Honors Anatomy & Physiology Digestive System Test (Pfeil)

What is bile and where does it come from?

Bile is a substance that assists in breaking down or emulsifying fats. It is secreted from the liver.

How is GERD treated?

By avoiding problem foods or beverages, stopping smoking, losing weight (for simpler forms). In more severe cases, medication that act in preventing stomach and acid production may be prescribed. As a last resort, a surgical procedure, called fundoplication, is performed to strengthened the sphincter. The procedure involves wrapping a layer of the upper stomach wall around the sphincter and terminal esophagus to lessen the possibility of acid reflux.

Name the divisions of the large intestine.

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

Breaking large molecules into smaller ones

Chemical digestion

Semisolid form of food mixed with gastric juices

Chyme

What is chyme?

Chyme is the semisolid mixture that food is broken down into in the stomach.

What is the function of the large intestine?

Completes digestion and absorption of certain nutrients and produces vitamin K and some of the B complex vitamins.

The "canines"

Cuspids

Proper term for "baby teeth"

Deciduous

Fluidy stools or fecal material

Diarrhea

What are the main divisions of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Covers the crown of the tooth and is the hardest tissue in the body

Enamel

Proper name for "gum"

Gingiva

breakdown of molecules using water

Hydrolysis

What is Barrett esophagus (GERD)?

If GERD is left untreated, serious pathological and precancerous changes can occur in the esophageal lining - a condition called Barrett esophagus.

Taking food into the GI tract

Ingestion

why is the pancreas considered both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

It is an exocrine gland that secretes pancreatic juice into ducts and an endocrine gland that secretes hormones into the blood.

Why is a colostomy done?

It may be done during a surgery to remove a tumor or to remove a section of the colon.

Lactase hydrolyzes ___________ to produce ________.

Lactose, Glucose/Galactose (monosaccharides)

Fold of mucous membrane that anchors tongue to the floor of the mouth

Lingual frenulum

Look up Malocclusion and define it. Include in your definition the difference between an overbite and an underbite. You also need to explain what TMJ is. And finally, include a discussion of the treatment for Malocclusion.

Malocclusion is the imperfect alignment of the teeth when the jaws are closed. Overbite refers to a vertical overlap of the upper front teeth and the lower front teeth. An underbite is the exact opposite. It is when the lower teeth extend past the upper front teeth. TMJ stands for temporomandibular joint. This joint acts as a sliding hinge, connecting the jawbone to the skull. It allows us to chew, beginning the process of ingestion. The most common treatment for Malocclusion is braces. However, one can have teeth removed, have teeth reshaped, have surgery to reshape the jaw, or have wires placed in order to stabilize the jaw.

__________ hydrolyzes Maltose to produce ________.

Maltase, glucose (monosaccharides)

Another term for chewing

Mastication

Breaking large chunks of food into smaller bits

Mechanical digestion

Folds in the serosa that allow the digestive tract wall to attach to the abdominal cavity

Mesenteries

________ is the innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract.

Mucosa

Infection of the parotid glands

Mumps

Is a colostomy permanent?

No. It is not permanent. It can be reversed after the colon heals.

Process by which digested food moves from the intestines into the blood or lymph

Nutrient Absorption

Movement of digested nutrients into the blood

Nutrient absorption

changes emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol in small intestine

Pancreatic Lipase

__________ hydrolyzes fats emulsified by Bile to produce ________.

Pancreatic Lipase, Glycerol/Monoglyceral (fatty acids)

Largest of the salivary glands

Parotid glands

__________ hydrolyzes ___________ to produce amino acids.

Peptidases, peptides (proteins)

Wavelike movement that pushes food down the GI tract

Peristalsis

______ Digestion starts in the stomach but is completed in the small intestine

Protein

Coordination of digestive activity

Regulation

An arch shaped muscle found by the hard and soft palates

Roof

__________ hydrolyzes ___________ to produce Maltose.

Salivary amylase, amylose/starch

"Back and forth" movement that pushes contents through the GI tract

Segmentation

______ is the outermost layer of the wall of the GI tract.

Serosa

Whats the difference between silent gallstones and symptomatic gallstones?

Silent gallstones never cause problems. Symptomatic gallstones cause painful symptoms and other medical complications.

How are gallstones treated?

Sometimes they can be dissolved (over time) or surgery may be required (cholecystectomy).

How does the pyloric sphincter muscle help the stomach perform its digestive function?

Sphincter muscles assist in holding food in the place where it should be at any given time.

Salivary glands located inferior to the tongue

Sublingual gland

Common name for "papillae"

Taste buds

What is the function of the appendix and where is it located in the body?

The appendix serves as a "breeding ground" for the nonpathogenic intestinal bacteria found throughout the colon. Besides the normal functions, maintaining a normal intestinal microbiome helps prevent pathogenic bacteria from becoming established. The appendix is attached to the back of the cecum and is located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen about a third of the way along a line from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus at an area known as McBurney's point.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver. It secretes the bile into the small intestines once food enters the duodenum.

What roles do the pharynx and esophagus play in the digestive tract?

The pharynx is located behind the nasal cavities and mouth. It allows food to pass from the oral cavity to the esophagus. The esophagus is a tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

What are the sphincters at each end of the esophagus and what functions do they serve in the body?

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) helps prevent air from entering the tube during respiration. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES), or cardiac sphincter, normally prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents.

Draw an illustration showing the location of the uvula in the mouth. Below the drawing explain the function of it.

The uvula is a downward projection of soft palate. During swallowing, the soft palate and the uvula move together to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. It also secretes saliva to keep the throat well lubricated.

How are ulcers treated?

Use of antibiotics, in a treatment called triple therapy --- it requires 3 medications to be taken concurrently for 2 weeks (Pepto-Bismol and 2 antibiotics).

Membrane that covers the outside of the abdominal organs

Visceral layer of peritoneum

The process by which digested food is moved from the digestive system to the circulating fluids is called _______.

absorption

form food takes as it moves from the mouth to the stomach

bolus

What are the signs & symptoms of GERD?

burning and pressure behind the breast bone

__________ digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine

carbohydrate

Breaks up large food molecules into smaller compounds via enzymes

chemical digestion

3 forms of mechanical digestion

chewing, swallowing, peristalsis

What are ulcers?

craterlike lesions which destroy stomach or intestinal lining, cause gnawing or burning pain, and may ultimately result in hemorrhage, perforation, scarring, and other serious complications.

The three main parts of a tooth are _______, _______, and _______.

crown, neck, root

another term for swallowing

deglutition

Food undergoes three kinds of processing in the body. All cells perform metabolism, but _______ and ________ are performed by the digestive system.

digestion, absorption

specialized protein molecules that act as catalysts

enzymes

The tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach is the ______.

esophagus

study of fragmented geometric irregular shapes, such as those in the lining of the intestines

fractal geometry

What are the main divisions of the stomach?

fundus, body, and pylorus

The three divisions of the stomach are the _______, ________, and the _______.

fundus, body, pylorus

What is GERD?

gastroesophageal reflux disease - it is the backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the ______ from the liver and the ________ from the gallbladder.

hepatic duct, cystic duct

yellowish skin discoloration caused by bile buildup

jaundice

digests lactose

lactase

The lymphatic vessel in the villi is called the _______.

lacteal

What causes ulcers?

long term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) or an infection with Helicobacter pylori bacterium.

The two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum are the ____________ and the ____________.

mesentery, greater omentum

List all the main organs of the digestive system.

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, cecum, colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.

The _________ layer of the wall of the GI tract produces peristalsis.

muscularis

The names of the three pairs of salivary glands are the _______, ________, and the _________.

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

gastric juice enzyme that partially digests proteins

pepsin

intestinal enzymes that complete the digestion of partially digested proteins and convert them to amino acids

peptidases

It holds the tooth in place in the gum

peridontal ligament

Protease hydrolyzes ___________ to produce ________.

proteins, partially digested proteins (amino acids)

What are gallstones?

solid clumps of material (mostly cholesterol) that form in the gallbladder

Pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes ___________ to produce _____________.

starch (polysaccharides), maltose (disaccharides)

Where, in the body, can you get ulcers?

stomach or small intestine

The ________ layer of the GI tract contains blood vessels and nerves.

submucosa

digests sucrose

sucrase

Sucrase hydrolyzes ___________ to produce _____________.

sucrose, glucose/fructose (monosaccharides)

What is colostomy?

surgical procedure in which an artificial anus is created in the abdominal wall by cutting the colon and bringing the cut end or ends out to the surface to form an opening called a stoma.

List all the accessory organs of the digestive system.

teeth and tongue, salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingual, tonsils, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and vermiform appendix

The ________ and _________ prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed.

uvula, soft palate

The tiny, fingerlike projections covering the plicae of the small intestine are called _________.

villi