HTH 231 Midterm Study Guide
Primary physician care, access to care, child vaccinations and prescription control are:
Weaknesses of the US health care system
Preventative screenings, specialists, biomedical research, and medical technology are
strengths of the US health care system
Children living in poverty are how many times more likely to have poor health?
7 times
What % of Americans are uninsured after the Affordable Care Act?
9%
The top 1% of American families owns more wealth than what percent of the bottom combined
90% combined
What is the US ranked in life expectancy:
42nd
How much does chronic illness cost the US each year in lost work productivity?
$1.1 trillion
Which of the following does the US do well?
-adult vaccination -screenings -specialty care
Which of the following is something all of the Blue Zones have in common?
-plant-based diets -strong social connections -sense of purpose
What are the 5 determinants of health?
-social factors -biology and genetics -individual behaviors -public policy -health services
what is the greatest difference in life expectancy observed between US counties?
15 years
How many peer countries are there? Give 3 examples.
17 peer countries. examples: Canada, Australia, England, Sweden, Iceland, Japan + more of europe
What % of Americans are uninsured before the Affordable Care Act?
17%
How much time do Americans spend watching TV?
2+ hours a day
how does the number of hours that Americans work each year compare to other OECD countries?
200 hours more
What is the child poverty rate in the US?
21.9%
How does U.S life expectancy compare to other countries?
29th place
What did the White Hall Study observe?
British Public Servants (1st was males, 2nd was males and females)
Which of the following countries reported higher percentage of drivers wearing seat belts compared to the US?
Canada, United Kingdom, & Sweden
What countries have a lower breastfeeding rate than the US?
France and Spain
Who is regarded as the father of population health?
Geoffrey Rose
Insurance cost is an example of what determinant of health?
Health services (cost,access, and quality)
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
Heart Disease
The 5 levels of SEM are:
Intrapersonal (family), interpersonal (diet), community (park), organization (AHA), and public policy (21 to buy alcohol)
what country has the highest life expectancy?
Japan
Who discovered the source of a cholera outbreak in London?
John Snow (aka Father of Epidemiology)
What countries provide less health insurance than the US?
Mexico, Chile, and Turkey
Who wrote shorter lives poorer health?
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
What is a defense medicine?
Over treating and over medicating to avoid lawsuits and potential litigation even if testing is unnecessary
All of the following are components of egalitarian society?
Paid parental leave, livable wage, paid vacation
What president cut funding to the school lunch program?
Reagan
What country is an example of egalitarian society?
Switzerland
T/F the gap between white and African American infant mortality rates is greater today than it was in 1950?
True
What president started the school lunch program?
Truman
What are the only two countries in the world that do not provide parental leave?
US and Papua New Guinea
Which country has the lowest smoking rate?
United States
income is
a social factor
The ability of the patient to actually get to a service when needed is?
accessibility
Having the financial resources to access and use health care services?
affordability
What is implicated in 30% of violent crimes?
alcohol
A health related system offering a needed service and doing so at a time that is reasonable is?
availability
how do US smoking rates compare to those of other wealthy countries?
below 25 (lowest smoking rates)
Example of biology and genetics determinant
biological sex
HIV status is an example of which determinant of health?
biology and genetics
What is the second leading cause of death in the US?
cancer
Which of the following is not an example of an upstream approach?
chemotherapy
Example of a health service
cost of insurance
All of the following are things the US does NOT do well EXCEPT
critical care beds
appreciation of external and internal signs of diversity is?
cultural awareness
Ability of a provider to effectively meet social, cultural, and linguistic patient needs is?
cultural competency
Forcing views and values of your cutlure on someone else without consideration of their beliefs is?
cultural imposition
Personal attitudes about and being respectful of other cultures is?
cultural sensitivity
Example of an individual behavior
diet
Example of social factor
education
A society that shares their resources is referred to as
egalitarian society
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
empathy
Access to a park falls under which determinant of health?
environmental factors
term that means everyone has the same resources
equality
term that means everyone gets what they need
equity
according to Hans Rosling, which of the following is not a basic human right?
free hip replacement surgery (but contraception, education, and vaccinations are)
A person's internal sense of their gender
gender identity
What is the number one cause of bankruptcy in the US today is
health care
Life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates, and health expenditures are all
health measures
access to care is an example of what determinant?
health services
The younger population in the US has a ________ mortality rate and a ________ life expectancy
higher; shorter
What is the leading cause of death for African American men in Harlem?
homicide and violence
Where did the US rank in life expectancy 50 years ago?
in the top 5
The number of new disease cases is:
incidence
All of the following would increase social support in a community except
increased police prescence
Someone's diet is an example of which determinant of health?
individual behavior
Uneven distribution health in or between populations
inequality
Unfair, avoidable differences arising from ppor governance corruption or cultural exclusion
inequity
What is the most important measure of a country's health status?
infant mortality
Poorer people are having more chronic conditions rather than what?
infectious diseases
What is the fastest growing minority group in the US?
latinos
City that implemented a mental health response team that has been replicated across the country?
memphis
How many days of paid sick leave are US workers guaranteed by law?
none
How many days of paid vacation are mandated by law in the US?
none
provide an example of an upstream approach?
o Education programs o Vaccinations o More nutritional food o Sidewalks o Public policies like smoking bans o Parks o Bike lanes
access to parks in a neighborhood is an example of what determinant?
physical
All of the following are examples of the upstream approach EXCEPT
physical therapy
clean air act is a
policy
The total number of people who have a disease is:
prevalence
Smoke free restaurants are an example of which determinant of health?
public policy
Generally speaking, which group has the best overall health in the US?
recent latino imigrants
Blaming the victim for having a disease is a weakness of which model?
risk factor model
How a person identifies their physical and emotional attraction to others
sexual orientation
chronic stress increases the risk of all the following except?
sickle cell anemia
What makes a peer country a peer country?
similar economic statuses
example of policy
smoke free restaurants
A park is an example of which determinant of health?
social
gender is an example of what factor?
social
What branch of epidemiology studies how social position and context influence human health?
social epidemiology
Income, education, and public safety fall under which determinant of health?
social factors
during the 20th century, US life expectancy increased 30 years. Which of the following was the most important factor behind the increase?
social reforms and increased prosperity
Citizens of other industrialized countries have longer life expediencies and better health than we do because:
they are more egalitarian
How much does the US spend per person on health care compared to the average of the other industrialized countries?
two and a half times as much
What is the greatest determinant of health?
what your income is
What is the best predictor of one's health?
whether or not you are wealthy
Between 1980 and 2000, how did the life expectancy gap between the least deprived and most deprived counties in the US change?
widened by 60%
