 1 and 4
Studies show that women make up about __________ of senior executive positions in United States
13.5%
How much more do top performers typically contribute to an organization compared to average performers?
20-50% more
The _________________ theory represented the dominant way of conceptualizing leadership for a long time, but has now been largely discredited
heroic
Robert Hogan, who is recognized around the world for his research on leadership over the last 30 years, probably scores ___________ on the openness to experience dimension of the OCEAN model of personality
high
A leadership development program that uses wilderness survival techniques is probably focusing on
personal growth
Knowing how things get done and how to do them requires _____________ intelligence
practical
The notion that a person being coached must want to change; assessments are important; some behaviors cannot be changed; practice is critical; and there is no substitute for accountability are all
"best practices" for coaches
Likely to be leaders
- ISTJs - ENTJs - ESTJs
What is the A-O-R model?
- action - observation - reflection
How researchers have defined leadership
- complex form of social problem solving - creating conditions for team to be effective - directing and coordinating work of group members
What is included in the definition of personality?
- description of the person - impression of a person makes on others - evaluation of person in the eyes of others
Successful influence attempt
Choosing influence tactic that would improve employee's self-esteem or morale
Policeman giving a ticket is an example of ______________ power
Coercive
True or false: it is not important to be intentional about developing leadership effectiveness?
False
True or false: once an individual has completed a formal education, he or she has the necessary tools for success
False
Rational Tactics
Parties are equal in power
Which would most likely be part of a leadership program for senior executives?
- developing public relation skills - developing and communicating a vision - strategic planning - developing interpersonal skills NOT - conducting performance reviews with subordinates
According to Robert Kelley, what are the basic styles of followership?
- passive - alienated - exemplary
What percentage of the action plan steps in a developmental plan should be job related?
70-80
Which of the following is not included in a definition of personality?
A discussion of person's history
Which leader development technique focuses on learning by doing?
Action learning
Soft Tactics
Agents are at a disadvantage
According to the OCEAN model, which personality trait is more important to manufacturing jobs?
Conscientiousness
Improving team building skills would be part of which element of an individual development plan?
Development goals
The tendency for many leaders to react to failure by blaming external factors reflects poor _____________- loop learning
Double
Which of the following is true regarding the measurement and development of emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence can be developed
An agent influences a target by giving and taking favors. This exemplifies influence tactic
Exchange
Which dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test is concerned with where people get their energy?
Extraversion-introversion
Which leadership development technique can help identify "blind spots" an individual may be unaware of?
Feedback-based approach
Five Steps of Informal Coaching
Forge a partnership: trusting relationship between leader and followers; leaders determine what drives followers and where they want to go with career Inspire commitment: help followers determine which skills and behaviors will have the biggest payoff if developed; review results of performance appraisals, 360-degree feedback, values, personality assessment reports Grow skills: build development plans that capitalize on the on-the-job experiences and create coaching plans to support followers' development Promote persistence: periodically meet with followers to provide feedback, help followers keep development on their radar screens, and provide followers with new tasks or projects to develop needed skills Shape the environment: periodically review how they are role-modeling development and what they are doing to foster development in workplace. Help attract and retain followers to the work group since most people want to be successful
First researcher to formally recognize the importance of leader, follower, and situation in leadership process
Fred Fiedler
Does not help explain shift towards more women leaders
Geography has changed
Which of the following types is least likely to be a leader
INTPs
Which technique is especially useful for assessing and improving a manager's planning and time management techniques?
In-basket exercises
Which type of worker is not likely to be more willing to work extra hours on a time-critical project?
Individual who's motivation is solely monetary
Person's actual behaviors designed to change another person's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors refers to _____________ tactics
Influence
Hard Tactics
Influencer has upper hand
Influence tactics, agent attempts to get a target person in a good mood before making a request, ______________ occurs
Ingratiation
Decision by San Francisco postmaster following 1906 earthquake and fire to allow people to send letters regardless of whether they had stamps or not is an example of which type of response to natural disaster
Leadership initiative
Individual's formal or official authority is called __________ power
Legitimate
According to E. Van Velsor and M.W. Hughes, categorize the aspects women and men managers learn from experience
Men: - coping with ambiguous situations - technical or professional skills - persevering through adversity - shouldering full responsibility - all about the business Women: - recognizing and seizing - knowing what excites you - personal limits and blind spots - coping with situations beyond your control - taking charge of your career Men and Women: - directing and motivating employees - self-confidence - basic management values - how to work with executives - understanding other people's perspective - dealing with people over whom you have no authority - handling political situations
Which type of job would require a higher score on the openness to new experiences dimension of the OCEANs model of personality?
Musician
Another name for the Five Factor Model is ______________ model of personality?
OCEAN
Coercive Power
Potential to influence others through administration of negative sanctions or removal of positive events
Which type of intelligence is important when leading in familiar situations?
Practical
Match the types leadership training programs for leaders and supervisors in industry or public services with their description
Programs for first-level supervisors: they focus on developing skills such as training, monitoring, giving feedback, and conducting performance reviews with subordinates Programs for midlevel managers: they often focus on improving interpersonal, oral communication, and written communication skills, as well as giving tips on time management, planning, and goal setting
What is not part of the A-O-R model?
Response
Which of the fives steps of informal coaching is important to attracting and retaining followers to the work group?
Shaping the environment
NOT an example of how researchers have defined leadership
Success and failure of an organization
The five fundamental archetypes of leadership
Teacher-Mentor: cares about developing others and works beside them as a role model Father-Judge: provides oversight, control, moral guidance, and caring protectiveness Warrior-Knight: takes risks and action in a crisis Revolutionary-Crusader: challenges the status quo and guides adaptation Visionary-Alchemist: imagines possibilities that can benefit all members and brings them into reality
Which theory focuses on what a leader does when solving complex mental problems?
The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
True or false: 3M's commitment to leadership development is illustrated by its decision to make talent development a core business strategy
True
True or false: According to CRT, experience hinders performance in situations where stress is low
True
True or false: differing definitions of emotional intelligence have contributed to the conflicting research results
True
True or false: research shows that coaching may be more effective at changing behavior than traditional learning and training approaches
True
True or false: research shows that individuals who participate in after-event reviews were more effective leaders than individuals who do not participate in the AER process
True
True or false: studies show that personality is more predictive of leadership emergence and effectiveness than analytic intelligence
True
A leader who takes risks and actions in a crisis is a
Warrior-Knight
The findings by Eden and Shani that individuals placed in high potential group were perceived to have higher potential than those placed in an unknown or regular potential group even though potential was never actually assessed reflects
a self-fulfilling prophecy
A situation in which a student attributes her classmate's bad exam score to a lack of intelligence while the classmate attributes the poor score to unfair grading refer to
actor-observer-difference
The dimension of OCEAN model of personality that is concerned with how one gets along with, as opposed to gets ahead of, others is referred to as ____________________
agreeableness
Leaders with ____________ intelligence tend to be quick learners, do well in school, see the connections between issues, and have the ability to make accurate deductions, assumptions, and inferences with relatively unfamiliar information
analytic
Role playing
assigned parts to play in a job-related scenario
Explanations we develop for the behavior of actions we attend to are called
attributions
Which type of measures are many companies today using in the promotion process for leaders?
both cognitive and non-cognitive measures
The five step informal coaching process is most efficient for
both high and low performing followers
How Parrado managed to convince the survivors of 1972 Andes Plane Crash to stage and support final expedition would be most likely examined by researchers who define leadership as
influencing organized group toward accomplishing goals
Which of the following is a leader development method involving the use of leadership situations as a vehicle for leadership discussions
case studies
Unsuccessful influence attempt
choosing one because it's a way to put a subordinate in his place
Ability to produce work that is both novel and useful uses which type of intelligence
creative
Case studies
describes leadership situations and are used as a vehicle for leadership discussions
Individuals who are willing to confront their own views are using
double-loop learning
All of following will stifle creativity in followers except
encouraging collaboration and coordination
The ________________ extraversion dimension of the OCEAN model of personality involves behaviors that are more likely to be exhibited in group settings and are generally concerned with getting ahead in life
extraversion
The term perceptual set refers to
notion that we are selective in what we attend to and what we perceive
Building blocks that are more difficult to change
- intelligence - personality traits and types - values, interests, motives/goals
Identify the conclusions of research studies summarized by Ralph Stogdill that looked at whether certain personality traits, physical attributes, intelligence, or personal values differentiated leaders from followers
- leaders were not qualitatively different from follower; many followers were just as tall, smart, outgoing, and ambitious as the people who were leading them - some characteristics, such as intelligence, initiative, stress tolerance, responsibility, and dominance, were modestly related to leadership success
Helps explain shift towards more women leaders
- leadership roles have changed - organizational practices have changed - women have changed
Categorize characteristics of leaders based on trait of neuroticism: Leaders higher in neuroticism
- lose their tempers when stressed or criticized - usually are passionate, intense, thin-skinned, moody, and anxious
Which is a good source of information about behaviors leaders need to change?
- performance appraisal - direct feedback from others - 360 degree feedback NOT - program on new leadership techniques
Which does describe a leader who is high on the conscientiousness dimension of the OCEAN model of personality
- planful - earnest - organized
Which are good ways to find out about an individual's public reputation?
- reviewing individual's facebook profile - searching the person's LinkedIn profile - talking with mutual friends NOT good - using MBTI test
Building blocks that are easier to change
- skills/competencies - knowledge - experience
Categorize characteristics of leaders based on trait of neuroticism: Leaders lower in neuroticism
- tend not to take mistakes or failures personally, and hide their emotions - usually are thick-skinned, calm, and optimistic
An INFJ would be good at all of the following
- therapist - painter - editor NOT good - pilot
Identify the true statements about psychological typologies
- they are often expressed in terms of polar opposites - they tend to put people into discrete psychological categories
Identify the features of psychological typologies
- they tend to emphasize the similarities among all people in the same category - they tend to emphasize the differences between people of dominant and submissive types
Which is true of a feeling leader?
- value humanness and social harmony - approach decisions personally and subjectively - naturally empathize and appreciate
Findings of a classic study of sex roles by Schein
-there is a high correlation between the ways both male and female respondents perceived "males" and "managers" -no correlation between respondents perceiving "females" and "managers"
True and false: as compared to the OCEAN model, the mixed model of emotional intelligence is significantly better at predicting performance
False
True or false: Leader development and leadership development refer to same phenomenon
False
Which of the following are pairs in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
extraverted or introverted
True or false: individuals who have completed undergraduate courses in leadership are always better leaders
false
A leader's job in a complex situation is to
generate new ideas and ways of thinking among everyone
Individualized feedback
given in the form of personality, intelligence, values, or interest test scores or leadership behavior ratings
An individual who takes credit for successes but blames the situation for failures
has a self-serving bias
____________________ describes a person's all-around effectiveness in activities directed by thought
intelligence
Perhaps the most important yer most neglected component of the action-observation-reflection model is reflection. Why is reflection important?
it can provide leaders with a variety of insights into how to frame problems differently
The amount of information a leader needs before feeling comfortable making a decision is concerned with which dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test?
judging-perceiving
Which dimension of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test would be concerned with an individual who prefers to have an agenda, stick to it, and make as many decisions as possible in a meeting?
judging-perceiving
Mick has taken a new hire, Brian, under his wing and is helping Brian by giving him knowledge, advice, challenge, counsel, and support about career opportunities, organizational strategy and policy, office politics. This process can be described as
mentoring
The less one looks like, acts like, dresses like, and talks like other leaders in organization the
narrower the band of acceptance of behavior
Which is appropriate for decision-making in complex situations?
probe, sense, respond
The question "how do you feel about it now?" is asked in which part of the A-O-R model?
reflection
Simulation and games
relatively structured designed to mirror some challenges or decisions commonly faced in work environment
The dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test that is concerned with how people look at data is
sensing-intuition
Academic programs to develop social responsibility and engagement in local community use
service learning
Reviewing data and facts and identifying the underlying root causes from the information gathered refers to ______________ -loop learning
single
Actions such as providing insufficient resources, creating tight time lines and rigid processes, and creating fragmented work schedules all act to
stifle the creativity of followers
CRT defines ________________ as the result of conflicts with superiors or the apprehension associated with performance evaluation
stress
Which method of learning results in the greatest amount of behavioral change?
targeted coaching
Rick Aberman defined emotional intelligence as
the degree to which thoughts, feelings, and actions were aligned
Fundamental attribution error can best be described as
the tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail
Which is not true of a feeling leader?
they pay attention to bottom-line considerations
Recurring regularities or trends in a person's behavior refers to the person's _______________
traits
Unfamiliar, ambiguous situations in which traits are especially important in determining how people behave are called ____________ situations
weak
Which best identifies when informal coaching takes place?
whenever a leader helps a follower change their behavior