HST 130 Rogers Final Exam Study Guide

Indian Removal Act

1830 law signed by President Andrew Jackson that permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' land in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma. 1. It ultimately led to the Trail of Tears because the Indians would not leave willingly. 2. It led to the Second Seminole War in Florida because the Indians there were even more reluctant to leave their homelands.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries. The Supreme Court did not listen because the natives were not U.S. citizens because they lived in "Domestic Dependent" nations. 1. It said that the Court lacked the jurisdiction to exempt the Cherokees from Georgia law. 2. The Cherokee did not have legal help with Georgia laws that sought to force them off their lands.

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court case that held that the Indian nations were distinct peoples who could not be dealt with by the states-instead, only the federal government could negotiate with them. President Jackson refused to enforce the ruling. 1. Ultimately led to the Trail of Tears because Jackson decided not to uphold the ruling and he directed the expulsion of the Indians. 2. It was a landmark case because it has been cited in several later opinions on the subject of tribal sovereignty in the U.S.

Treaty of New Echota

1835 treaty signed in New Echota, Georgia. It said that Indians would have to go to a reservation and revoke their tribal membership in order to stay on their homelands. The Cherokee were fractured over the decision. Almost all of the Cherokee signed a petition against the treaty, but they were ignored. 1. It became the legal basis for the forced removal of the Indians. 2. The Indians lost several million acres of ancestral land.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves. Fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas and to the formation of the Republican Party. 1. It contradicted the Missouri Compromise because of the way that slavery status was decided in the territories. 2. It intensified the debate over slavery that led to the Civil War.

Fourteenth Amendment

1868 constitutional amendment that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It not only outlawed black codes, but made them unconstitutional. 1. It reshaped core values concerning citizenship, rights, and equality. 2. It provided a national guarantee of equality under the law.

Declaration of Sentiments

A document signed in 1848 at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. The convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York and is known as the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the principal author of the declaration and she modeled it after the Declaration of Independence. 1. It described the women of the convention's grievances and demands. 2. It described the importance of the convention: for women to fight for their constitutionally guaranteed right to equality as U.S. citizens.

Universal Male Suffrage

A form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. 1. It allowed poorer white male citizens to gain representation. 2. Most black men remained excluded until the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment.

Slave Coffles

A group of slaves tied or chained together and marched from one place to another by owners or slave traders. They were a prominent part of transporting slaves during the Second Middle Passage. 1. They were used to move slaves in an organized fashion so they would not escape when being transported. 2. Many of the slaves were marched in their coffles at a rate of 20 to 25 miles a day for five weeks or more.

Tecumseh

A leader of the Shawnee tribe who tried to unite all Indians into a confederation to resist white encroachment on their lands. His beliefs and leadership made him seem dangerous to the American government. He was killed at the Battle of the Thames. 1. He formed a Native American confederacy and promoted intertribal unity. 2. He joined his cause with the British in the War of 1812.

March to the Sea

A military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia in 1864 by William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. It began with Sherman's troops leaving Atlanta and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah. 1. It devastated the landscape in the Confederate States. 2. It was one of the most successful examples of "total war" because it psychologically destroyed the confederate citizens.

First Bank of the U.S.

A national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the U.S. Congress on February 25, 1791. The First Bank building was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1. It was created by Alexander Hamilton because he believed that a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit. 2. The bank proposal faced resistance from opponents of increased federal power, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Silent Sabotage

A passive-aggressive hostility of enslaved people who wanted to revolt in some way. They would break tools, abuse animals, act sick, and run away to sabotage their owners. 1. It caused plantation owners to lose money. 2. Many slaves were punished and killed and gave slaves a bad name among white people.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A peace treaty that was signed in 1848 between the U.S. and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War. The U.S. gained half of Mexico (now Texas). 1. It provided the U.S. with minerals and natural resources that were important for a growing country. 2. The new land began the debate over slavery in the west.

King Cotton

A phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors prior to the American Civil War, indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production. 1. Cotton comprised more than half of total U.S. exports after the invention of the cotton gin. 2. Cotton production in the 1800s increased so much that the need for slaves increased exponentially.

Civilization Policy

A policy in the early 1800s that had the goal of forcing Indians away from their traditional occupations of hunting and warfare into livelihoods that resembled those of white citizens and settlers, such as farming. Indians were also supposed to act, dress, and speak like white Americans and adhere to white American beliefs. 1. It resulted in major changes in culture and livelihood for the Indians. 2. It led to the establishment of Native American boarding schools.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent American Christian, abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known for his newspaper, The Liberator, which he founded in 1831. 1. He was the leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society that he founded in 1833. 2. He became a prominent voice in the women's suffrage movement in the 1870s.

Middle Class

A social class that falls between the upper class and working class. It's rise in the U.S. in early nineteenth century contributed to social hierarchies that mark the start of the antebellum period. 1. The middle class created new views of women's roles. Staying home and buying things they could make themselves was a sign of class. 2. Created the idea of the self-made man and the true woman which were ideals that were impossible to acquire.

American Temperance Society

A society established in 1826 in Boston, Massachusetts, where people pledged to stop their consumption of alcohol. There were over 1 million people who took the pledge. 1. By 1840, alcohol consumption was cut in half. 2. It was the first social movement organization to mobilize national support for a specific reform cause.

Celia

A woman who killed her enslaver in 1855 when she was trying to resist his sexual assault. The Court said that it would be fine if a woman did it, but she was not a woman, she was property. 1. Her jury consisted of twelve white men and she was hanged because she had no recourse for being raped. 2. Her enslaver had raped her numerous times and she had at least one child because of him and another child that might have been his.

Mary Rogers

A woman whose body was dumped into the Hudson River after a failed abortion attempt. She lived from 1820 to 1841. 1. Her story showed the vulnerability and threats to working women in the nineteenth century. 2. The mystery of her death was sensationalized by newspapers and it received national attention.

Harriet Tubman

Abolitionist who was born a slave, escaped to the North, and then returned to the South nineteen times and guided 300 slaves to freedom. 1. She guided 300 slaves through the U.S. to freedom in Canada as a "conductor" of the Underground Railroad. 2. She also served as a scout, spy, soldier, and nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War.

XYZ Affair

Affair in which French foreign minister Talleyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797. Refusal to pay the bribe was followed by two years of undeclared sea war with France (1798-1800). 1. It led to the Quasi-War. 2. Federalists used it to question the loyalty of pro-French Democratic Republicans which eventually led to the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Corrupt Bargain

After the votes were counted in the Election of 1824, no candidate had received the majority needed of the Electoral College votes, so the outcome was in the hands of the House of Representatives. The House chose John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson even though Jackson had the most electoral votes. It was believed that Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams who then made Clay his Secretary of State. 1. The accusation ultimately led to Jackson's defeat of Adams in 1828. 2. The possibility that Adams and Clay made a bargain stained their reputations.

Frederick Douglass

An African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman during the mid 1800s. He escaped from slavery in Maryland and became a national leader of the abolitionist movement. 1. He was a prominent leader in the American Anti-Slavery Society and spoke at many of the meetings. 2. He pushed for equality and human rights until his death in 1895.

John Brown

An American abolitionist leader. He first gained national attention when he led anti-slavery volunteers and his own sons during the Bleeding Kansas crisis in the 1850s. He and his sons then killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie Massacre. 1. He was the leader of the raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. 2. He was sentenced to be hanged because of the raid.

Martha Ballard

An American midwife and healer. She kept a diary with thousands of entries over nearly three decades. The diary consists of more than 1,400 pages. She lived from 1735 to 1812. 1. Her diary provided historians with invaluable insight into frontier-women's lives. 2. She delivered over 800 babies in the three decades that she was writing her diary.

Joseph Smith

An American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. He lived from 1805 to 1844. 1. He published the Book of Mormon when he was 24. 2. By the time of his death, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religion that is still present.

Sally Hemings

An enslaved quadroon woman owned by Thomas Jefferson. She was the mother of up to six of Jefferson's children. 1. Her father, John Wayles, was her original owner, but she was inherited by the Jeffersons when Wayles died. 2. There is still controversy over whether Jefferson and Hemings had children.

True Womanhood

An ideal that defines what it means to be a woman according to one's capacity for piety, purity, and domesticity. Women were meant to be a help and comfort to men. They were meant to submit to men, family, and church. It is a gender convention most strongly associated with white, middle-class women. 1. It was an impossible thing to reach because it was an ideal, not a reality. 2. It revolved around the woman being the center of the family and helping and submitting to everyone.

Dorothea Dix

An important figure in increasing the public's awareness of the plight of the mentally ill. After a two-year investigation of the treatment of the mentally ill in Massachusetts, she presented her findings and won the support of leading reformers. She eventually convinced twenty states to reform their treatment of the mentally ill. 1. She played a large role in the founding or expansion of more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill. 2. She was a leading figure in national and international movements that challenged the idea that people with mental disturbances could not be cured or helped.

Federalist Party

An increasingly coherent political party that appeared in Congress by the mid-1790s. Led by George Washington, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton, it favored a strong central government. 1. It was the first political party of the U.S. 2. It collapsed with its last presidential candidate in 1816.

American Whaling

An industry that peaked from 1846 to 1852. The industry was engaged with the production of whale oil and whale bone. Primarily made up of Quakers. 1. The products were used for many things including lighting homes, lubricating machinery, and production of corsets and umbrellas. 2. Once the products were extracted from the whale, the remaining majority of the carcass was discarded.

Quasi-War

An undeclared war fought from 1798 to 1800 between the U.S. and the French First Republic. It was fought primarily in the Caribbean and off the East Coast of the U.S. 1. It was the first seaborne conflict for the newly established U.S. Navy. 2. It was the result of disagreements over treaties and America's neutral status in the French Revolution.

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford were the primary contenders for the presidency. No candidate received a majority of the Electoral College vote. John Quincy Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives. 1. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a corrupt bargain which ultimately led to Jackson's success in 1828. 2. It was the only election since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment to have been decided by the House of Representatives.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent from the 1830s through the 1850s. The largest group of its proponents was New York's Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American (Know Nothing) Party in 1854. 1. Nativists objected primarily to Irish Roman Catholics because of their loyalty to the Pope. 2. Nativists worked to pass laws that discriminated against immigrants but many of them were never passed.

Embargo Act of 1807

Attempt in 1807 to exert economic pressure by prohibiting all exports from the U.S., instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors. Smugglers easily circumnavigated the embargo, and it was repealed two years later. 1. It was incredibly unpopular with Americans because they were the only ones to suffer from the act. 2. It was a major factor leading to the War of 1812 because it increased existing hostilities between the U.S. and Britain.

Cane Ridge

Cane Ridge, Kentucky, was the site, in 1801, of a huge meeting that drew thousands of people. It had a lasting influence as one of the landmark events of the Second Great Awakening. 1. Wealthy, poor, men, women, black, and white people were all included at the revival. 2. Arguably the pioneering event in the history of frontier camp meetings in America.

Compromise of 1850

Complex compromise devised by Senator Henry Clay that admitted California as a free state, included a stronger fugitive slave law, and delayed determination of the slave status of the New Mexico and Utah territories. 1. It helped maintain the balance of free and slave states. 2. Resentment over its provisions contributed to the Civil War.

Thirteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment adopted in 1865 that irrevocably abolished slavery throughout the U.S. Abraham Lincoln was the president when it was passed. 1. Southern states would have to ratify the thirteenth amendment in order to be accepted into the U.S. 2. It was only ratified by Mississippi in 2013.

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race. 1. It had to be ratified by southern states in order to be admitted into the Union. 2. It cemented universal male suffrage.

Bargain of 1877

Deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South. 1. It marked the end of Reconstruction. 2. It was an informal and unwritten deal so it is sometimes contested by historians.

Missouri Compromise

Deal proposed by Kentucky senator Henry Clay in 1820 to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri's admission as a slave state. Maine's admission as a free state offset Missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri. 1. It temporarily maintained the delicate balance between free and slave states. 2. It marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over the extension of slavery that led to the Civil War.

Public Education

Education that is open to all people and supported by tax money. It combined grades 1 through 8 and was slow to expand. The teachers were usually barely more educated than their students. 1. Horace Mann led the public education movement which advocated for the financing of public schools. 2. The public school system is widely used in America today.

Maybury v. Madison

First U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law-the Judiciary Act of 1801-unconstitutional. It established the principle of judiciary review in the U.S. in 1803. 1. The court's opinion is considered to be one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law. 2. It is arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history because of its application of judicial review.

Democratic-Republican Party

First identified during the early nineteenth century, they supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which they believed would safeguard individual freedoms and states' rights from the threats posed by a strong central government. 1. It splintered during the election of 1824 due to the corrupt bargain. 2. It split into the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 and under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, the organization that sought an immediate end to slavery and the establishment of equality for black Americans. It split in 1840 after disputes about the role of women within the organization and other issues. 1. The society's activities were frequently met with violent public opposition. 2. Frederick Douglass was a prominent leader and would often speak at meetings.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four measures passed in 1798 during the undeclared war with France. They limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens. 1. It was a direct violation of the 1st Amendment because it was used to silence Democratic Republicans. 2. The acts were passed by a Federalist dominated Congress in fear of Democratic Republicans' support of France.

Ku Klux Klan

Group organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction. A revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s that stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy. Revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the South. 1. It was created by a group of former confederate soldiers and took violent steps to undermine the Republican Party. 2. It was composed mostly of former confederate soldiers, poor white farmers, and southern white supremacists.

Irish Immigration

Immigrants were attracted by the industrialization of America. Immigrants doubled the American population and caused competition for jobs. 1. They caused the debate over how many people and which people should be able to enter the U.S. 2. The Irish constituted over 1/3 of all the immigrants to the U.S.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine that separated cotton seed from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, but difficult to clean, short-staple cotton. Led directly to the dramatic nineteenth-century expansion of slavery in the South. 1. It increased the production of cotton from 5 million pounds to 170 million pounds a year. 2. It further promoted the use of slavery in the south and increased the number of slaves from 700,000 to 1.5 million.

Election of 1828

It featured a rematch of the 1824 election candidates, John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party and Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. Both parties were new organizations that rose from the collapse of the old parties. Andrew Jackson won the election. 1. It ushered in the era of political campaigns and paved the way for the solidification for political parties. 2. Personalities and slander played a very large roll in the election.

Jefferson's Agrarian Ideal

Jefferson's ideal of a democratic and self-governing nation is best entrusted to a community of small, self-sufficient family farms. 1. This ideal made slavery an essential component of Jeffersonian democracy. 2. Jefferson's idea emphasized the independence that farming could give to the citizens of America.

Black Codes

Laws passed from 1865 to 1866 in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves. To nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment. 1. They were a form of Southern resistance to Johnson's reconstruction plan. 2. They were a way to make southern black people continue to work in conditions that resembled slavery.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812. Proposed seven constitutional amendments, but the war ended before Congress could respond. 1. It is known as an ideological precursor to Southern secession. 2. Many historians consider it a contributing factor to the downfall of the Federalist Party.

Field Order No. 15

Military orders issued during the American Civil War by William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. They provided for the confiscation of 400,000 acres of land along the Atlantic coast and the dividing of it into parcels of around 40 acres which were to be given to approximately 18,000 formerly enslaved families. 1. It encouraged freedmen to join the Union Army. 2. It had little concrete effect because President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation that returned the lands to southern owners who took an oath of loyalty.

Erie Canal

Most important and profitable of the canals of the 1820s and 1830s. Stretched from Buffalo to Albany, New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the East Coast and making New York City the nation's largest port. 1. It made transportation cheaper and faster. 2. It triggered large-scale commercial and agricultural development in western New York.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America, led by a slave preacher who, with his followers, killed about sixty white persons in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. It lasted one day and Turner was eventually found and executed. 1. Turner had been educated so legislators passed laws prohibiting the education of enslaved and free black people. 2. Many enslaved people and free black people were killed by militias because they were accused of being a part of the rebellion and many more were persecuted.

American Colonization Society

Organized in 1816 to encourage colonization of free blacks to Africa. West African nation of Liberia founded in 1822 to serve as a homeland for them. 1. Moving black people to Africa was ideal because racism was so deeply rooted in society, it was believed that black people could never truly be free. 2. It occurred because Americans could not imagine a coequal society and it encouraged the gradual emancipation and deportation of black people.

Manifest Destiny

Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas. Used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as justification for American empire. 1. It was the philosophy that drove U.S. territorial expansion and the justification for Indian removal. 2. Democrats endorsed the idea, but many prominent Americans, such as Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and most Whigs, rejected it.

Free Soil Party

Political organization formed in 1848 to oppose slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican War. Nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848. By 1854 most of the party's members had joined the Republican Party. 1. They wanted to keep the west a land of opportunity for white wage earners. 2. Once the party broke apart, the remnants were absorbed into the Republican Party which carried Free Soil ideas.

Louisiana Purchase

President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. It more than doubled the territory of the U.S. at a cost of only $15 million. 1. It allowed for westward expansion of the U.S. 2. It was the greatest land bargain in U.S. history.

Popular Sovereignty

Program that allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves. Most closely associated with Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. 1. It led to the migration of pro- and anti-slavery peoples to new states so they could tip the balance in their direction. 2. It was a leading cause for Bleeding Kansas because pro- and anti-slavery advocates fought for control over the new territory.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Defeated by southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, in 1846 and 1847. 1. It contributed to the growth of the issue of slavery in the west which played a large role in the Civil War. 2. It would ruin the Missouri Compromise.

Freedmen's Bureau

Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning. 1. It addressed the intense poverty of both black and white people in the South by providing food and shelter for the poor. 2. There was no system of public education in the South prior to the Civil War, so the Freedmen's Bureau's emphasis on education made a dramatic difference for illiterate and uneducated people in the South.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the early decades of the nineteenth century, in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion. Began the predominance of the Baptist and Methodist Churches. 1. Resulted in the rejection of enlightenment rationality and the idea of predestination. 2. Promoted evangelicalism and the idea of free will.

Grimke Sisters

Sarah and Angelina Grimke were the first nationally known white American female advocates of abolition of slavery and women's rights. They were speakers, writers, and educators during the mid 1800s. 1. Sarah Grimke wrote the Letters on the Equality of the Sexes in 1838 where she defended women's rights. 2. Angelina Grimke wrote Appeal to the Christian Women of the South in 1836 where she encouraged Southern women to join the abolitionist movement.

Border States

Slave states that did not secede from the Union. They were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, and after 1863, West Virginia. To the north they bordered the USA and to the south they bordered the CSA. 1. They were vital to the success of the Union because of the mineral and agricultural resources they provided. 2. They contained transportation and communication lines that were vital to both sides of the war.

Plain Folk

Small white farmers in the mid 1800s who used family labor instead of slave labor. They were typically poor and often hated those in the planter class. 1. They played a major role in the antebellum south, but were less influential than the planters. 2. It included around 75% of southern whites with no slaves who aspired to make enough money to buy their own slaves.

War Hawks

Someone who favors war or continuing to escalate an existing conflict as opposed to other solutions. The term was coined in 1792 to ridicule politicians who favored a pro-war policy in peacetime. 1. They put pressure on President Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812 and played a large role in causing the war. 2. They were primarily young Southerners and Westerners.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed in 1828 by Parliament that taxed imported goods at a very high rate. Aroused strong opposition in the South. 1. It would raise the cost of living in the South and cut into the profits of New England industrialists. 2. It lead to the threat of civil war during the Nullification Crisis in 1832, but the tariff was replaced in 1833 and the crisis ended.

Nullification Crisis

The 1832 attempt by the State of South Carolina to nullify, or invalidate within its borders, the 1832 federal tariff law. President Jackson responded with the Force Act of 1833. 1. It occurred because of the Tariff of Abominations that was strongly opposed in the South, so much so that there was a threat of civil war. 2. It led to the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which satisfied South Carolina.

Confederate Government

The government of the Confederate States of America. It was modeled heavily on the American Constitution. The Confederate government was limited and protected slavery. Jefferson Davis was the first President. 1. It existed separately from the Union government from 1860 to 1865. 2. It was over the 11 southern states the seceded from the Union.

Separate Spheres

The idea that women should occupy a separate domestic sphere while men occupy a public sphere. Women during antebellum reform learned to use this ideology for their own means. Women would seek to expand their sphere instead of destroying it. 1. It provided an excuse to keep women out of fields not specifically marked as female. 2. The idea suggested that men and women were different and meant for different things.

Second Middle Passage

The massive trade of slaves from the Upper South (Virginia and the Chesapeake) to the Lower South (the Gulf States) that took place between 1820 and 1860. It occurred to accommodate for the spread of the cotton industry. 1. It was a turning point in the history of the domestic slave trade in the U.S. 2. The importation of slaves was prohibited so planters had to make do with the slaves that were already in the U.S.

Cult of Domesticity

The nineteenth-century ideology of "virtue" and "modesty" as the qualities that were essential to proper womanhood. 1. It was founded on the theory of scientific sexism and the fact that nineteenth-century women were considered to be both physically and mentally inferior to men. 2. It attempted to define gender roles by limiting women to a domestic sphere.

Proslavery Ideology

The series of arguments in the mid 1800s defending the institution of slavery in the South as a positive good, not a necessary evil. The arguments included the racist belief that black people were inherently inferior to white people, as well as the belief that slavery, in creating a permanent underclass of laborers, made freedom possible for whites. Other elements of the argument included biblical citations. 1. Eventually led to the Civil War because of the differences of ideologies in the North and South. 2. It goes back to the founding of the nation where Europeans brought their system of slavery to the New World.

Fort Sumter

The site of a battle of the Civil War in which the federal fort in Charleston (South Carolina) Harbor was captured by the Confederates on April 14, 1861, after two days of shelling. 1. It marked the beginning of the Civil War. 2. The fort remained in Confederate hands for the majority of the war.

Northern Free Black People

They could own property and some even owned slaves, but they still faced much discrimination and segregation. They had to register with the government, they had limited movement, work, and educational opportunities, and they could only vote in the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 1. They played a large role in abolitionism and were very outspoken about the injustice of slavery. 2. Black men enlisted as soldiers and fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812.

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated John Adams of the Federalist Party. It is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800." 1. The election ushered in a generation of Democratic Republican leadership. 2. It marks the beginning of the development of the two-party system in America.

Railroads

Transportation networks that were faster and more reliable than traveling by boat. They provided year round transport but depended on federal government funding. The production of railroad tracks began in 1828 and there were 30,000 miles of railroad tracks by 1860. 1. They made it possible to settle the U.S. interior. 2. They increased trade in the U.S. by providing a means for transporting goods across the country.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay. Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements would be settled by commission. 1. It facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the U.S. and Britain in the midst of the French Revolution. 2. It angered France and divided Americans into the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans.

Sharecropping

Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers-often former slaves-farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop. 1. It enabled white landowners to reestablish a labor force. 2. It gave freed black people a means of subsistence.

Oneida

Utopian community founded in 1848. The perfectionist religious group practiced "complex marriage" under leader John Humphrey Noyes. 1. Oneida is still one of America's largest designers and sellers of cutlery and tableware today. 2. It flourished for over 30 years because of it's silverware and steel production.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence between pro- and anti-slavery settlers in the Kansas Territory in 1856. 1. It helped to shape American politics because the different political parties sided with different sides of the fight. 2. It contributed to the coming of the Civil War.

Factory Gal

Women who worked in factories. They were segregated from men and still had to do gender-specific tasks. 1. They comprised a large part of factory workers. 2. The demands of factory life enabled women to challenge gender stereotypes.