HTHS 1110 Unit 10

fast twitch oxidative-glycoltic

a blend of the two types, predominates in humans

sarcoplasmic reticulum:

a storage organelle containing calcium

what attaches to the Z line?

actin

contractile proteins

actin and myosin

oxidative metabolism is:

aerobic

what do aponeuroses allow muscles to do?

allows muscles to attach across wide bone surfaces to other muscles

endomysium:

areolar connective tissue surrounding the sarcolemma

synergist

assists agonist with movement

cross-bridge cycle

bridge myosin to actin to slide the mechanism for generating force

aponeuroses:

broad, flat sheets of muscle associated connective tissue

fascicle:

bundle of muscle fibers

actin potentials in the muscle cause the release of what?

calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticua

what type of muscle has intercalated disks and gap junctions?

cardiac muscle

define depolarization:

changing the electrical state of cells and tissues

three types of muscle contraction

concentric, eccentric, isometric

three types of proteins

contractile proteins regulatory proteins structural proteins

muscles use ____

creatine

neurons ______ to transmit signals to muscles

depolarize

fast twitch:

do glycolytic metabolism

how many nuclei are in the cells of skeletal muscle?

dozens or more

surrounds a muscle fiber

endomysium

surrounds entire muscle

epimysium

muscle tissue is ____

excitable

what does sark mean?

flesh

Z disc

forms borders of sarcomere

muscles store simple sugars in the form of __________.

glucose

fast twitch is also known as:

glycolytic fibers

myoglobin is _____ in muscle cells

hemoglobin

oxidative metabolism of glucose yields the ___________ amount of ATP

highest

examples of isometric contraction

holding dumbbell still

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

anaerobic metabolism of glucose can provide some energy, but also produces ____ which disrupts muscle function

lactic acid

examples of concentric contraction

lifting a dumbbell

examples of eccentric contraction

lowering dumbbell

examples of aponeuroses:

lumbar aponeurosis, abdominal muscles

in cardiac muscle there is high amounts of:

mitochondria creatine myoglobin

what does myo- mean?

muscle

muscle fibers are also known as:

muscle cells

isometric

muscle length does not change while contracting

eccentric

muscle lengthens while contraction

concentric

muscle shortens while contracting

antagonist

muscle that opposes agonist movement

sarcomeres make up:

myofibril

inside of every muscle cell there is multiple __________

myofibrils

thick filament

myosin

H zone

myosin filaments

what is smooth muscle stimulated by?

neurons and hormones

is smooth muscle striated or non striated?

non striated

I band

only has actin filiments

A band

overlap between actin and myosin filaments

cardiac muscle

oxidative fatigue-resistant

slow twitch is also known as:

oxidative fibers/aerobic

T-tubule

penetrate the muscle cell surface perpendicular to the cell membrane

slow twitch function:

perform more sustained contractions so they require a greater amount of blood flow, mitochondria and hemoglobin

surounds fascile

perimysium

agonist

prime mover, muscle that does most of the world for a certain movement

4 functions of muscle tissue

produce body movements stabilize body positions store and move substances within the body(eg. glycogen, calcium) generating heat

myofibrils are enclosed by a cell membrane called the _____________

sarcolemma

triad:

sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubule

skeletal muscle is comprised of _________, the functional unit of contraction

sarcomeres

examples of wave summation

sitting up straight

three types of muscle tissue:

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

how does smooth muscle contract?

slow, steady, squeeze-like contractions

fixator

stabilizes the muscle origin

Is skeletal muscle striated or non striated?

striated

is cardiac muscle striated or non striated?

striated

The ________ are rope-like connections between muscles and bones and result from the fusion of periosteum with the connective tissue of muscle.

tendon

length-tension relationship

the amount of overlap that determine that amount of tension/force that you can use

origin:

the place where a muscle 'begins', typically on the bone that is less moveable-usually this is proximal

insertion:

the place where a muscle 'ends', typically a moveable part-usually this is distal

wave sumation

the strength that comes from muscles that contract without relaxing

structural proteins-holds everything together

titin, actinin, nebulin, dystrophin, elastin

function of myoglobin

transports oxygen within the muscle tissue

during the cross bridge cycle, calcium binds to _______

troponin

regulatory proteins

troponin and tropomyosin

The functional (and smallest) unit of skeletal muscle is the sarcomere.

true

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

action:

what the muscle does when it contracts; ex elbow flexion

power stroke

when myosin binds to actin and move toward M line

M line

where myosin is attached, in the middle

motor unit

1 neuron and every muscle cell that it innervates directly

how many nuclei are in the cells of smooth muscle?

1 single nucleus

how many nuclei are in the cells of cardiac muscle?

1-2

cross bridge cycle steps

1. ATP attaches, myosin heads detaches 2.ATP is split, myosin head snaps into extended position 3. extended myosin heads binds to actin thin filament 4. Pactin filament moves, P and ADP released from myosin head 5. myosin head remains bound to actin

what do you have to have to start and end a contraction?

ATP

perimysium

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding each fascicle

Epimysium:

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the muscle