HS&F: Chapter 1 - The Human Organism

D

"A group of cells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substances located between them," describes a) organisms. b) organelles. c) organ systems. d) tissues. e) organs.

D

A cavity containing the heart, but not the lungs is a) thoracic cavity. b) pleural cavity. c) pelvic cavity. d) pericardial cavity. e) abdominal cavity.

D

A cavity containing the urinary bladder; enclosed by the bones of the pelvis is a) pericardial cavity. b) thoracic cavity. c) pleural cavity. d) pelvic cavity. e) abdominal cavity.

C

A cut across the long axis of an organ at an angle other than a right angle is described as a(n) a) cross section. b) horizontal section. c) oblique section. d) longitudinal section. e) transverse section.

D

A cut through the long axis of an organ is described as a(n) a) cross section. b) horizontal section. c) oblique section. d) longitudinal section. e) transverse section.

C

A patient arrives at an emergency room with a traumatic pneumothorax after a car accident. In the course of the accident, the patient suffered a penetration wound which allowed air to fill the space around one of her lungs causing it to collapse. Which serous membranes were likely damaged assuming that the lung itself was not punctured? a) visceral pericardium b) visceral peritoneum c) parietal pleura d) mesenteries e) visceral pleura

B

A patient arrives at an emergency room with a traumatic pneumothorax after a car accident. In the course of the accident, the patient suffered a penetration wound which allowed air to fill the space around one of his lungs causing it to collapse. Which cavity must the doctor remove the air from? a) abdominopelvic cavity b) pleural cavity c) abdominal cavity d) thoracic cavity e) pelvic cavity

E

A patient with a bleeding ulcer had an elevated heart rate, but his blood pressure was very low and dropping. After the bleeding was stopped and a blood transfusion was given, blood pressure increased. Which of these statements are consistent with these observations? a) Negative-feedback mechanisms are occasionally inadequate without medical intervention. b) The transfusion interrupted a negative-feedback mechanism. c) The transfusion interrupted a positive-feedback mechanism. d) The transfusion was not necessary. e) Both negative-feedback mechanisms are occasionally inadequate without medical intervention and the transfusion interrupted a positive-feedback mechanism are consistent.

B

According to the six criteria given as characteristics of life (organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction), is a virus such as HIV "alive"? a) No, it has none of the 6 characteristics. b) Unknown, it has one characteristic (when not including its host's 'machinery') but does not have the rest. c) Yes, it has all 6 characteristics.

B

Anatomical position refers to individuals that are a) laying supine, upper limbs extended over their head. b) standing erect, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing anterior. c) standing erect, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing inward. d) laying supine, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing inward. e) laying supine, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing anterior.

D

From the anatomical position, the scapula (shoulder blade) is always _____ to the ribs. a) dorsal b) both dorsal and posterior c) posterior d) dorsal, posterior, and superficial e) superficial

E

Given the cavities: 1) abdominal cavity 2) pelvic cavity 3) oral cavity 4) pericardial cavity Which of these cavities are lined with serous membranes? a) 2, 3, 4 b) 1 and 2 only c) 1, 2, 3 d) 1, 2, 3, 4 e) 1, 2, 4

E

Given these structures: 1) cell 2) organ 3) chemical 4) organ system 5) organism 6) tissue Arrange the structures in the correct order from smallest to largest: a) 2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5 b) 4, 5, 3, 1, 6, 2 c) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 d) 4, 3, 1, 6, 2, 5 e) 3, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5

C

Glycogen and starch are examples of a) lipids. b) monosaccharides. c) polysaccharides. d) proteins. e) nucleic acids.

D

Growth refers to an increase in size of all or part of an organism. It can result from: a) an increase in the number of cells within the organism b) an increase in the size of individual cells within the organism c) an increase in the amount of substances surrounding the cells. d) all of the above e) none of the above.

B

Homeostasis is the condition produced by a) a resistance to change of any kind. b) the tendency for change in a body parameter to be counteracted as soon as the body parameter goes past its normal range of values. c) the tendency for continued change in the same direction regardless of current values of any body parameter. d) the presence of pathogens. e) all of the conditions listed here.

B

If you make a Jell-O mold that has strawberries suspended in it and whipped cream on top, the strawberries are _____________ while the whip cream is _________. a) superficial; deep b) deep; superficial c) anterior; deep d) prone; deep e) All of these are correct

A

In which quadrant of the abdomen is most of the liver usually located? a) right upper quadrant b) right lower quadrant c) left upper quadrant d) left lower quadrant

A

In which quadrant of the abdomen would the pain of acute appendicitis be felt? a) right lower quadrant b) left upper quadrant c) right upper quadrant d) left lower quadrant

E

Increased carbon dioxide in the blood increases respiration (breathing) rate. Which of these statements would apply to this mechanism? a) This is positive feedback, because an increased respiration rate increases oxygen in the blood. b) This is a rare example of a positive-feedback system in the body, because increased carbon dioxide increases respiration rate. c) This is negative feedback because a deviation from normal is enhanced and made larger. d) Both this is negative feedback because increased respiration rate decreases carbon dioxide in the blood and this is negative feedback because a deviation from normal is enhanced and made larger apply. e) This is negative feedback because increased respiration rate decreases carbon dioxide in the blood.

E

Our body cells perform several important functions including: a) cell metabolism and energy use b) reproduction and inheritance c) communication d) synthesis of molecules e) all of the above

D

The amount of matter in an object is its a) element. b) ionic charge. c) atomic number. d) mass. e) weight.

D

The basic structural and functional units of an organism, such as plant or animal, is the a) tissue. b) organ. c) organ system. d) cell. e) organelle.

D

The building blocks for proteins are a) glycerol + fatty acids. b) disaccharides. c) nucleotides. d) amino acids. e) monosaccharides.

E

The essential characteristics of life include all of the following except: a) growth b) metabolism c) organization d) responsiveness e) multicellularity

C

The guillotine, a medieval instrument for beheading criminals, could be described as passing along a _________ plane through the neck. a) superior b) sagittal c) transverse d) frontal e) longitudinal

D

The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and urinary bladder are a) covered with visceral peritoneum. b) connected to the body wall by mesenteries. c) found in the peritoneal cavity. d) retroperitoneal. e) surrounded by peritoneal fluid.

A

The pericardial cavity a) contains the pericardial fluid. b) surrounds the lungs. c) is located between visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum. d) is retroperitoneal. e) All of these are true.

E

The regulation of room temperature by a thermostat is an example of a feedback loop. In this system, a sensor within the thermostat detects a change in temperature below a programmed set point. The thermostat then sends a signal which turns on the furnace. The furnace heats the room bringing it back up to the programmed temperature. Once the room temperature reaches the programmed set point, the thermostat "turns off" the furnace. Which of the following statements is consistent with the above scenario? a) This scenario is an example of a negative feedback mechanism. b) The thermostat is the "control center" while the furnace is the "effector". c) This scenario is different from how negative feedback works in the body because negative feedback in the body maintains a normal range of values instead of one specific set point. d) The "receptor" in this scenario is the temperature sensor within the thermostat. e) All of these are true.

A

The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living organisms is a) physiology. b) regional anatomy. c) surface anatomy. d) systemic anatomy. e) anatomic imaging.

C

The study of external features, such as bony projections that serve as landmarks to locate deeper structures is called a) anatomic imaging. b) physiology. c) surface anatomy. d) regional anatomy. e) systemic anatomy.

A

The study of the body's organization that considers the heart, blood and all of the associated blood vessels as a unit is called a) systemic anatomy b) surface anatomy c) regional anatomy d) anatomic imaging e) physiology

C

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the a) liver. b) pelvic muscles. c) diaphragm. d) mediastinum. e) lungs.

E

When a person is in anatomical position, the wrist is _____ to the elbow. a) ventral b) proximal c) superior d) dorsal e) distal

B

When you scratch a cat's back along its spine, which of the following terms would apply to the skin you are scratching? a) ventral, inferior, posterior, lateral b) dorsal, superior, medial, superficial c) ventral, superior, medial, deep d) ventral, inferior, anterior, medial, deep e) dorsal, superior, posterior, lateral

C

Which of the following is a cavity containing the liver, stomach, kidneys, and spleen? a) pleural cavity b) pericardial cavity c) abdominal cavity d) thoracic cavity e) pelvic cavity

A

Which of the following is a cut through an organ at right angles to the long axis? a) transverse section b) sagittal section c) longitudinal section d) frontal section e) oblique section

D

Which of the following pairs of terms are synonymous in bipedal animals such as humans but not in quadrupeds (animals that walk on all four feet)? a) proximal and superficial b) superior and anterior c) anterior and superficial d) anterior and ventral e) dorsal and lateral

E

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function. b) Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effects on other systems. c) An organism is any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as a bacteria or trillions of cells such as a human. d) Living things are highly organized and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death. e) All of the above statements are true

A

Which of the sections below separates the body into dorsal and ventral parts? a) frontal section b) sagittal section c) transverse section d) longitudinal section e) oblique section

C

Which of the sections below separates the body into superior and inferior parts? a) frontal section b) oblique section c) transverse section d) sagittal section e) longitudinal section

E

Which of these characteristics of life means "The ability to use energy to perform vital functions?" a) organization b) responsiveness c) growth d) differentiation e) metabolism

C

Which of these is an example of a positive-feedback mechanism? a) Increased amounts of a hormone in the blood cause a decrease in the secretion of that hormone. b) Increased carbon dioxide in the blood increases breathing rate, which decreases carbon dioxide in the blood. c) Increased stretch of the uterus causes it to contract, which further increases stretch. d) An increase in blood pressure activates mechanisms that decrease blood pressure. e) Increased amounts of fluid in the blood result in increased quantities of urine, which decreases fluid content of the blood.

B

Which of these statements about serous membranes is true? a) Serous membranes line cavities that open to the outside of the body. b) Visceral serous membranes are in contact with internal organs. c) Retroperitoneal organs are surrounded by both parietal and visceral serous membranes. d) Serous membranes surround the pleural and peritoneal cavities, but not the pericardial cavity. e) All of these are true.

B

Which of these statements is true of negative feedback? a) Negative feedback makes any deviation from a normal value larger. b) Negative feedback is important for maintaining homeostasis in the body. c) Negative feedback occurs when the uterus contracts during birth. d) Negative feedback is a very unusual control mechanism in the human body. e) Negative feedback will usually result in illness or other disturbance of normal systems.

B

Which of these statements is true? a) Carbohydrates are organic molecules formed from amino acid building blocks. b) Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body. c) The building blocks for lipids are nucleotides. d) Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are large inorganic molecules. e) Monosaccharides become bound together by hydrolysis reactions to form polysaccharides.

E

__________ refers the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments needed to help maintain its life. a) organization b) development c) metabolism d) growth e) responsiveness

C

__________ refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform functions. a) responsiveness b) development c) organization d) growth e) metabolism