HST 150 EXAM 2
Ch. 23- What is re globalization?
"Reglobalization" of world economy after transactions after WWII Expressed in the accelerating circulation of goods, capital, and people World trade Department stores and supermarkets stocked shelves with goods from around world Money as well as goods achieved amazing global mobility in three ways 1. "Foreign direct investment"- a firm in the US opens a factory in China or Mexico; exploded after 1960 as companies in rich countries sought to take advantage of cheap labor, tax breaks, looser envt. regulations in developing countries 2. Short-term movement of capital, investors annually spent money purchasing foreign currencies or stocks likely to increase in value and sold them after with consequence 3. Personal funds of individuals- international credit cards, allowing transfer of money across national borders TNCS
Ch. 22- What is decolonization?
*** See question 1 for essay Was the struggle for independence, that process carried an immense significance for the history of the 20th century? It marked a dramatic change in the worlds political architecture, as nation states triumphed over the empires that had structures much of the worlds political life. Decolonization signaled the declining legitimacy of both empire and race as a credible basis for personal dignity, abundance, and opportunity.
Ch. 16- What is the North American Revolution?
1775-1787, Was a struggle for independence from oppressive British rule. A conservative movement because it originated in an effort to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than to create new ones. The American Revolution Grew not from social tensions within colonies, but rather sudden and unexpected effort by British government to tighten its control over the colonies and to extract more revenue from them.
Ch. 16- What is the French Revolution?
1789-1815, The French Insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within French society. Members of the titles nobility - privileged, prestigious and wealthy - resented and resisted the monarchy's efforts to subject them to new taxes. In the late 1780's Ordinary men and women were hit particularly hard by the rapidly rising price of bread and widespread unemployment. Taxes from the state, obligations to the church, requirements to work without pay on public roads.
Ch. 22- What is the Muslim League?
1906- contradicted Congress Party's claim to speak for all Indians Demanded separate electorates with a fixed number of seats for Muslims Distinct minority within India, feared their voice could be swamped by numerically dominant Hindu population (despite Gandhi's inclusiveness) LEADER = Muhammad Ali Jinnah- those parts of India that had a Muslim majority should have a separate political status--> PAKISTAN= land of the pure India was not a single nation The Muslims and Hindus belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literature's (as Gandhi argued) Belong to two different civilizations
Ch. 10- What was the Byzantine Empire?
527 C.E. The western Roman Empire was permanently lost to Byzantium, despite Emperor Justinian's(527-565) impressive but short lived attempt to reconquer the Mediterranean basin. The Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent under Emperor Justinian in the mid-sixth century C.E. it subsequently lost considerable territory to various Christian European powers as well as to Muslim Arab and Turkic invaders. Until roughly 1200, a more compact Byzantine Empire remained a major force in the Eastern Mediterranean, controlling Greece, much of the Balkans (southeastern Europe), and Anatolia.
Ch. 10- Who is Charlemagne?
768-814 Ruler of the Carolingian Empire, occupying what is now France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany and Italy, erected an embryonic imperial bureaucracy, standardized weights and measurements. And began to act like an imperial ruler. Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire brought a temporary political unity to parts of Western Europe, but it was subsequently divided among his three sons, who waged war on one another
Ch. 12- Who is Zheng He?
A Muslim Eunuch, sought to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute systems. Dozens of rulers accompanied the fleets back to China, where they presented tribute, performed the required rituals of submission, and received in return abundant gifts, titles, and trading opportunities.
Ch. 12- What is Timbuktu?
A city that was remarked about by a North African Traveler 'Leo Africanus remarked on the city of Timbuktu: "Here are great numbers of Muslim religious teachers, judges, scholars, and other learned persons who are bountifully maintained at the king's expense. Here too are brought various manuscripts or written books from Barbary (North Africa), which are sold for more money than any other merchandise.... Here are very rich merchants and to here journey continually large numbers of negroes who purchase here cloth from Barbary and Europe... It is a wonder to see the quality of merchandise that is daily brought here and how costly and sumptuous everything is.
Ch. 17- What is the steam engine?
A coal fired steam engine, which provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power beyond that of wind, water, or muscle and could be used to drive any number of machines as well.
Chapter 20 Source Documents- Ideologies of the Axis Powers
A conflict of ideas and ideologies as well as a struggle of nations and armies Ideas of the losing side in the war, repellent as they were to their enemies, had at the time attracted support Fascist, authoritarian, right-wing, radically nationalist Differed in tone and emphasis (AXIS) Hatred of mainstream Western liberalism and democracy and Marxist communism
Ch. 11- Who were the Turks?
A major turning point in the history of the Turks occurred with their conversion to Islam between the tenth and fourteenth centuries. This represented a major expansion of the faith and launched the Turks into a new role as the third major carrier of Islam, following the Arabs, and the Persians. Turkic people became Muslims themselves and carried Islam to new areas as well. Turkic dynasties governed and would continue into well into the modern era
Source 20.1 (Hitler on Nazism)
ADOLF HITLER 1925-6 (Mein Kampf (My Struggle)) Distinct of Nazism/ German identity Mention of the Jew (the enemy) and the Aryan race Jews are a scapegoat- don't have German's interest at heart (traitors)- "Jewist problem" threat to nationalism/German identity like Social democracy and Marxism (spread undesirable forms of government) Allows Hitler to characterize them as the opponent of nationalism Nationalism- superiority of the Aryan race over others (symbol of purity) Only the strongest survive Aryans are the genius race/Jew as a parasite Associate them with communism Western decline/liberalism- failures of Western Democracy Foretelling the future plans of World War 2 and Genocide of the Jews Clear racial hierarchy Defining themselves in opposition of others/emphasis on race Hatred for communism and Judaism- future plans for Germany Purpose: destroy weak in order to provide proper space and purity for the strong Published his views before he came to power Radical form of German nationalism Written by his brief stay in prison (My Struggle) part autobiography and part exposition of his political social phiosophy
Chapter 17 Source Documents- Voices of European Socialism
Among the ideologies and social movements out of European Industrial Revolution Socialist dream of equality, justice, community Robert Owen and Charles Fourier- appalled by social divisions that industrial society generated Proposed as an alternative a small-scale, voluntary, and cooperative communities Karl Marx- disdained voluntary communities as merely "utopian" Offered exuberant and modern praise of the Industrial Revolution, embracing the new science and technology that generated such amazing wealth Critique of social inequalities, economic instability, blatant exploitation Technological achievements of industrialization v. capitalist socioeconomic system Sharpened social conflicts Wealthy industrial business class (bourgeoisie- managed and owned mines, factories and docks of industrializing Europe) v. the Proletariat (workers in those enterprises- impoverished, exploited, living in bad conditions) Variety of movements and parties = socialist society End of 19th century- major element of European and political and intellectual life Way of understanding the world/substitute for religion Offered alternative model for industrializing societies- future to realize promise of modern industry and equally distribute benefits Marxism provided foundation for 20th century world communism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba and elsewhere)
Ch. 21- What is collectivization?
As second and more distinctly socialist stage of rural reform sought to end private property in land by collectivizing agriculture. Collectivization in the 1950's was a generally peaceful process, owning much to the close relationship between the Chinese Communist Party and the peasantry. This led to a terrible famine, with 5 million deaths from starvation or malnutrition.
Ch. 15- What is the Protestant Reformation?
Began in 1517 when a German Priest , Martin Luther(1483-1546), publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman catholic church by issuing a document, known better as the 9-5 theses. Allegedly nailing it to the door of a church in Wittenburg. The rise of Protestantism added yet another set of religious divisions, both within and between states, to the world of Christendom, which was already sharply divided between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Source 17.3 (Socialism and Women)
CLARA ZETKIN- 1809 (The German Socialist Women's Movement) What the role of women will play? Should women have a voice, have a place? Marxism socialism focused largely on issues of class- coincided with emergence of feminism "the woman question" The lack of economic independence was the root cause of women's subordination--> liberation would follow after creation of socialist societies Socialist parties should seek to enroll women by supporting their concerns- suffrage, equal pay, education, maternity insurance OR did such efforts divide working class and weaken socialist movement? Treat women as members of oppressed class or oppressed sex? A prominent German socialist and feminist Efforts of the German Social Democratic party to reach out to women and party's posture toward middle-class feminism "Socialist women were reminded to found and improve..." Full political emancipation of their sex, struggle for universal suffrage Social fate of their sex is connected with general evolution of society Realized by the class-war of the exploited majority The vote is a weapon- struggle for revolutionary aim
Ch. 23- What are transnational corporations?
Central to acceleration of economic globalization have been huge global businesses such as TNCs Produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries Mattel Corporation- Barbie (American doll) with factories around the world, using materials from other places 1960s- Royal Dutch Shell, Sony, General Motors- enormous size, economic clout that their assets and power dwarfed that of many countries By 2000, 51 of world's 100 largest economic units were TNCs, not countries Able to move their facilities quickly from place to place in search of lowest labor costs or least restrictive environmental regulations (Nike)
Ch. 20- Who is Mussolini?
Considerable violence accompanied Mussolini's rise to power as bands of black Shirts destroyed the offices of socialist newspapers and attacked striking workers. Fearful of communism, big business threw its support to Mussolini, who promised order in the streets, an end to bickering party-based politics, and the maintenance of the traditional social order. In Mussolini's thinking, fascism was resotley anticommunist- he called it, 'the complete opposite... of Marxism socialism and equally antidemocratic.
Source 17.2 (Socialism with Revolution)
EDUARD BERNSTEIN- 1899 (Evolutionary Socialism) Socialists referred to themselves as social democrats for they were seeking to extend principles of democracy from the political arena (voting rights) into realm of economy and society Question Marx- especially need for violent revolutions The chief spokesperson for this group of socialists "revisionists"- prominent member of the German Social Democratic Party Storm of controversy within European socialist circles Conclusions of the Communist Manifesto is a mistake (collapse of the bourgeois) "Social conditions have developed to such an acute opposition of things and classes as depicted in Manifesto" Bernstein challenged the Marxist orthodoxy that capitalism was doomed, pointing out that capitalism was overcoming many of its weaknesses, such as unemployment, overproduction, and the inequitable distribution of wealth. Bernstein took an increasingly critical view of Marx, beginning with his recognition that Marx's prediction of capitalism's imminent demise in Das Kapital sharply conflicted with the emerging realities of industrialized European states where market forces gained strength and where the living conditions of workers were gradually improving. he respected and urged fellow socialists to uphold Marx's intent to improve the living conditions of the laborer. He maintained, however, that violent revolution was unnecessary and that social reform could be effected through the ballot box. He favored advancing the rights of workers and increased state intervention in the economy but in the context of a democratic society based on rule of law.
Source 22.4 (Islam and Women's Dress)
EMAAN- 2010 (Hijab: the Beauty of Muslim Women) The hijab is not oppressive- shouldn't be seen as a punishment That Westerners see it as a sign of oppression of patriarchy but it is a custom that offers advantages that is apart of our culture Foreigners posing their own views on this custom "Being covered", benefits, promotes more respect Keeping society from abusing women Equalizes all women and avoids concerns of artifice Does not allow to be seen as objects Lets women focus on their spiritual, intellectual, and professional development; freedom; feel comfortable Pro-democracy having choices in how to live lives Wearing one should change from an oppressive idea to a liberating one Involving lives of women Matters of dress Iranian revolution sought to impose hijab on its women while French government sought to prevent its Muslim women from covering up "Indecency" Diverging views on question of women's dress
Ch. 23- What is neo-liberalism?
Economic globalization in 1970s and later known as this Major capitalist countries such as US and Great Britain abandoned earlier political controls on economic activity as leaders and business people viewed entire world as single market Approach to world economy favored reduction of tariffs, free global movement of capital, mobile and temporary workforce, privatization of many state-run enterprises, curtailing of government efforts to regulate economy and both tax and spending cuts Powerful international lending agencies such as World Bank and IMF- free market and pro-business conditions on many poor countries if they were to qualify for loans Collapse of state-controlled economics of communist world--> unrestricted global capitalism Holy grail of economic growth Communism collapsed--> capitalism was global and the globe capitalist
Ch. 21- Who is Deng Xiaoping?
Emerged as China's paramount leader, committed to ending to the periodic upheavals of the Maoist era while fostering political stability and economic growth.
Ch. 22- What is the African National Congress?
Est. 1912 ANC- led by male, educated, professional and middle-class Africans who sought not to overthrow the existing order but to be accepted as "civilized men" within it Appealed to the liberal, human, and Christian values that white society claimed Pursued peaceful and moderate protest- petitions, multiracial conferences, delegations appealing to authorities. even as racially based segregationist politices were implemented one after another Women denied full membership until 1942- restricted to provided services to men 1950s- new and younger generation of ANC leadership (Nelson Mandela)- broadened base of support and launched non-violent civil disobedience- boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and the burning of hated passes that Africans were required to carry Similar to Gandhis tactics Government of South Africa responded with repression and banning of ANC- imprisonment of leadership such as Mandela
Ch. 10- What was Kievan Rus?
Finnic and Baltic People's as well as Viking traders, a modest state known as Kievan Rus-named after the most prominent city, Kiev- emerged in the 9th century. Rus was a society of slaves and freemen, privileged people and commoners, dominant men and subordinate women. The growing interaction of Rus with the larger world prompted Prince Vladimir of Kiev to affiliate with the Eastern Orthodox faith of the Byzantine Empire. He was searching for a religion that would unify the diverse peoples of his region, while linking Rus into wider networks of communication and exchange. A brisk trad war had developed between Rus and Byzantine Armies, some warriors from Rus had served as mercenaries in Byzantine armies, and the notables of Rus had become aware of the cultural splendor and material riches of the Byzantine Empire.
Ch. 14- What is the Indian Ocean commercial network?
First the Portuguese and then the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British found their way into the Ancient Asian world of Indian Ocean commerce.
Ch. 23- What is Islamic Renewal?
Gained strength from the enormous disappointments that accumulated in Muslim world by 1970s Conquest and colonial rule, awareness of the huge technological and economic gap between Islamic and European civilizations he disappearance of the Ottoman Empire, long the chief Islamic state; elite enchantment with Western culture. Political independence for former colonies certainly represented a victory for Islamic societies.
Ch. 20- What is total war?
German forces entered Rhineland, which the Treaty of Versailles had ordered demilitarized. In 1938, Germany Annexed Austria and he German speaking parts of Czechoslovakia. Germany attacked Poland in 1939, triggering a second World War in Europe, as Britain and France declared war on Germany.
Ch. 22- What is the Indian National Congress?
INC est. 1885 (Congress Party) Association of English-educated Indians- lawyers, journalists, teachers, businessmen (regionally prominent high-caste Hindu families) Represented beginning of new kind of political protest (different than rebellions, banditry, and refusal to pay taxes) An urban phenomenon/moderate in demands Did not seek to overthrow British rule- hoped to gain greater inclusion within political, military and business life of British India Position of influence= better protect interests of India than foreign-born rules (British mocked their claims) Elite organization- had difficulty gaining mass of following among vast peasant population 1915- Gandhi rose in ranks of INC- his approach drew support from wide spectrum of Indians--> transformed into a mass organization
Ch. 16- What is the Haitian Revolution?
In a massive revolt beginning in 1791, triggered by rumors that the French King had already declared an end to slavery, slaves burned 1,000 plantations and killed hundreds of whites as well a mixed-race people. Soon warring factions of slaves, whites, and free people of color battled one another. In the only completely successful slave revolt in history, the lowest order of the society-slaves-became equal, free, and independent citizens.
Ch. 15- What is Sikhism?
In the Punjab region of Northern India, its founder Guru Nanak (1469-1539), had been there is no Hindu, no Muslim, only God. His teachings and those of subsequent Guru's also generally ignored caste distinctions and untouchability and ended the seclusion of women, while proclaiming the 'brotherhood of all mankind' as well as the essential equality of men and women.
Ch. 22- Who is Kemal Ataturk?
In the aftermath of WWI, modern Turkey emerged from ashes of Ottoman Empire, led by energetic general, Mustafa Fought off British, French, Italian, and Greek efforts to dismember what was left of empire Sought to transform his country into a modern, secular, and national state To become modern meant "to enter European civilization completely" Totally removing Islam from public life and relegating it to the personal and private realm Broaden access to the religion by translating the Quran into Turkish and issuing the call to prayer in Turkish rather than Arabic Ended the direct political role of Islam (old sultan of Ottoman Empire was deposed as Turkey became republic) Sufi elements were closed and outlawed Most visible symbols of revolutionary program occurred in realm of dress Turkish men ordered to abandon the traditional headdress know as fez and wear brimmed hats Elite women abandoned the veil, emancipation of women cornerstone of new Turkey State-directed feminism Cultural revolution of westernization and secularism internal affair with little interest in extending the Turkish model abroad
Ch. 12- What is the Safavid Empire?
In the neighboring Persian lands to the East of the Ottoman Empire, another Islamic state was also taking shape in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The long-term significance was established in the decade following 1500, was its decision to forcibly impose a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state. Over time this form of Islam gained popular support and came to define the unique identity of Persian (Iranian)culture.
Ch. 17- What was the Russian Revolution of 1905?
Industrialization led to Violent revolutionary upheavals, both in 1905 and more successfully in 1917. The 1905 revolution, though brutally suppressed, forced the tsar's regime to make more substantial reforms than it had ever contemplated. It granted a constitution, legalized both trade unions and political parties, and permitted the election of a national assembly, called the Duma.
Ch. 17- What are Indian cotton textiles?
Inexpensive, well made, a competitive stimulus of these Indian cotton textiles was certainly one factor driving innovation in the British textile Industry.
Ch. 20- What was the Treaty of Versailles?
It concluded the war in 1919, proved in retrospect to have established conditions that contributed to a second world war only twenty years later. In the treaty, Germany lost its colonial empire and 15 percent of its European territory, was required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and was required to accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of the war. All of this created immense resentment in Germany.
Ch. 20- What is fascism?
It was intensely Nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and to mobilize its people for some grand task. Its spokesperson praised violence against enemies as a renewing force in society, celebrated action rather than reflection, and placed their faith in a charismatic leader.
Ch. 12- What is Malacca?
It was strategically located on the waterways between Sumatra and Malaya, was a sign of the times. During the 15th century, it was transformed from a small fishing village to a major Muslim port city. The city became a spring board for the spread of Islam throughout the region. It demonstrated much blending with local and Hindu/Buddhist behavior.
Ch. 18- What is colonial tribalism?
It was the notion that of the new sense of belonging was to a Tribe, not Africa, in the language of contemporary scholars, that of ethnic identity. African peoples, of course had long recognized differences among themselves based on language, kinship, clan, village, or state, but these were seldom clearly defined.
Ch. 23- What is (global) environmentalism?
Its awareness of ecological damage and a desire to counteract it, dates to the late 18th or early 19th century. This was a response to early industrialization. Deforestation, drought, desertification, mining, and railroad building wreaked havoc on the woodlands and pasture lands.
Ch. 10- What is the Roman Catholic Church?
Its hierarchical organization of popes, bishops, priests, and monasteries was modeled on that of the Roman Empire and took over some of its political, administrative, educational, and welfare functions. The Church became quite wealthy, with reformers often accusing it of forgetting its central spiritual mission. Numerous missionaries, commissioned by the pope, monasteries, or already converted rulers, fanned out across Europe, generally pursuing a 'top down' strategy. By 1100, most of Europe had embraced Christianity.
Ch. 15- What are Jesuits in China?
Jesuit Missionaries found favor for a time that the Chinese Imperial court, where their mathematical, astronomical, technical, and map making skills rendered the useful. For more than a century, they were appointed to head the Chinese Bureau of Astronomy.
Source 22.3 (Progressive Islam)
KABIR HELMINSKI- 2009 (Islam and Human Values) Written after 9/11 against violent element of Islam Idea that Islam has been mispurposed/mischaracterizing to justify violence Acceptance of Islam must be act of free will Encouraging religious tolerance and guaranteeing rights of religious minorities Necessity of diversity in ways of life and religious belief War is forbidden except in times of self defense "Muslims have misconstrued the teachings of Islam to justify their misguided and immoral actions" Representative democracy Cooperate for well-being of all Not an alien religion, does not claim a monopoly Late 20th century, most widely publicized face of Islam, in West, derived from followers of Muslim Brotherhood, expressed themselves in a more militant and aggressive fashion than they did Iranian revolution of 1979- government able to infuse public life with "spirit of Islam"- purging those who disagreed with interpretation of their faith Sought to implement various aspects sometimes brutally (al-Qaeda, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, Boko Haram) looked forward to creation of societies governed by the sharia, or Islamic law, and were willing to undertake violent action to achieve those goals Others argued that Muslims could retain their distinctive religious sensibility while embracing democracy, women's rights, technological progress, freedom of thought, and religious pluralism Islamic modernism- pamphlet composed by leading American Muslim scholar, translator, and Sufi teacher
Source 17.1 (Socialism According to Marx)
KARL MARX AND FREDRICH ENGELS- 1848 (The Communist Manifesto) Bourgeoisie v. proletarist (workers) Britain- first to get to revolutionary industrialization vision Urban story- in the cities, factories, collection of laborers lead to new organization of Communism Theories Marx coincided with harshest phase of capitalist industrialization in Europe Market economy shattering older institutions and traditions but benefits not yet widely shared Assisted by Engels- devastating social results of capitalist industrialization BOURGEOISIE/EPOCH- age of industrial capitalism Class struggles- opposition to one another "Society as whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other" America paved way to this new modern industry- immense development to commerce, navigation, communication by land Old-established industries destroyed Laborers/proletariat- commodity/competitions; "the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character and consequently, all charm for the workman" Lower class sink to place of proletariat Class distinctions disappear COMMUNISTS- root for proletarians
Source 17.4 (Lenin and Russian Socialism)
LENIN - 1902 (What Is to Be Done?) Late 19th century- most W. European socialist parties operating in a more or less democratic environment (organize legally, contest elections, and serve in parliament) Follow Bernstein or Marxist Betrayal of Marxist vision- prominent figure in small Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (1898) "Economism" or "trade unionism"- immediate reforms such as higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions (HOSTILE against) Operating in still-autocratic Russian state, where neither political parties nor trade unions were legal and where no national parliament or elections allowed for the expression of popular grievances Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic battles with employers over wages, working hours and the like. To convert the working class to Marxism, Lenin insists that Marxists should form a political party, or "vanguard", of dedicated revolutionaries to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers Lenin first confronted the so-called "Economist" trend in Russian Social Democracy, who followed the line of Eduard Bernstein Lenin puts the case that workers will not spontaneously become Marxists just by fighting battles over wages with their employers; instead, Marxists need to form a political party to publicise Marxist ideas and persuade workers to become Marxists. He goes on to argue that to understand politics you must understand all of society, not just workers and their economic struggles with their employers. To become political and to become Marxists, workers need to learn about all of society, not just their own corner of it:
Ch. 12- What is the Ottoman Empire?
Lasted from the 14th century to the early 20th Century. It was the creation of one of the many Turkic warrior groups that had migrated into Anatolia, slowly and sporadically, in the several centuries following 1000 C.E. It represented a long encounter between Christendom and the World of Islam. It was a state of enormous significance in the world of the 15th century and beyond. In its huge territory, long duration, incorporation of many diverse peoples, and economic and cultural sophistication.
Ch. 17- What is dependent development?
Latin Americans developed a form of economic growth that was largely financed by capital from abroad and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions. It was a new form of colonialism, expressed in the power exercised by foreign investors. The influence of the U.S. owned United fruit companies in Central America was a case with Banana Republic's.
Ch. 13- What is the Great Dying?
Long isolation from the Afro-Eurasian world and the lack of most domesticated animals meant the absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and later yellow fever. Therefore, when Native American peoples came into contact with these European and African diseases, they died in appalling numbers, in many cases losing up to 90 percent of the population.
Source 22.1 (A Secular State for an Islamic Society)
MUSSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK- 1927 (Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party) Critical of the efforts to impose Islamic War Adopt Western values but still be a Good Muslim Account of previous Ottoman power Necessary to abolish the fez Modern Turkey emerged from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire after WWI and adopted distinctive path of modernization, westernization, and secularism under Ataturk Sought to remove Islam from any significant role in public life, restricting it to realm of personal devotion and included abolition of the caliphate, by which Ottoman rulers had claimed leadership of the entire Islamic world Went against Islamic thinking
Ch. 18- What is a cash-crop agriculture?
Many Asian and African peoples had produced quite willingly for an international market long before they were enclosed within colonial societies. They offered for trade items such as peanuts and palm oil in West Africa, cotton in Egypt, spices in Indonesia, and pepper and textiles in India. It also developed in the southern Gold Coast, a British territory in West Africa. Cacao trees became a huge revenue source.
Ch. 18- What is the Africanization of Christianity?
Many Asian and African peoples had produced quite willingly for an international market long before they were enclosed within colonial societies. They offered for trade items such as peanuts and palm oil in West Africa, cotton in Egypt, spices in Indonesia, and pepper and textiles in India. It also developed in the southern Gold Coast, a British territory in West Africa. Cacao trees became a huge revenue source.
Source 20.2 (The Japanese Way)
Ministry of Education- 1937 (Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan) Loyalty/national morality Rejection of W. thought and recovery of ancient Japanese heritage Source of Japanese power- organic leader EMPEROR/loyalty to him what it means to be Japanese Cannot be a democracy- underline basis of an emperor; Cannot be a democracy and Japanese at the same time Ideology and justify continued resistance in the future wars- global war with China and the United States/rest of allies Fighting for their traditions as warriors and culture Gain support for military goals Japanese issues/problems caused by foreign influences Kokutai (Japan)-national essence or the fundamental character of the Japanese nation and people Nationalist ideas, the Ministry of Education in 1937 published text Defined uniqueness of Japan and articulated the philosophical foundation of its authoritarian regime When Americans defeated and devastated Japan in 1945, they forbade the further distribution of the book
Ch. 16- What is the Spanish American revolutions?
Native born elites known as 'creoles' in the Spanish colonies were offended and insulted by the Spanish monarchies efforts during the 18th century to exercise greater power over its colonies and to subject them to heavier taxes and tariffs. Their efforts were initially scattered and uncoordinated protests rather than to outrage, declarations of independence, war and unity as had occurred in the British colonies.
Ch. 20- What is NATO-
North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) a military and political alliance, It committed the United States and its Nuclear arsenal to the defense of Europe against Soviet Union, and it firmly anchored West Germany within the Western alliance.
Ch. 19- What are informal empires?
Now they were 'semi colonies' within informal empires, of Europe, although they retained sufficient independence for their governments to launch catch up efforts of defensive modernization, the Ottomans earlier and the Chinese later. Neither were able to create the industrial economies or strong states required to fend off European intrusion and restore their former status in the world.
Ch. 21- Who is Stalin?
Once they came to power, communist parties everywhere set out the construction of socialist societies. In the Soviet Union, this massive undertaking occurred under the leadership of Joseph Stalin in the 20's and 30's.
Ch. 19- What were the Opium Wars?
Opium was illegal to import into China, which bread and bribing system to turn a blind eye to the illegal trade, many officials were corrupted. The British offended by the seizure of their property in opium and emboldened by their new military power, sent a large naval expedition to China, determined to end the restrictive conditions under which they had long traded with that country. This started the Opium wars in which Britain's industrialized military might proved to be decisive.
Ch. 22- Who is Ayatolish Khomeini?
Opposition to the shah's regime Emerging leader of movement was high-ranking Shia cleric, who in 1979 returned from long exile in Paris to great acclaim Cultural revolution- toward the Islamization of public life (opposite of Ataturk's Turkey) New government defined itself as an Islamic republic (elected parliament and constitution) Practice conservative Islamic clerics (dominant power) Council of Guardians- leading legal scholars, interpret the constitution, supervise elections, review legislation (compatibility with vision of Islam) Believed purpose of government was to apply the law of Allah as expressed in sharia All judges had to be competent in Islamic law (those lacking qualification dismissed) Secular law codes discarded Sought to export Iran's Islamic revolution Replacement of insufficiently Islamic regimes in Middle East and offered training and support for opponents Appealed to Shia minorities Iran became model to which many Islamic radicals looked TRADITIONAL Role of women effected, sexual segregation, legal age of marriage reduced to nice, could no longer attend school of file for dispose
Ch. 19- Who were the Young Turks?
Opposition to this revived depotism soon surfaced among both military and civilization elites known as young Turks. They advocated a militantly secular public life, were committed to thorough modernization along European lines, and increasingly thought about the ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state.
Ch. 18- What was the scramble for Africa?
Pitted half a dozen European powers against one another as they partioned the entire continent among themselves in only about twenty-five years (1875-1900). European leaders themselves were surprised by the intensity of their rivalries and the speed with which they acquired huge territories, about which they knew very little about.
Ch. 16- What is nationalism?
Popular nationalism made the normal rivalry among European states even more acute and fueled a highly competitive drive for colonies in Asia and Africa. The immensity of the suffering and sacrifice that nationalism generated in Europe was vividly disclosed during the horrors of world War I. Nationalism took on a variety of political ideologies.
Source 22.4 2 (Islam and Women's Dress)
SAIRA KHAN- 2009 (Why I, as a British Muslim Woman, Want the Burkha Banned From Our Streets) The burkha is a symbol of oppression, out of place in a civilized country Used to alienate and control women RELIGIOUS FREEDOM You can still be Muslim and not wear the hijab (reading the Koran), have no problem with those that wear burkha Questions "Its my choice to wear this"- what pressures have been brought (reality- a lot are not free to choose) Hidden away/threat of violence Enough is enough Involving lives of women Matters of dress Iranian revolution sought to impose hijab on its women while French government sought to prevent its Muslim women from covering up "Indecency" Diverging views on question of women's dress
Source 22.2 (Toward an Islamic Society)
THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD- 1936 (Toward the Light) Injecting the Islam spirit rather than separating Political, judicial, administrative fields In the fields of social and everyday practical life The economic field Traditional Islam A newly formed Muslim organization in Egypt was strongly advocating precisely the opposite course of action Founded in 1928 by impoverished schoolteacher Argued in favor of government that will act in conformity to the law and Islamic principles Attracted many poor urban residents recently arrived from he countryside Come into conflict with state authorities Pamphlet addressed to Egyptian and other Arab political leaders spelling out views about direction toward which a proper Islamic society should move
Ch. 11- Who is Temunjin/Chinggis (Genghis) Khan?
Temujin(1162-1227), better known as Chinggis Khan(later ruler), his father was murdered before he turned 10. His family were social outcasts, deserted by the clan. Military victory over a rival tribe resulted in Temujin's recognition as a chief in his own right with a growing band of followers. In 1209, the first major attack on the settled agricultural societies south of Mongolia set in Motion half a century of a Mongol world war, a series of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building without precedent in world history. He constructed an empire which contained China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Islamic Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe.
Ch. 15- What is the Catholic Counter-Reformation?
The Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines and practices, such as the authority of the pope, priestly celibacy, the veneration of saints and relics, and the importance of church tradition and good works, all which the Protestants rejected. They set out to correct the abuses and corruption that simulated the Protestant movement by placing a new emphasis on the education of priests and their supervision by bishops.
Ch. 21- Who is Mao Zedong?
The Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong Engaged in an epic struggle with its opponents, fought the Japanese heroically, and in 1949 emerged victorious as the rulers of China.
Ch. 12- What is the Inca Empire?
The Inca Empire was much larger than the Aztec state, it stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes and contained perhaps 10 million subjects. The Incas erected a rather more bureaucratic empire. At the top reigned the emperor, an absolute ruler regarded as divine, a descendant of the creator god Viracocha and the son of the Sun god Inti. Each of the 80 provinces in the empire had an Inca governor.
Ch. 11- What is the Yuan dynasty China?
The Mongol invasion into China was the hardest and took the longest from 1209 to 1279. The invasion began in Northern China, which had been ruled for several centuries by various dynasties of pastoral origin and characterized by destruction and plunder on a massive scale. Southern China, under the control of the Native Song Dynasty, was a different story, for there were far less violent and more concerned with accommodating the local population. The Mongols made use of Chinese administrative practices and techniques of taxation as well as their postal system. The gave themselves a Chinese dynastic title, the Yuan, suggesting a new beginning in Chinese history.
Ch. 19- What was the Taiping Uprising?
The Taiping rebels capture the city of Nanjing in 1853, making it their capital. Eleven years later, in 1864, Imperial forces retook the city of Nanjing in 1864, imperial forces retook the city as illustrated in this Chinese print, effectively ending the Taiping uprising.
Ch. 19- What were unequal Treaties?
The Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the war in 1842, largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions and opened five ports to European traders. To the Chinese that agreement represented the first of the unequal treaties that seriously eroded China's independence by the end of the Century.
Ch. 15- What is Wahhabi Islam?
The Wahabi movement took a new turn in the 1740's when it received the political backing of Muhammad Ibn Saud, a local ruler who found al-Wahabi's ideas compelling. The religious movement became an expansive state in central Arabia. Within the state; 'idols' were eliminated, books on logic were destroyed; the use of tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments was forbidden; and certain taxes not authorized by religious teaching were abolished.
Ch. 23- What is the North/South gap?
The accelerated economic globalization of the 20th century did not create this global rift, but has worsened the gap and has not diminished it European Industrial Revolution Europe and North America (rich industrialized countries) 1820- ratio between income of top and bottom 20% of world's pop. 3:1; 1991- 86:1 Global capitalist system uneven playing field Gap between rich and poor getting wider Great disparities in incomes, medical care, availability of clean drinking water, educational and employment opportunities, access to the Internet, and dozens of others ways, shaped life chances of practically everyone Rich nations of the Global North v. developing countries of the Global South (world affairs) Rules of world trade, availability of and terms of foreign aid, representation in international economic organizations, mounting problem of indebtedness, eviron. and labor standards International negotiations- "new international economic order" more favorable to poor countries
Ch. 11- Who is Kubilai Khan?
The grandson of Chinggis Khan and China's Mongol ruler from 1271 to 1294, ordered a set of Chinese style ancestral tablets to honor his ancestors and posthumously awarded them Chinese names. Many of his policies evoked the values of a benevolent Chinese emperor as he improved roads, built canals, lowered taxes, patronized scholars and artists, limited death penalties and torture, supported peasant agriculture, and prohibited Mongols from grazing their animals on peasant farmlands.
Source 22 Documents- Contending for Islam
The growing intrusion of the West and modern secular culture into Islamic world prompted debate among Muslims What ideas and influences could Muslims safely utilize from the West or reject? Women rights and democracy compatibility Expression in public life as well in private religious practice Sharp variations in understanding of Islam
Ch. 23- What is second-wave feminism?
The identity crisis of educated women, unfulfilled by marriage and motherhood Equal rights agenda of their 19th century predecessors but now with an emphasis on employment and education rather than voting rights More radical expression of American feminism "women's liberation" took broader aim at patriarchy as system of domination (similar to those of race and class) Become aware of own oppression Many women advocated direct action rather than political lobbying favored by equal rights feminists Sexuality, free love, lesbianism and celibacy should be accorded to same respect as heterosexual marriage Women of color- concerns of white (middle class) feminists hardly relevant to their oppression
Ch. 21- What was the Russian Revolution (1917)?
The immense pressures of WWI was going very badly for Russians, this represented the catalyst for that revolution as the accumulated tensions of Russian society exploded. Much exploited and suffering from wartime shortages, workers men, and women alike took to the streets to express their outrage at the incompetence and privileges of the elites.
Ch. 18- What was the Congo Free State/Leopold II?
The most infamous cruelties of forced labor occurred during the early 20th century in the Congo Free State, then governed personally by king Leopold II of Belgium. Private companies in the Congo, operating under the authority of the state, forced villagers to collect rubber, which was much in demand for bicycle and automobile tires.
Ch. 13- What is the plantation complex?
The plantation complex of the Americas, based on African slavery, extended beyond the Caribbean and Brazil to encompass the southern colonies of British North America, where tobacco, cotton, rice, and Indigo were major crops, but the social outcomes of these plantation colonies were quite different from those farther souths. Because European women had joined the colonial migration to North Americas an early date, these colonies experienced less racial mixing and certainly demonstrated less willingness to recognize the offspring of such unions and accord them a place in society.
Ch. 13- What are Mulattoes?
The product of Portuguese - African unions, predominated, but as many as forty separate and named groups, each indicating a different racial mixture, emerged in colonial Brazil.
Ch. 17- What is a Proletariat?
The proletariat is the class of wage-earners in an economic society whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power. A member of such a class is a proletarian. In Marxist theory, a dictatorship of the proletariat is for the proletariat, of the proletariat, and by the proletariat
Ch. 14- What are British/Dutch East India companies?
The various East India companies (British, French, and Dutch), represented the major vehicle for European commerce in Asia during the early modern era. The y established their own trading monopolies, and power to make war and govern conquered peoples.
Ch. 14- What is the Tokugawa shogunate?
The various East India companies (British, French, and Dutch), represented the major vehicle for European commerce in Asia during the early modern era. The y established their own trading monopolies, and power to make war and govern conquered peoples.
Ch. 19- What was the self-strengthening movement (China)?
Their policies during the 1860's and 1870's sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the west. It was an overall program for China's modernization was based of things like recruiting qualified candidates for official positions, sought the "good men" who could cope with the massive reconstruction that China faced in the wake of the Taiping rebellion. Support for landlords and repairs of irrigation networks, and industrial factories producing textiles and steel were established.
Ch. 13- What are settler colonies?
These distinctive types of colonial societies emerged in the northern British colonies of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. By the time of the American Revolution, some 90 percent or more of these colonies populations were Europeans. Devastating diseases and highly aggressive military policy largely cleared the colonies of native Americans.
Ch. 14- What is the "silver drain"?
This demand set silver in motion around the world, with the bulk of the worlds silver supply winding up in China and much of the rest elsewhere in Asia. The routes by which this silver drain operated were numerous. Chinese, Portuguese and Dutch traders flocked to Manila to sell Chinese goods in exchange for silver. European ships carried Japanese silver to China.
Ch. 13- What is the Columbian exchange?
This enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals, all generated by European colonial empires in Americas. It gave rise to something wholly new in world history; an interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents. The long-term benefits of this Atlantic network were very unequally distributed. Western Europeans were clearly the dominant players in the Atlantic World, and their societies reaped the greatest rewards. Scientific revolution and Europe's Industrial Revolution
Ch. 14- What is "soft gold"?
This price increase of fur translated into strong economic incentives for European traders to tap into the immense wealth of fur-bearing animals found in North America. The fur trade was highly competitive enterprise. A consistent demand for beaver hats led to the near extinction of that industrious animal in much of North America by the early nineteenth century.
Ch. 12- What is the Mughal Empire?
This was an empire in India which bore similarities to Songhay, for both governed largely non-Muslim populations. They initiated an encounter between Islamic and Hindu civilizations. During its 150 years, the Mughal Empire, of great wealth and imperial splendor, undertook a remarkable effort to blend many Hindu groups and a variety of Muslims into an effective partnership.
Ch. 20- What is Nazi Germany/Hitler?
This was the German expression of European fascism, which took shape as the Nazi Party under the leader ship of Adolf Hitler. They proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority, bitter hatred for Jews as an alien presence, passionate opposition to communism, a determination to rescue Germany from the humiliating requirements of Treaty of Versailles, and a willingness to decisively tackle the Country's economic problems.
Ch. 11- Who is Kipchak Khanate/ "Golden Horde"?
To the Mongols, it was the Kipchak (KIP-chahk) Khante, named after the Kipchak Turkic- speaking people North of the Capsian and Black Seas, among whom the Mongols had settled. To the Russians, it was the "Khante of the Golden Horde". By whatever name, the Mongols had conquered Russia, but they did not occupy it as they had China and Persia.
Ch. 10- What are crusades?
Western Europe's crusading tradition reflected the expansive energy and religious impulses of an emerging civilization. It was directed against Muslims in the Middle East, Sicily, and Spain as well as the Eastern Orthodax Christains of the Byzantine Empire. The Crusades also involved attatcks on Jewish communities, probably the first organized mass pograms against Jews in Europe's history. Any number of political, economic, and social motives underlay the Crusades, but at their core they were religious wars. Starting in 1099 with a Christian seizure of Jerusalem during the first Crusade. It was a pervasive feature of European expansion, which persisted as Europeans began their oceanic voyages in the fifteenth century and beyond. The crusades had little lasting impact, either politically or religiously, in the middle east.
Ch. 14- What is the trading post empire?
What the Portuguese created in the Indian ocean is commonly known as a 'trading post empire' for the aimed to control commerce, not large territories or populations, and to do so by force of arms rather than by economic competition. They would impose taxes of 6 to 10 percent on their cargoes. They partially blocked the traditional Red Sea route to the Mediterranean and for a century monopolized the highly profitable route around Africa and to Europe.