Honors Bio Final Exam

When a molecule of double-stranded DNA undergoes replication, it results in _____.

Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each composed of one new and one old strand.

Cellular processes are carried out by many different types of molecules, mostly proteins. The function of each protein molecule depends on its shape which, in turn, is determined by the protein's specific sequence of _____.

Amino acids

What is the term for one possible form of the gene for a particular trait?

An allele

Incomplete Dominance

An individual displays a trait that is intermediate between two parents.

Mitochondria

Cell powerhouse. Membrane bound organelles that are the site of cellular respiration. Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria.

Prokaryote

Cells that do not have a nucleus or organelles (bacteria).

Eukaryote

Cells that have a nucleus and organelles (plants, fungi, animals, protists).

What is the only cell organelle that is capable of converting light energy into chemical energy?

Chloroplast

In 1996, a group of scientists from Scotland used a somatic (non-sex) cell of an adult sheep to produce an identical copy of that sheep. THe process through which a genetically identical cell or organism is produced is known as _____.

Cloning

AB blood type is an example of _____.

Codominance

What is exclusively a man-made source of carbon dioxide?

Combustion and burning trees

What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed not helped?

Commensalism.

Describe an ecosystem.

Community and it's nonliving surroundings.

What characteristics are shared by all organisms?

Composed of cells, have different levels of organization, use energy, respond to the environment, growth, reproduce, and adaptations.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Directs cell activities. Contains genetic material.

Cell Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ = ATP + H₂O + CO₂

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

Transcription

DNA triplet is changed to mRNA codon. Occurs in the nucleus. This is to make messenger RNA.

A mushroom grows on a rotting log. As a result, water and nutrients from the log are released into the soil. What type of organism is the mushroom?

Decomposer

What are the sets of molecules bonded together to form a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose, a nitrogen base, a phosphate group

The condition that changes in an experiment that results from changing conditions in the independent variable. A(n) _____ is a tentative, testable statement about the natural world that is capable of being supported or refuted by scientific evidence, whereas a(n) _____ is a well-established and highly-reliable explanation of a natural phenomenon.

Dependent variable

Dr. Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He thought that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, than Plasmodium would be found in the mosquitoes. This idea is a _____.

Hypothesis

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is primarily used as _____ in living organisms.

Energy currency

Activation Energy

Energy needed to start a reaction.

What molecules acts as a catalyst to speed up a reaction?

Enzymes

Stable ecosystems can be altered, either rapidly or slowly, through what activities?

Human activities, natural disasters, climatic changes

Golgi Body

Protein packaging plant. Modifies proteins and lipids made by the ER and prepares them for export of the cell. Encloses digestive enzymes into membranes to form lysosomes.

Mutations in genes can occur whenever a segment of DNA is _____.

Altered

A _____ is a source of genetic variation that involves the swapping of sections of chromosomes during meiosis.

Cross-over

Cell Theory (3 Parts)

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the smallest working unit of all living things 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell divison

By the end of mitosis, _____ cells are produced, whereas by the end of meiosis, _____ cells are produced.

2, 4

The elephant has 56 chromosomes in its body cells. When the elephant's body cells divide by mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

56

Enzyme

A biological catalyst. Speeds up chemical reactions.

What events would most likely contribute to lowering the carrying capacity of a population?

A decrease in habitats due to human development or natural disasters

Punnett Square

A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

What is a gene?

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.

Gene

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome. Has promoter, coding region, and termination sequence.

Population

A group of one type of organism that live in the same area.

Theory

A logical explanation of why or how things work in nature based on observations and experimentation.

DNA

A nucleic acid in the nucleus. Bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. Rungs - nitrogenous bases. Backbone - sugar phosphate. Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose sugar. Double-stranded.

RNA

A nucleic acid mainly found in the cytoplasm. Bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Nitrogenous base and phosphate backbone. Sugar in RNA is ribose sugar. Single-stranded.

A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. What best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?

A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme.

A water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom arrange in a bent shape. Since oxygen is significantly more electronegative than hydrogen, oxygen atoms have a stronger attraction to shared electrons than does hydrogen. This unequal sharing of electrons and bent shape results in a polar molecule. The oxygen end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge while the hydrogen ends of the molecule have a slightly positive charge. The composition and polar covalent nature of water allow water molecules to be attracted to and form _____.

A polar molecule

Law

A rule that describes patterns observed in nature.

Hypothesis

A scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified, or answered by futher investigation.

A genetic mutation that does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein is called _____.

A silent mutation

Amino Acids

A simple organic compound containing a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit.

Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

At the beginning of cellular respiration, energy is stored in the bonds of _____ molecules. At the end of the cellular respiration process, energy is stored in the bonds of _____ molecules.

ADP, ATP

What role does ATP play in living cells?

ATP is the 'Universal energy carrier' inside and between cells. A link between anabolic and catabolic reactions - A link between energy yielding and energy consuming reactions. ATP undergoes hydrolysis to yield energy. ATP -----> ADP + Phosphate + Energy (loses a phosphate group) It is small and water soluble so therefore an effective and easy intermediate. Provides energy for numerous cell reactions such as muscle contraction etc.

Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates?

Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions

What characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Ability to store hereditary information.

Materials are able to move across a cell membrane through one of two methods: active transport or passive transport?

Active transport

What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

Active transport uses energy and passive transport does not use energy.

What are important, life-sustaining properties of water?

Adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, capillary action, density, and high heat capacity.

Cell Theory states that _____.

All known living things are made up of one or more cells. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

Nearly all mammals have seven cervical (neck) vertebrae. This fact implies that _____.

All mammals descended from a common ancestor.

It has been found that the tenderness of beef can be predicted by analyzing a cow's genes. So, commercial tests are now available for farmers to be able to determine which of their cows possess the "though" gene and which possess the "tender" gene. If a farmer routinely tests his cattle and only allows cows with the "tender" gene to mate, what is he doing?

Artificial selection

In the carbon cycle, carbon is taken in by plants as _____

As carbon dioxide in the process of decomposition

An organism makes glucose using energy from the sun. The organism is a _____.

Autotroph/producer

What are the components of a food chain showing how energy flows through an ecosystem?

Autotrophs are the base of all food chains. They transfer 10% of their energy to the next level, and so on.

An organism that is being studied has prokaryotic cells, reproduces by binary fission, and does not have a nucleus. What organism is it?

Bacteria

In the early to mid-1980's, police began using DNA evidence to convict criminals of violent crimes. Currently, techniques such as DNA fingerprinting are frequently used in criminal investigations, and some countries, such as England, even keep DNA databases so that persons who commit crimes may be more quickly apprehended. To what branch of science do these techniques belong?

Biotechnology

Photosynthesis

CO₂ + H₂O + Light Energy = C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through special channels called aquaporins. Moves from high to low. Is passive transport.

Solvent

Does the dissolving, like water.

Ribosome

Each cell contains thousands. Make proteins. Found on the rough ER and floating throughout the cytoplasm.

10% Rule

Each higher level on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the trophic level before it.

Several species of finch live on the Galapagos Island. They are very similar in appearance, but have adapted beaks of different sizes and shapes based on their major food source. Finches with large beaks eat mainly large seeds and cacti. Finches with small beaks eat mainly small seeds and insects. Explain the variety of beaks found in finches on the Galapagos Island.

Evolution through natural selection can increase the species diversity of an ecosystem.

How can you represent the overall flow of energy in a typical ecosystem?

For autotrophs to herbivores to any animal above them. 10% of energy is taken to the next level of the food chain.

Deforestation by burning has been described as a "double whammy" to the environment. Why is this description accurate?

Forest burning releases CO2 while decreasing photosynthesis, which removes carbon.

What organelles play a role in the disposal of cellular waste and is responsible for processing, sorting, and modifying proteins?

Golgi apparatus

When a person does strenuous exercise, small blood vessels near the surface of the skin increase in diameter. This allows the body to be cooled. Which characteristic of life does this best illustrate?

Homeostasis

The leg of an iguana and the wing of a bird look different, but they have similar functions and likely evolved from the same distant ancestor. Structures such as these are said to be _____.

Homologous

In a population of a species of field mice, favorable traits in the mice a likely to _____ over time, and unfavorable traits are likely to _____ over time.

Increase, decrease

Competition

Interaction between organisms in which both organisms are harmed/fight for at least one resource.

All living organisms contain carbon atoms. What are the important characteristics of carbon?

It has four valence bonds, and that the energy required to make or break a bond is at an appropriate level for building molecules, which are stable and reactive.

People suffering from diabetes need to be injected with insulin in order to keep their blood glucose levels stable. In the early 1900s, insulin for diabetes patients was extracted from slaughter cows and pigs. However, in the 1970s, genetic engineering technology allowed scientists to engineer a bacterium to produce human insulin. How does this new form of biotechnology most likely benefit society?

It has made insulin cheaper and more readily available.

An organism's genotype can be best defined as its _____.

Its genetic makeup, or it's inherited combination of alleles.

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is made up of a lipid bilayer in which hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward. This arrangement within the cell membrane allows it to _____.

Keep structure and let certain molecules in and out of the cell.

Biotic

Living parts of an ecosystem.

Protein

Made up of 20 amino acids. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Lipid

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used for energy storage, forming cell membrane, chemical messengers, and protection/insulation. There are saturated lipids and unsaturated lipids.

Active Transport

Molecules move across the membrane against their concentration gradient. Low to high. Energy is required.

Simple Diffusion

Molecules move from high to low until balanced.

Organic Molecule

Molecules that contain carbon. The four groups are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Sugars such as glucose, fructose, and ribose are examples of _____ .

Monosaccharides

Passive Transport

Movement of substances into/out of cell without using energy. Goes from low to high concentration. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

What components would best exemplify a community?

Multiple living populations. Ex. bees and wasps around a group of purple cornflowers.

Some organisms have favorable traits that are well-suited to the environment at hand. Organisms with this advantage are more likely to thrive, reproduce, and pass their traits to future generations than organisms without favorable traits. This process is known as _____.

Natural selection

Abiotic

Nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

What sequences represents the proper levels of organization (from simplest to most complex) in multicellular organisms.

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

If the water concentration inside a cell is higher than the water concentration outside the cell, water flows out of the cell. This method of molecular transport is called _____.

Osmosis

Allele

Pair of genes. If both alleles are the same, they are homozygous. If they are different, they are heterozygous.

In carrying out normal activities, cells use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. The concentration of oxygen is higher in the blood than inside the cell, so oxygen moves into the cell. Similarly, carbon dioxide moves out of the cell into the blood because the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside the cell. How are the small molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving through the cell membrane?

Passive transport by diffusion

The sun's energy is absorbed by plants and converted into glucose during _____. Animals eat the plants and convert the glucose into usable energy in a process called _____.

Photosynthesis, cellular respiration.

Polar

Polar molecules interact freely with water, while nonpolar molecules resist this interaction.

What best describes the product of RNA translation?

Polypeptides. These are later formed together to make proteins.

Gametes

Produced by meiosis. Each gamete cell has 23 chromosomes.

Proteins are used for many structural functions such as in the actin and myosin in muscle or as a part of the cytoskeleton scaffolding that maintains cell shape. What other main function do proteins serve?

Proteins help to keep reactions going.

Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers. What is true of the color of pea plants?

Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers.

Condensation Reaction/Dehydration Synthesis

Reaction when every time a monomer is added, a water molecule is released.

When respiration occurs within cells, carbon dioxide is released as waste. Which system transports carbon dioxide for removal from the body?

Respiratory system

_____ are RNA and protein complexes that are found in all cells. These complexes help cells during protein translation by joining amino acids together to form polypeptides.

Ribosomes

Central Vacuole

Sac for storage, digestion, and waste removal. Contain water solution.

A(n) _____ is a characteristic arising from genes located on gender-determining chromosomes.

Sex-linked trait

Homologous Structure

Similar structures modified between different organisms for a different purpose.

What are examples of renewable sources of energy?

Solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, and biomass energy

Facilitated Diffusion

Some molecules can't diffuse through and require special protein channels to move through.

Red blood cells are shaped like smooth discs that allow them to flow easily through arteries and veins. What does this illustrate?

Structure and function relationship

Homologous

The alleles are the same.

Vestigial Structure

Structures found within an organism that aren't actually used.

Solute

Substance that gets dissolved in the solvent.

The sequence of bases on one strand of a DNA molecule is ATTGCCCATG. What will be the sequence on the complementary strand?

TAACGGGTAC

Heterogeneous

The alleles are different.

DNA Reproduction

The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

Mutation

The changing of the structure of a gene. There are substitution mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and silent mutations.

Fermentation

The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and giving off heat.

ATP

The chemical fuel that powers cells. The energy is stored in the bonds of the ATP. When the bonds are broken energy is released.

Nondisjunction

The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes to separate during nuclear division.

What is the main function of the human reproductive system?

The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm.

The genetic information that is passed from a parent to its offspring is found in _____.

The nucleus of gamete cells.

Heat Capacity

The number of heating units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree. Water has a high heat capacity, making it take a lot of energy to heat up.

Two populations of birds in the same ecosystem begin to compete for the same food resources. What will most likely be the result of the interspecific competition?

There will be a reduction in the population size of one or both species.

Meiosis

The process of cell division to produce gametes. One cell divides to produce another identical cell. Then each cell divides again, without replicating the genetic information.

Mitosis

The process of cell division. One cell divides to produce another identical cell.

Dr. Harris believes that the fur thickness of a specific rabbit species is directly related to the outside temperature of the rabbit's habitat. Other scientists in his field believe that the fur thickness of the species of rabbit is actually determined by the amount of sunlight that the rabbit is exposed to daily. Dr. Harris performs an experiment to test whether temperature or sunlight affects fur thickness in this species of rabbit. What is true about the results of Dr. Harris's experiment?

The results of the experiment may reinforce or weaken either hypothesis.

Homeostasis

The state of biological balance. Many responses are an effort to reach homeostasis.

Many scientists hypothesize that increased levels of carbon dioxide, generated by humans, are causing the Earth's temperature to rise dangerously fast. What will happen if data is gathered over time that shows the Earth cooling rather than warming?

Their hypothesis may be proven incorrect.

What is true about nonrenewable resources?

There are plenty for people to use for a very long time. They can be replaced through sustainable development. Using them up will help keep the environment healthy. They cannot be replaced after they are used up

What are examples of a way in which humans modify ecosystems?

They build houses on marshland, resulting in many populations of plants and animals losing their habitat. They organisms either die or relocate.

What does it mean to say that two different species of organisms are closely related?

They have a common evolutionary ancestor.

What is true of all organisms in every environment?

They must compete for essential resources.

DNA contains instructions for making the different molecules, such as proteins, that the cell needs for growth and function. To use these instructions, the first step is : the DNA must be _____ into _____.

Transcribed, mRNA

Carbohydrate

Used for the formation of energy and for structure. 3 groups are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Made up of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen in a 1:1:2 ratio.

Nucleic Acid

Used to carry genetic information to make protein. Examples include DNA and RNA.

Chloroplast

Usually found in plant cells. Contains green pigment chlorophyll. Where photosynthesis takes place. Produces sugar and oxygen.

The human appendix is a _____ structure that suggests that humans evolved from plant-eating ancestors.

Vestigal

Speciation is the process by which new species are formed. Which of the following circumstances is most likely to lead to speciation?

When two populations are reproductively isolated.

Scientific inquiry involves _____

a. asking questions b. observing and inferring c. experimenting d. collecting and organizing data e. finding evidence and drawing conclusions f. repeating the experiment several times g. peer review h. locating, interpreting, and processing information from a variety of sources i. making judgments about the reliability if the source and relevance of information

What are the organization levels of the biosphere from the most specific category to the broadest category?

biome → ecosystem → community → population → organism

Translation

mRNA codon is changed to tRNA anticodon. Occurs in the cytoplasm. This is to make transfer RNA.