HRM chapter 12 Power and Politics

What's comes out with self-serving(Perception of Politics)

-Increased stress, and intention to turnover -Decreased satisfaction, commitment, and performance -Increased likelihood of others engaging in political behavior themselves -Decreased perceptions of justice/fairness

informal social processes

-influence employees to get done to do things by dead line. -influence customer to buy things -that not your job, but you influence people to do something done. -It could be little bit. I need to leave 30 min earlier at work and someone over 30 min my shift.

Political Behavior The arising of politics depends on three situational characteristics that affect an employee's work:

1.Ambiguity in work processes and procedures enhances politics: e.g., low formalization, low centralization, minimal feedback, etc. 2.Norms that produce large and rigid power differentials enhance politics: e.g., authoritarian leadership, normative formal power usage, etc. 3.High frequency of social interactions can enhance politics; e.g., personal accountability becomes salient

Political skill can serve many functions for an individual, including:

1.Neutralize stressors (e.g., role conflict, role overload, supervisor conflict, POPS for oneself) 2.Increases effectiveness of political behavior (e.g., enhance likelihood of desired outcome, reduce the likelihood that they will be perceived as solely self-serving) 3.Enhancing work outcomes (e.g., job performance, leader effectiveness, trust)

Political skill consists of four dimensions:

1.Social astuteness(deepness): Understanding of social dynamics, self-awareness 2.Interpersonal influence: Adapting one's behavior to meet situational demands and elicit desired responses in others 3.Networking ability: Develop social relations and alliances, obtain resources 4.Apparent sincerity: Appear authentic

54. ______ is the feeling that your efforts make a difference and affect the organization. A. Impact B. Meaning C. Self-determination D. Competence E.Significance

A. Impact

56. ______ is(are) conscious efforts to affect and change a specific behavior in others. A. Influence tactics B. Political tactics C. Impression management D. Power sharing E.Influence sharing

A. Influence tactics

74. A(n) ________ is a group of people actively pursuing a particular issue. A. coalition B. consultation C. network D. alliance E.lobbying group

A. coalition

35. The best possible influence outcome is __________ because the target person's intrinsic motivation energizes good performance. A. commitment B. defiance C. compliance D. resistance E.hindrance

A. commitment

38. What type of power tends to produce commitment? A. positive legitimate, expert, and referent B. negative legitimate, expert, and referent C. negative legitimate, coercive, and reward D. negative legitimate, reward, and expert E. positive legitimate, expert, and reward

A. positive legitimate, expert, and referent

30. Meghan resents Tom's promotion to sale manager. She knows she has performed as well as Tom and feels that his promotion was not deserved. She doesn't verbally express this, but when Tom runs a meeting, she doesn't participate or contribute. Rather, she looks at her phone or out the window.This passive-aggressive reaction to Tom's influence attempt reflects Meghan's A. resistance. B. rebellion. C. compliance. D. commitment. E.coercion.

A. resistance.

31. ABC Company purchases new safety glasses for its machine operators. Unfortunately, the equipment makes the operators very uncomfortable on hot days. Davey removes the equipment when the foreman is not around. This is an example of A. resistance. B. citizenship. C. compliance. D. commitment. E.attribution.

A. resistance.

20. Individuals or organizations have _______ power if they can obtain compliance by promising or delivering positive reinforcement. A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E.expert

A. reward

21. In his annual performance review meeting with Eileen, who has been working at the company for two years, Ruben suggests that if she keeps up her good work she is likely to be offered a promotion within the next year. Ruben is exercising his _______ power. A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E.expert

A. reward

zone of indifference

Authority only influences subordinate behavior if the request falls

70. Which of the following is not a principle of persuasion? A. People tend to like those who like them. B. People tend to resent and disrespect credible experts. C. The belief in reciprocity is almost universal. D. People tend to follow the lead of those most like themselves. E.People tend to do what they are personally committed to do.

B. People tend to resent and disrespect credible experts.

36. _________ power tends to produce _________. A. Negative legitimate; commitment B. Reward; compliance C. Positive legitimate; compliance D. Reward; commitment E. Expert; compliance

B. Reward; compliance

50. When psychologically empowered, an employee feels all of the following except A. self-determination. B. agreeableness. C. meaning. D. competence. E. impact at work.

B. agreeableness.

23. The ability to make threats or deliver punishment gives an individual or organization _______ power. A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E.expert

B. coercion

24. Alexa, a manager, explains to Harvey that if he is late to work one more time in the next six weeks he will be suspended without pay for a day. Alexa is exercising _______ power. A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E.expert

B. coercion

60. Using ______ is a way of getting others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes. A. ingratiation B. consultation C. exchange D. coalition tactics E.legitimating tactics

B. consultation

53. Noreen is extremely happy to be working at QBiz. They are a socially conscious, community-focused company. Noreen knows that her goals align with those of her manager, team, and employer. Noreen has ________ in relation to her company. A. impact B. meaning C. self-determination D. competence E.significance

B. meaning

42. ___________ power tends to produce __________. A. Positive legitimate; resistance B. Reward; commitment C. Expert; commitment D. Referent; compliance E.Legitimate negative; commitment

C. Expert; commitment

71. __________ are intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed(agreed) by or aligned with those of the organization. A. Influence tactics B. Coalition tactics C. Organizational politics D. Political tactics E. Organizational citizenship behaviors

C. Organizational politics

26. _______ power comes into play when one's personal characteristics and social relationships become the reason for compliance. A. Reward B. Coercion C. Referent D. Legitimate E. Expert

C. Referent

73. Meg manages a small nonprofit group that assists abused women. Recently Sarah, one of her employees, notices that Meg has been more focused on getting good press for herself than for the women that she helps. Meg wants to position herself to win the Personal Service Award from the mayor of their community. Sarah thinks they should work towards positioning their group for additional funding. In this case, political tactics that counter Meg's interests will likely A. harm the organization. B. cause the organization to restructure. C. benefit the organization. D. harm both Meg and the organization. E.help both Meg and the organization.

C. benefit the organization.

49. Grace's overriding goal is to increase productivity and competitiveness in her company. She is willing to take her time, because she knows that _____ is a matter of degree, not an either-or proposition. A. domination B. consultation C. empowerment D. delegation E.growth

C. empowerment

37. Compliance can be a result of __________ power. A. positive legitimate, expert, and referent B. negative legitimate, expert, and referent C. negative legitimate, coercive, and reward D. negative legitimate, reward, and expert E. positive legitimate, expert, and reward

C. negative legitimate, coercive, and reward

61. Of the following, the most frequently used influence tactic is A. personal appeals. B. pressure. C. rational persuasion. D. coalition tactics. E.exchange.

C. rational persuasion.

27. Therese is a charismatic person who is often able to get other employees to work late on special projects by being very friendly and fun to be around. She is exercising her ______ power. A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E.expert

C. referent

41. Professor Jones asks Professor Brown to cover class for her while she is out of town presenting a paper at a conference. They are good friends and work together effectively on several committees. Professor Brown not only covers the class, but develops a special lecture and exercise for the students. Professor Jones is using her _______ power and Professor Brown is ________. A. reward; committed B. reward; complying C. referent; committed D. referent; complying E.expert; complying

C. referent; committed

22. John leads a team of 10 salespersons. He informs the team that the first member to achieve the year's target will be sent on an all-expenses-paid holiday to the Grand Canyon National Park. John is demonstrating __________ power. A. referent B. legitimate C. reward D. coercive E.expert

C. reward

51. Psychological empowerment is related to A. the job characteristics model. B. equity theory. C. self-efficacy. D. personality theory. E.political tactics.

C. self-efficacy.

45. Maxine spends almost one day every week just managing e-mail and at least another two days a week in meetings. She clearly needs help to accomplish all of her responsibilities. To do this will necessitate _______ and _______ empowerment. A. reinforcement; expectancy B. equity; job C. structural; psychological D. expert; coercive E. legitimate; reward

C. structural; psychological

Resistance:

Coalition, pressure, upwards appeal. coalition

Legitimate, expert, and Referent power

Commitment

The most effective influence tactics for each outcome are:

Commitment to a task: Inspirational appeals (inspire, motivation), rational persuasion(reason), consultation(getting someone buy it) Compliance: Exchange , ingratiation(being nice, I love my team like show love) Resistance: Coalition, pressure, upwards appeal. coalition

Reward, coercive, and legitimate power

Compliance

43. Which of the following statements about the effect of power is true? A. Expert power has a generally negative effect. B. Referent power has a slightly positive effect. C. Reward power has a generally negative effect. D. Coercive power has a slightly negative effect. E.Legitimate power has a slightly negative effect.

D. Coercive power has a slightly negative effect.

52. ________ is your personal evaluation of your ability to do your job. A. Impact B. Meaning C. Self-determination D. Competence E.Significance

D. Competence

65. __________ is most likely to build commitment, as opposed to compliance or resistance. A. Pressure B. Coalition building C. Legitimizing D. Consultation E. Ingratiation

D. Consultation

44. _________ is(are) the efforts to enhance employee performance, well-being, and positive attitudes. A. Organizational citizenship behavior B. Positive organizational behavior C. Organizational politics D. Empowerment E.Organization development

D. Empowerment

39. You are a management consultant. During a training session, a manager from XYZ Energy Corporation asks you to summarize the best research evidence on the impact of the five bases of power on job performance, job satisfaction, and turnover. Which of these would be a correct response? A. Reward power has a stronger positive impact than referent power. B. Legitimate power has a stronger positive impact than expert power. C. Referent power has a weaker positive impact than legitimate power. D. Expert and referent powers have a generally positive impact. E. Coercive power has a positive impact on performance and a negative impact on satisfaction.

D. Expert and referent powers have a generally positive impact.

18. ______ power is the basis of power that most people think of as authority. A. Reward B. Coercion C. Referent D. Legitimate E.Expert

D. Legitimate

28. ______ power is the type of influence a person exercises independent of his or her job or position. A. Reward B. Coercion C. Legitimate D. Personal E.Political

D. Personal

58. George has persuaded most of his department to support a cancer run this spring. He really wants to get Nathan on board since Nathan frequently runs in marathons. George asks Terry, Sandy, and Marvin to "work on Nathan." This is using ______ to get others to support your efforts to persuade （説得） someone. A. ingratiation B. consultation C. exchange D. coalition tactics E.legitimating tactics

D. coalition(連合) tactics

68. You are late in the preparation of the computer graphics for your final report and presentation. You run into a friend who is great at computer graphics just as he is heading out of the office at the end of the day and say, "I need your help for my project. If you could come back for two or three hours tonight and help me with these graphics, I will complete those spreadsheets you have been complaining about." Which influence tactic are you using with your friend? A. rational persuasion B. legitimating tactic C. personal appeal D. exchange E. consultation

D. exchange

67. Carl needs a day off from his work. But he is apprehensive that David, his manager, will not grant(allow) the leave. Carl knows that David wants to shed a few pounds and has been hitting the gym for the past month. Before asking for the leave, Carl compliments David on his build and physique. It comes as no surprise to Carl that David grants him the leave! What kind of an influence tactic did Carl use? A. rational persuasion B. coalition tactic C. inspirational appeal D. ingratiation E. consultation

D. ingratiation

19. Dewey, a manager at the Busy Bee Restaurant, gives Alice her schedule for the next week. Alice knows she must follow that schedule. What kind of power is Dewey exercising? A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E. expert

D. legitimate

34. Hugh tries his best to convince Irene about a new business proposal, but Irene presents some good counterarguments and stalls the proposal. This is an example of A. compliance. B. adherence. C. allegiance. D. resistance. E.commitment.

D. resistance.

72. The critical aspect of organizational politics is the emphasis on A. self-efficacy. B. bases of power. C. political tactics. D. self-interest. E.personality.

D. self-interest.

57. ________ is when you try to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values. A. Ingratiation B. Consultation C. Exchange D. A coalition tactic E.An inspirational appeal

E.An inspirational appeal

55. You are a management consultant. An executive from Swell Systems asks you to present a workshop on empowerment to her managers. Which of the following ideas should you include? A. Power can be handed to employees who are not prepared without any ill effects. B. Power is a zero-sum situation where one person's gain is another's loss. C. Social power is limited and requires win-win thinking. D. Authoritarian managers have win-win thinking about employee empowerment. E.Empowerment is a matter of degree, not an either-or proportion.

E.Empowerment is a matter of degree, not an either-or proportion.

32. Fiona used an influence tactic on Gerald and got him to enthusiastically agree to her proposal. Gerald demonstrated initiative and persistence while completing the assignment. This is an example of A. resistance. B. defiance. C. hindrance. D. compliance. E.commitment.

E.commitment.

33. Marcy grudgingly(嫌々) agrees to Herb's proposal and needs a lot of prodding(poke) to satisfy the minimum requirements. Marcy is exhibiting A. hindrance. B. defiance. C. commitment. D. resistance. E.compliance.

E.compliance.

66. Alexis, a customer service supervisor at ABC Airlines, typically seeks the full participation of her team members when planning, making important decisions, and implementing changes. Which one of the nine generic influence tactics is she using? A. ingratiation B. personal appeals C. rational persuasion D. coalition tactics E.consultation

E.consultation

25. Jeff has been a project assistant for XYZ Corporation for five years. Recently he was asked to train Harriet, a new employee. He suggests that she use an Excel worksheet to lay out the projects she is currently working on, and she complies. He is using _______ power. A. reward B. coercion C. referent D. legitimate E.expert

E.expert

59. Using _________ basing a request on explicit or implied support from superiors. A. ingratiation B. consultation C. exchange D. coalition tactics E.legitimating tactics

E.legitimating tactics

Compliance:

Exchange, ingratiation(being nice)

Political Behavior

Influence tactics Impression management tactics

Commitment to a task:

Inspirational appeals, rational persuasion(reason), consultation(getting someone buy it)

Referent power tends to result

Organizational effectiveness, internal change

Expert power tends to result in:

Performance, satisfaction, learning

Influence tactics

a direct means of influencing other, by altering their behavior and thoughts, and gaining power things you do someone something to do influence people pressure to do something pressure: coalition: ingratiation: be nice, who managers rational persuasion referent power:

Power

a measure of person's ability to influence the attitudes and behaviors of other individuals; it is based in a dyadic (two-person) relationship How much could you influence other. If you couldn't, your power goes down.

Impression management tactics

an indirect means of influencing others and gaining power by creating a desired image of oneself in the minds of others, which then alters their behavior

Intimidation:

appear aggressive, powerful, dangerous

Self-promotion:

appear competent(有能である), expert

ØIngratiation:

appear likeable(BE NICE), attractive (most effective)

Exemplification: 適例

appear loyal, conscientious, dependable, reliable (most effective)

Supplication:

appear weak(so busy, I can't do it then others do for you bu has risk), compliant

power relations

are imbalanced favoring the influencer, the target may resist (counter) and engage in one of two modes:

rational model of organizations

considers effectiveness and behavior as being driven by objective, measureable, and formal processes

Impression management tactics

direct intact, same idea but indirect. I don't directly tell you the employee promotion. You create question or image that someones act towards you.

authority

is the formal right to influence a subordinate -organization that has right to influence people -Right to influence people like professor

Psychological empowerment

occurs when we feel a sense of: Meaning—Belief that our work values and goals align with those of our manager, team, or employer. Competence—Our personal evaluation of our ability to do our job. Self-determination—Sense that we have control over our work and its outcomes. Impact at work—Feeling that our efforts make a difference and affect the organization.

political model of organizations

recognizes that effectiveness and organizational behavior is driven by people with competing interests who are using informal social processes to achieve goals

Political skill

the ability effectively understand others at work, and to use such knowledge to influence others to act in ways that enhance one's personal and/or organizational objective Political skill has been found to enhance the social and organizational effectiveness of employees and leaders

Influence

the actual process of affecting attitudes or behaviors -action what you take

perception of politics (POPS)

the degree to which people attribute other people's behavior to self-interested motives (i.e., poorly executed political behavior), or perceive their organization's formal processes to be biased by social influence

Balancing operations

the target seeks to reduce dependence on the influencer (e.g., disengage from the goal, find alternatives, coalitions, etc.) If you don't like the class, you might change professor and take the same class next semester.

Organizational politics

the use of power and social influence to obtain desired outcomes in organizations

Structural empowerment

transfers authority and responsibilities from management to employees. Some popular ways to do this are via the job design and job characteristics forms of motivation. Managers and their employers can boost employee empowerment by changing policies, procedures, job responsibilities, and team designs. Any of these that increase the effectiveness of employee decision making are likely also to increase their performance, well-being, and job-related attitudes. To better understand and apply this knowledge about empowerment, it is necessary to think about the issue correctly.

Perception of Politics

when everyone starts self-serving, it perceive negative self-serving politics. we tend to see everyone gets stress out.

Cost reduction

where the target makes it easier for him/herself to conform to the influencer (typically by changing their values on relevant entities) Ex: I don't want to do but easy to confirm Bec cause its my work and I make money for it.

Political Behavior Impression management tactics each elicit a specific appearance or image:

ØIngratiation: ØSelf-promotion: ØExemplification: ØIntimidation: ØSupplication: