HTHS 1110 Unit 10
fast twitch oxidative-glycoltic
a blend of the two types, predominates in humans
sarcoplasmic reticulum:
a storage organelle containing calcium
what attaches to the Z line?
actin
contractile proteins
actin and myosin
oxidative metabolism is:
aerobic
what do aponeuroses allow muscles to do?
allows muscles to attach across wide bone surfaces to other muscles
endomysium:
areolar connective tissue surrounding the sarcolemma
synergist
assists agonist with movement
cross-bridge cycle
bridge myosin to actin to slide the mechanism for generating force
aponeuroses:
broad, flat sheets of muscle associated connective tissue
fascicle:
bundle of muscle fibers
actin potentials in the muscle cause the release of what?
calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticua
what type of muscle has intercalated disks and gap junctions?
cardiac muscle
define depolarization:
changing the electrical state of cells and tissues
three types of muscle contraction
concentric, eccentric, isometric
three types of proteins
contractile proteins regulatory proteins structural proteins
muscles use ____
creatine
neurons ______ to transmit signals to muscles
depolarize
fast twitch:
do glycolytic metabolism
how many nuclei are in the cells of skeletal muscle?
dozens or more
surrounds a muscle fiber
endomysium
surrounds entire muscle
epimysium
muscle tissue is ____
excitable
what does sark mean?
flesh
Z disc
forms borders of sarcomere
muscles store simple sugars in the form of __________.
glucose
fast twitch is also known as:
glycolytic fibers
myoglobin is _____ in muscle cells
hemoglobin
oxidative metabolism of glucose yields the ___________ amount of ATP
highest
examples of isometric contraction
holding dumbbell still
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
anaerobic metabolism of glucose can provide some energy, but also produces ____ which disrupts muscle function
lactic acid
examples of concentric contraction
lifting a dumbbell
examples of eccentric contraction
lowering dumbbell
examples of aponeuroses:
lumbar aponeurosis, abdominal muscles
in cardiac muscle there is high amounts of:
mitochondria creatine myoglobin
what does myo- mean?
muscle
muscle fibers are also known as:
muscle cells
isometric
muscle length does not change while contracting
eccentric
muscle lengthens while contraction
concentric
muscle shortens while contracting
antagonist
muscle that opposes agonist movement
sarcomeres make up:
myofibril
inside of every muscle cell there is multiple __________
myofibrils
thick filament
myosin
H zone
myosin filaments
what is smooth muscle stimulated by?
neurons and hormones
is smooth muscle striated or non striated?
non striated
I band
only has actin filiments
A band
overlap between actin and myosin filaments
cardiac muscle
oxidative fatigue-resistant
slow twitch is also known as:
oxidative fibers/aerobic
T-tubule
penetrate the muscle cell surface perpendicular to the cell membrane
slow twitch function:
perform more sustained contractions so they require a greater amount of blood flow, mitochondria and hemoglobin
surounds fascile
perimysium
agonist
prime mover, muscle that does most of the world for a certain movement
4 functions of muscle tissue
produce body movements stabilize body positions store and move substances within the body(eg. glycogen, calcium) generating heat
myofibrils are enclosed by a cell membrane called the _____________
sarcolemma
triad:
sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubule
skeletal muscle is comprised of _________, the functional unit of contraction
sarcomeres
examples of wave summation
sitting up straight
three types of muscle tissue:
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
how does smooth muscle contract?
slow, steady, squeeze-like contractions
fixator
stabilizes the muscle origin
Is skeletal muscle striated or non striated?
striated
is cardiac muscle striated or non striated?
striated
The ________ are rope-like connections between muscles and bones and result from the fusion of periosteum with the connective tissue of muscle.
tendon
length-tension relationship
the amount of overlap that determine that amount of tension/force that you can use
origin:
the place where a muscle 'begins', typically on the bone that is less moveable-usually this is proximal
insertion:
the place where a muscle 'ends', typically a moveable part-usually this is distal
wave sumation
the strength that comes from muscles that contract without relaxing
structural proteins-holds everything together
titin, actinin, nebulin, dystrophin, elastin
function of myoglobin
transports oxygen within the muscle tissue
during the cross bridge cycle, calcium binds to _______
troponin
regulatory proteins
troponin and tropomyosin
The functional (and smallest) unit of skeletal muscle is the sarcomere.
true
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
action:
what the muscle does when it contracts; ex elbow flexion
power stroke
when myosin binds to actin and move toward M line
M line
where myosin is attached, in the middle
motor unit
1 neuron and every muscle cell that it innervates directly
how many nuclei are in the cells of smooth muscle?
1 single nucleus
how many nuclei are in the cells of cardiac muscle?
1-2
cross bridge cycle steps
1. ATP attaches, myosin heads detaches 2.ATP is split, myosin head snaps into extended position 3. extended myosin heads binds to actin thin filament 4. Pactin filament moves, P and ADP released from myosin head 5. myosin head remains bound to actin
what do you have to have to start and end a contraction?
ATP
perimysium
Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding each fascicle
Epimysium:
Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the muscle