HST302 Final
in what ways were women able to express political opinions during and after the revolution? how were these expressions perceived?
-"order of nature"- full equality between sexes. met with shock and disapproval. -republican motherhood-brought more education for women and made husbands/wives more equal. wasn't very widespread though -proper relationships between men, women, and the public world went through significant change
how did americans respond to the french revolution? how did their responses change over time? how did they differ according to political affiliation? what did these responses reveal about american politics at the time?
-Americans were at first enthusiastic in support of the revolution. The anti-federalists in America led by figures such as Thomas Jefferson were in favor of supporting the revolutionaries in France. They thought the french were imitating the American colonists in their desire for freedom. Many anti-federalists rejoiced in every revolutionary victory as news of it reached America. Fashions changed to reflect republican dress in France. -However, the federalists were not sympathetic to the French Revolution, led by figures such as Alexander Hamilton. The Hamiltonians feared mob rule. They were afraid of egalitarian ideas causing further upheaval at home. -In the end, the French Revolution brought the issues of neutrality and how America would deal with belligerent European countries. It also brought unresolved issues with Great Britain to the forefront. Finally, it showed a great divide in the way that federalists and anti-federalists felt about France and Great Britain.
what was the xyz affair/what were the reactions/why?
-An American diplomatic commission was sent to France in July 1797 to negotiate problems that were threatening to break out into war. The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin. Although such demands were not uncommon in mainland European diplomacy of the time, the Americans were offended by them, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations. Gerry, seeking to avoid all-out war, remained for several months after the other two commissioners left. His exchanges with Talleyrand laid groundwork for the eventual end to diplomatic and military hostilities -people were pissed off that nothing happened, and wanted war(which never happened). used as an excuse to build up american navy
what were major effects of the revolution for american women?
-As more men went off to fight for the United States, women found themselves unable to pay for the basic necessities, such as food and clothing. This led them to apply for jobs that were not longer filled by men and since the labor force quickly saw a shortage of men, business had no choice but to hire the women. This in turn changed society by showing the world that women could do much more than cook, clean and bear children. -As women filled important roles, the thought that women were inferior to men began to change. The laws before and during the war did not recognize women as equal to men in areas such as economics, politics and civil rights. The war changed this, however, and women across America began vying for their rights. This was a turning point for the country as it paved the way for equality of the sexes.
how did americans respond to the haitian revolution? what did these responses suggest about american politics and history? what were some important effects of the haitian revolution for the US?
-U.S. political leaders, many of them slaveowners, reacted to the emergence of Haiti as a state borne out of a slave revolt with ambivalence, at times providing aid to put down the revolt, and, later in the revolution, providing support to Toussaint L'Ouverture's forces. Due to these shifts in policy and domestic concerns, the United States would not officially recognize Haitian independence until 1862. -actions of white refugees coming from haiti to the us led to alien and sedition acts because of xenophobia
What was gradual emancipation/how'd it work in the northeast?
-one of the first attempts(1780) by a government(Pennsylvania) in the Western Hemisphere to begin an abolition of slavery. -became a model for freeing slaves in other Northern states.
what was jays treaty/what were the reactions/why?
-the agreement in 1794 between England and the U.S. by which limited trade relations were established, England agreed to give up its forts in the northwestern frontier, and a joint commission was set up to settle border disputes -reactions were negative because it gave great britian alot more than it did the US
major political principles in washingtons farwell address what was he concerned with how were these realized at the time
-warned against political parties -preservation of the union -religion and morality are important to uphold -warned against political connections and permanent alliances with other nations that didn't have americas best interests at heart -believed that checks and balances/separation of powers would keep any one person from seizing control -considered to be one of the most important american documents of all time and was the foundation of the federalists political doctrine going forward
embargo act
1807 imposed a general embargo that made any and all exports from the United States illegal. It was sponsored by President Thomas Jefferson and enacted by Congress. The goal was to force Britain and France to respect American rights during the Napoleonic Wars.
northwest ordinance
A law passed in 1787 to regulate the settlement of the Northwest Territory, which eventually was divided into several states of the Middle West. The United States was governed under the Articles of Confederation at the time
james madison
A leader in the drafting of the Constitution, he worked tirelessly for its adoption by the states, contributing several essays to The Federalist Papers. He served as president from 1809 to 1817, after Thomas Jefferson.
thomas paine
A patriot and author in the Revolutionary War, whose pamphlets, such as Common Sense and the American Crisis series, urged American independence. He took part in the French Revolution and wrote The Rights of Man to defend it against the criticisms of Edmund Burke.
john adams
A political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; one of the Founding Fathers. Adams was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the second president, from 1797 to 1801, after George Washington.
thomas jefferson
A political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; one of the Founding Fathers; the leader of the Democratic-Republican party. Jefferson was principal author of the Declaration of Independence and served as president from 1801 to 1809, between John Adams and James Madison.
john locke
A seventeenth-century English philosopher. Locke argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it.
jedidiah morse
American geographer and clergyman, was most influential for his dissemination of geographical knowledge about the American continent.
george clinton
Born on July 26, 1739, in Little Britain, New York, George Clinton served in the French and Indian War. He also participated in the Continental Congress. General George Washington appointed Clinton brigadier general in 1777. New York elected him governor that same year, a position he held for 21 years. He served as vice president to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, but died in office in 1812.
empire of liberty
The Empire of Liberty is a theme developed first by Thomas Jefferson to identify the responsibility of the United States to spread freedom across the world
what is an "empire of liberty" and how did jefferson view it to be distinct from european empires?
The Empire of Liberty is a theme developed first by Thomas Jefferson to identify the responsibility of the United States to spread freedom across the world. Jefferson saw the mission of the U.S. in terms of setting an example, expansion into western North America, and by intervention abroad.
how did the french revolution affect american foreign relations?
The United States declared neutrality when France declared war on Britain in 1793 → Europeans began to challenge the Americans' position on shipping.
simon bolivar
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825 (1783-1830)
What were the goals of the constitution? What were some arguments for and against it?
We the People of the United States, in Order (1)to form a more perfect Union, (2)establish Justice, (3)insure domestic Tranquility, (4)provide for the common defense, (5)promote the general Welfare, and (6)secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Arguments -bill of rights= federalists(wanted the constitution) didn't want it, antifederalists(didn't want consitution) wanted it -One faction opposed the Constitution because they thought stronger government threatened the sovereignty of the states. Others argued that a new centralized government would have all the characteristics of the despotism of Great Britain they had fought so hard to remove themselves from. And still others feared that the new government threatened their personal liberties.
federalists
a member of a major political party in the early years of the United States favoring a strong centralized national government
war hawks
a person who clamors for war; especially : a jingoistic American favoring war with Britain around 1812.
antifederalists
a person who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1789 and thereafter allied with Thomas Jefferson's Antifederal Party, which opposed extension of the powers of the federal Government.
monroe doctrine
a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.
edmond charles genet
also known as Citizen Genet, was the French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution.
re-export trade
are foreign goods exported in the same state as previously imported, from the free circulation area, premises for inward processing or industrial free zones, directly to the rest of the world and from premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones, to the rest of the world.
impressment
colloquially, "the press" or the "press gang", refers to the act of taking men into a navy by force and with or without notice. Navies of several nations used forced recruitment by various means.
what were some common trends in early american foreign relations?
diplomacy, nationalist sentiment, neutrality
What happened to loyalists after the revolution and what effect did they have on the british empire?
gangs of revolutionaries, gangs of loyalists, would attack each other, go to each other's plantations. In fact, some of the big battles in the South happened after the surrender at Yorktown. About 80,000 of them fled to Canada or Britain during or just after the war. Because Loyalists were often wealthy, educated, older, and Anglican, the American social fabric was altered by their departure.
federalist papers
is a collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.
uss chesapeake
or the Battle of Boston Harbor, was fought on 1 June 1813, between the Royal Navy's frigate HMS Shannon and American frigate USS Chesapeake, as part of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
declaration of rights of man and of citizen
passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.
act for establishing religious freedom
passed by the Virginia General Assembly in 1786, disestablished the Church of England in Virginia.
treaty of ghent
signed on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between The United States Of America and the United Kingdom.
coverture
the legal status of a married woman, considered to be under her husband's protection and authority.
estates general
the legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons).
john graves simcoe
was a British army officer and the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada from 1791 until 1796. Then frontier, this was modern-day southern Ontario and the watersheds of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior.
alexander hamilton
was a Founding Father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party, the world's first voter-based political party, the Father of the United States Coast Guard, and the founder of The New York Post. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration
saint domingue
was a French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804. The French had established themselves on the western portion of the islands of Hispaniola and Tortuga by 1659. slave uprising happened here
dessalines
was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1801 constitution.
gabriel's rebellion
was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800.
xyz affair
was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War.
virgina plan
was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
new jersey plan
was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.
robert fulton
was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called Clermont.
quok walker
was an American slave who sued for and won his freedom in June 1781 in a case citing language in the new Massachusetts Constitution (1780) that declared all men to be born free and equal.
william franklin
was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763-1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.
sir guy carleton
was an Anglo-Irish soldier and administrator.
thomas brown
was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric.
toussaint l'overture
was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution.
mum bett/elizabeth freeman
was the first black slave to file and win a freedom suit in Massachusetts.
barbary states
was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to much of the collective land of the Berber people. Today, the term Greater Maghreb or simply "Maghreb" corresponds roughly to "Barbary".
danbury baptist
were a religious minority in Connecticut, and they complained that in their state, the religious liberties they enjoyed were not seen as immutable rights, but as privileges granted by the legislature — as "favors granted.
jay's treaty
which limited trade relations were established, England agreed to give up its forts in the northwestern frontier, and a joint commission was set up to settle border disputes.
Why might a person become a loyalist?
Many Americans remained loyal to Great Britain for several reasons. Most Northern Anglicans were loyalists due to the connection with the Church of England. Many wealthy merchants were loyalists because the war and independence would upset the trade between the Mother Country and the colonies. Wealthy Southern planters also were loyalists because they feared the war would cause social disruptions and would lead to slave revolts.
what was disestablishment, and why did some americans support it after the revolution? why did others have concerns about it?
(18th century) to separate an official state church from its connection with the government; following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the 19th century. people supported it because they didn't want to pay taxes for churches they didn't go to/support
